CC BY
26MEDICAL SCIENCES
INSTRUMENTAL MODALITIES FOR DECISION-MAKING IN FACIAL RECONSTRUCTIVE
SURGERY
Valikhnovskyi R.
Clinic 311 LLC, Surgeon, MD, PhD, Kyiv, Ukraine ORCID: 0000-0002-6037-3752
Abstract
Decision performance in general surgery and especially in reconstructive plastic surgery has direct effect on the medical, psychological, social and economic effectiveness. The study of the instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery is an urgent problem of plastic surgery, and the implementation of appropriate systematic review allows to determine the status and future prospects and priorities of research in this area. The aim was to identify the main clusters of instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery by conducting a systematic review of the scientific literature on this issue. The systematic review includes the following types of studies: systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, sectional studies, case studies, case series. Publications that contain data on reconstructive plastic surgery of facial defects. The search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science. Excel and R software were used for analysis. According to the inclusion criteria, publications devoted to certain aspects of determining the main instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery were selected. Instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery predominantly concern computerized technologies, i. e. three-dimension scanning and modeling, 3D planning, 3D printing, 3D stereophotography, computer-aided design and manufacturing, surgical simulation, robot-assisted surgery and also - biometry, bioprinting, development of evidence-based algorithms; equipment failure analysis etc. There is a significant predominance of type studies, in descending order: description of individual cases, series of cases, sectional, "case-control" - thus, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials and objective need in them. The prospect of further research is to complete the systematic review with meta-analysis.
Keywords: reconstructive surgery, plastic surgery, face defects, instrumental modalities, decision support.
Background. The role of plastic, especially reconstructive, surgery in global health is fundamental [1]. Decision performance in general surgery and especially in reconstructive plastic surgery has direct medical, psychological, social, economic, cultural, legal aspects [7,8,12]. Shared decision making is one of the most frequently used method [5,20]. A separate problem are the parental decisions about an outlook of their children with congenital facial defects [16].
There is an unknown evidence of systemic analysis of different modalities for decision support in plastic surgery [2], most of known studies concern some specific issues - laser application [13], photo editing techniques [18], telemedicine [7], information sources evaluation [19], machine learning framework [10], artificial intelligence [9,11,14].
According to modern approach with patient-centered, an accent in decisions is made on patient-reported satisfaction, and psychometric screening tools are used for evaluation and prediction [5,15,17]. Pandemic COVID-19 exacerbates a difficult decision-development procedure in facial reconstructive plastic surgery [4,6,21,22]. Same as in general surgery, there is a lack of evidence-based data in plastic reconstructive surgery, with a few exceptions [3].
Thus, the study of the main instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery is an urgent problem of plastic surgery, and the implementation of appropriate systematic review allows to determine the status and future prospects and priorities of research in this area.
Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the main instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery by conducting a systematic review of the scientific literature on this issue.
Material and methods.
The semantic core of the publication search included the following keywords and their combinations: "face defect, eyelid, reconstructive facial surgery, cra-niofacial reconstruction, (3D) computer technology, virtual surgical planning, craniofacial defects, 3D modeling, posttraumatic, three-dimensional modeling, virtual surgical planning, patient custom implants, intraoperative navigation, assisted techniques, patient specific modeling, generation of virtual models, VSP, surgical correction, nasal reconstruction, nasal reconstructive surgery, otoplasty, blepharoplasty, lip, orbital, cheek, lipoplasty, cheiloplasty, feminization, masculin-ization, periorbital, rhinoplasty, septum, septoplasty, correction, nose alar, anatomy features, auricular, costal cartilage, autologous cartilage, epidemiology, face trauma, treatment, midface, facial deformities, congenital, anomalies, malformation" etc.
The search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science.
The systematic review includes the following types of studies: systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, sectional studies, case studies, case series.
The design of data extraction (selection and encoding) was carried out as follows: search, systemati-zation and analysis were performed by two independent reviewers and data extractors, who were not acquainted with each other's results; all differences between the judgments of each of the extractors and reviewers are resolved by describing the strengths and weaknesses of each version; obtaining data on instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery; in the absence of the necessary data, a request was made from the authors of the publication; Excel and R software tools are used.
The author thanks the scientific consultants for valuable advice on research methodology and volunteer
data extractors for the technical stages of the research. 100% of the contribution belongs to the author. The author has no conflict of interest. There are no differences from the protocol in the current version of the review. No notes have been previously published. None of the studies were excluded. Information on all selected studies is currently classified. No current research on this review has been identified.
PROSPERO registration is pending.
Results and discussion.
According to the inclusion criteria, 129 publications were selected on certain aspects of instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery (Table 1, Fig. 1).
Table 1
The number of publications of the results of different types of medical research on the instrumental modalities
Parameters SR RCT CS CCS CsS Ind Total
Publications quantity 1 1 19 37 29 42 129
Note. SR - systematic reviews; RCT - randomized controlled trials; CS - cohort studies; CcS - case-control studies; CsS - cross-section studies; Ind - description of individual cases, series of cases.
45
40
35
m ö o
• i-H
td
0
♦ i-H
1 a
o
30
25
20
ö
g 15
a
10
5 0
Fig. 1. The
CCS
CsS
Ind
SR RCT CS
number ofpublications of the results of different types of medical research on the instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery
There is a significant predominance (p <0.01) of type studies, in descending order: description of individual cases, series of cases, cut, "case-control" (Fig. 2).
CsS
% 100,0
SR
RCT
CS
CCS
Fig. 2. The proportion ofpublications of the results of different types of medical research on the instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery Note. SR - systematic reviews; RCT - randomized controlled trials; CS - cohort studies; CcS - case-control studies; CsS - cross-section studies; Ind - description of individual cases, series of cases.
Conclusions:
1. Instrumental modalities for decision-making in facial reconstructive surgery predominantly concern computerized technologies, i. e. three-dimension scanning and modeling, 3D planning, 3D printing, 3D ste-reophotography, computer-aided design and manufacturing, surgical simulation, robot-assisted surgery and also - biometry, bioprinting, development of evidence-based algorithms; equipment failure analysis etc.
2. There is a significant predominance (p < 0.01) of type studies, in descending order: description of individual cases, series of cases, sectional, "case-control" - thus, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials and objective need in them.
3. The prospect of further research is to complete the systematic review with meta-analysis.
References
1. M.R. Borrelli, What Is the Role of Plastic Surgery in Global Health? A Review, World J Plast Surg. 7 (2018) 275-282.
2. P.B. Burns, R.J. Rohrich, K.C. Chung, The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine, Plast Reconstr Surg. 128 (2011) 305-310.
3. L. Chambrone, R.C.N. de Castro Pinto, L.A. Chambrone, The concepts of evidence-based periodon-tal plastic surgery: Application of the principles of evidence-based dentistry for the treatment of recession-type defects, Periodontal 2000. 79 (2019) 81-106.
4. D. Chi, A.D. Chen, M.I. Dorante, B.T. Lee, J.M. Sacks, Plastic Surgery in the Time of COVID-19, J Reconstr Microsurg. 37 (2021) 124-131.
5. J.J. Chi, Reflections on Shared Decision Making, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 159 (2018) 809-810.
6. S.C. Desai, R. Seth, Shifting Paradigms in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery During the COVID-19 Crisis, Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 22 (2020) 152-154.
7. S. Gardiner, T.L. Hartzell, Telemedicine and plastic surgery: a review of its applications, limitations and legal pitfalls, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 65 (2012) e47-53.
8. A.-M. Hardiman, Saving Face, J Ir Dent Assoc. 63 (2017) 66-69.
9. T. Hidaka, M. Kurita, K. Ogawa, Y. Tomioka, M. Okazaki, Application of Artificial Intelligence for Real-Time Facial Asymmetry Analysis, Plast Reconstr Surg. 146 (2020) 243e-245e.
10. P.G.M. Knoops, A. Papaioannou, A. Borghi, R.W.F. Breakey, A.T. Wilson, O. Jeelani, S. Zafeiriou, D. Steinbacher, B.L. Padwa, D.J. Dunaway, S. Schiev-ano, A machine learning framework for automated diagnosis and computer-assisted planning in plastic and reconstructive surgery, Sci Rep. 9 (2019) 13597.
11. X. Liang, X. Yang, S. Yin, S. Malay, K.C. Chung, J. Ma, K. Wang, Artificial Intelligence in Plastic Surgery: Applications and Challenges, Aesthetic Plast Surg. (2020).
12. K.G. Makar, A.K. Patterson, M.M. Haase, K.A. Schafer, C.J. Vercler, S.J. Kasten, S.R. Buchman, J.F. Waljee, M. Byrnes, Saving Face: Patient Strategies to Reduce Stigma and Barriers to Effective Decision-Making Among Children With Cleft Lip, J Craniofac Surg. 31 (2020) 1608-1612.
13. B.C. Marcus, D. Hyman, Evidence-Based Medicine in Laser Medicine for Facial Plastic Surgery, Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 23 (2015) 297-302.
14. D.C. Murphy, D.B. Saleh, Artificial Intelligence in plastic surgery: What is it? Where are we now? What is on the horizon?, Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 102 (2020) 577-580.
15. S. Naran, D.M. Steinbacher, J.A. Taylor, Current Concepts in Orthognathic Surgery, Plast Reconstr Surg. 141 (2018) 925e-936e.
16. L. Notini, L. Gillam, M. Spriggs, A. Pening-ton, "Operating is the easy part": Surgeons' decisionmaking processes and responses to parental requests for elective paediatric appearance-altering facial surgery, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 72 (2019) 1379-1387.
17. J.D. Oliver, D.C. Menapace, J.P. Staab, O. Friedman, C. Recker, G.S. Hamilton, How Patient Decision-Making Characteristics Affect Satisfaction in Facial Plastic Surgery: A Prospective Pilot Study, Plast Reconstr Surg. 144 (2019) 1487-1497.
18. S. Othman, T. Lyons, J.E. Cohn, T. Shokri, J.D. Bloom, The Influence of Photo Editing Applications on Patients Seeking Facial Plastic Surgery Services, Aesthet Surg J. (2020).
19. N. Parmeshwar, C.M. Reid, A.J. Park, M.G. Brandel, M.K. Dobke, A.A. Gosman, Evaluation of Information Sources in Plastic Surgery Decision-making, Cureus. 10 (2018) e2773.
20. K. Ranganathan, A.O. Luby, M. Haase, N. Matusko, A. Patterson, K.G. Makar, C.J. Vercler, S.J. Kasten, S.R. Buchman, J.F. Waljee, Decision Making in Pediatric Plastic Surgery: Autonomy and Shared Approaches, J Craniofac Surg. 31 (2020) 2139-2143.
21. T. Shokri, R.A. Saadi, J. Liaw, D.V. Bann, V.A. Patel, N. Goyal, J.G. Lighthall, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications in Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Head and Neck Reconstruction, Ann Plast Surg. 85 (2020) S166-S170.
22. A. Zargaran, D. Zargaran, G. Masterton, A. Mosahebi, Consent, decision-making and operative planning in plastic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. (2020).
23. N. Adolphs, E.-J. Haberl, W. Liu, E. Keeve, H. Menneking, B. Hoffmeister, Virtual planning for craniomaxillofacial surgery--7 years of experience, J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 42 (2014) e289-295.
24. Y. An, L. Xie, L. Chen, X. Yang, X. Yang, H. Xue, D. Li, Short Nose Correction: Septal Cartilage Combined With Ethmoid Bone Graft, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 1898-1901.
25. E. Arias, Y.-H. Huang, L. Zhao, R. Seelaus, P. Patel, M. Cohen, Virtual Surgical Planning and Three-Dimensional Printed Guide for Soft Tissue Correction in Facial Asymmetry, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 846850.
26. G. Badiali, E. Marcelli, B. Bortolani, C. Mar-chetti, L. Cercenelli, An average three-dimensional virtual human skull for a template-assisted maxillofacial surgery, Int J Artif Organs. 42 (2019) 566-574.
A. Baumann, K. Sinko, G. Dorner, Late Reconstruction of the Orbit With Patient-Specific Implants Using Computer-Aided Planning and Navigation, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 73 (2015) S101-106.
27. J.M. Bekisz, H.A. Liss, S.G. Maliha, L. Witek, P.G. Coelho, R.L. Flores, In-House Manufacture of Sterilizable, Scaled, Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Models for Rhinoplasty, Aesthet Surg J. 39 (2019) 254-263.
28. R.B. Bell, Computer planning and intraoperative navigation in cranio-maxillofacial surgery, Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 22 (2010) 135-156.
29. J.U. Berli, L. Thomaier, S. Zhong, J. Huang, A. Quinones, M. Lim, J. Weingart, H. Brem, C.R. Gordon, Immediate Single-Stage Cranioplasty Following Calvarial Resection for Benign and Malignant Skull Neoplasms Using Customized Craniofacial Implants, J Craniofac Surg. 26 (2015) 1456-1462.
30. H.W. Beumer, L. Puscas, Computer modeling and navigation in maxillofacial surgery, Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 17 (2009) 270-273.
31. F. Bianchi, F. Signorelli, R. Di Bonaventura, G. Trevisi, A. Pompucci, One-stage frame-guided resection and reconstruction with PEEK custom-made prostheses for predominantly intraosseous meningiomas: technical notes and a case series, Neurosurg Rev. 42 (2019) 769-775.
32. M.R. Borrelli, What Is the Role of Plastic Surgery in Global Health? A Review, World J Plast Surg. 7 (2018) 275-282.
33. P.B. Burns, R.J. Rohrich, K.C. Chung, The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine, Plast Reconstr Surg. 128 (2011) 305-310.
34. M.M. Buzayan, N.B. Yunus, H.K. Oon, O. Tawfiq, Virtual Treatment Planning for Implant-Retained Nasal Prosthesis: A Clinical Report, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 32 (2017) e255-e258.
35. A.B. Callahan, A.A. Campbell, C. Petris, M. Kazim, Low-Cost 3D Printing Orbital Implant Templates in Secondary Orbital Reconstructions, Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 33 (2017) 376-380.
36. E.R. Carlson, Virtual Reconstructive Surgical Planning, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 75 (2017) 7-8.
37. L. Chambrone, R.C.N. de Castro Pinto, L.A. Chambrone, The concepts of evidence-based periodontal plastic surgery: Application of the principles of evidence-based dentistry for the treatment of recession-type defects, Periodontal 2000. 79 (2019) 81-106.
38. P.-C. Chang, Computer-Assisted Planning and 3D Printing-Assisted Modeling for Chin Augmentation, Aesthet Surg J. 38 (2017) 1-10.
39. D. Chi, A.D. Chen, M.I. Dorante, B.T. Lee, J.M. Sacks, Plastic Surgery in the Time of COVID-19, J Reconstr Microsurg. 37 (2021) 124-131.
40. J.J. Chi, Reflections on Shared Decision Making, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 159 (2018) 809-810.
41. H. Chim, N. Wetjen, S. Mardini, Virtual surgical planning in craniofacial surgery, Semin Plast Surg. 28 (2014) 150-158.
42. J.W. Choi, M.J. Kim, W.S. Jeong, One-Piece Nasal Osteotomy for the Correction of a Centrally Deviated Nose, Aesthetic Plast Surg. 42 (2018) 16251634.
43. Y.D. Choi, Y. Kim, E. Park, Patient-Specific Augmentation Rhinoplasty Using a Three-Dimensional Simulation Program and Three-Dimensional Printing, Aesthet Surg J. 37 (2017) 988-998.
44. L. Ciocca, M. Fantini, F. De Crescenzio, F. Persiani, R. Scotti, Computer-aided design and manufacturing construction of a surgical template for craniofacial implant positioning to support a definitive nasal prosthesis, Clin Oral Implants Res. 22 (2011) 850-856.
45. C.-P. Cornelius, G.A. Giessler, F. Wilde, M.C. Metzger, G. Mast, F.A. Probst, Iterations of computer-and template assisted mandibular or maxillary reconstruction with free flaps containing the lateral scapular border--Evolution of a biplanar plug-on cutting guide, J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 44 (2016) 229-241.
46. P. Datta, V. Ozbolat, B. Ayan, A. Dhawan, I.T. Ozbolat, Bone tissue bioprinting for craniofacial reconstruction, Biotechnol Bioeng. 114 (2017) 24242431.
47. K.M. Day, K.S. Gabrick, L.A. Sargent, Applications of Computer Technology in Complex Craniofacial Reconstruction, Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 6
(2018) e1655.
48. K.M. Day, P.M. Phillips, L.A. Sargent, Correction of a Posttraumatic Orbital Deformity Using Three-Dimensional Modeling, Virtual Surgical Planning with Computer-Assisted Design, and Three-Dimensional Printing of Custom Implants, Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 11 (2018) 78-82.
49. S.C. Desai, R. Seth, Shifting Paradigms in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery During the COVID-19 Crisis, Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 22 (2020) 152-154.
50. J.R. Diaz-Siso, T.L. Gibson, N.M. Plana, O.Y. Yue, R.L. Flores, Zygomatic Rotation-Advancement: A New Concept for the Correction of Exorbitism in Patients With Syndromic Craniosynostosis, J Craniofac Surg. 31 (2020) 178-182.
51. J.A. Diniz, A.D.S. Siqueira, L.H.S. Torres, T.F. Faro, E.D.R. Rodrigues, J.R. Laureano Filho, Virtual Surgical Planning and One-Stage Treatment of Active Hemimandibular Hyperplasia, J Craniofac Surg. 30
(2019) e679-e681.
52. T.D. Dobbs, O. Cundy, H. Samarendra, K. Khan, I.S. Whitaker, A Systematic Review of the Role of Robotics in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery-From Inception to the Future, Front Surg. 4 (2017) 66.
53. A.H. Dorafshar, P.S. Brazio, G.S. Mundinger, R. Mohan, E.N. Brown, E.D. Rodriguez, Found in space: computer-assisted orthognathic alignment of a total face allograft in six degrees of freedom, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 72 (2014) 1788-1800.
54. P.T. Dziegielewski, J. Zhu, B. King, A. Grosvenor, W. Dobrovolsky, P. Singh, K. Ansari, K.H. Al-Qahtani, J.R. Harris, H. Seikaly, Three-dimensional biomodeling in complex mandibular reconstruction and surgical simulation: prospective trial, J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 40 Suppl 1 (2011) S70-81.
55. T. Elshebiny, S. Morcos, A. Mohammad, F. Quereshy, M. Valiathan, Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Soft Tissue Prediction in Orthognathic Cases Using Dolphin Three-Dimensional Software, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 525-528.
56. S.A. Eolchiyan, [Complex skull defects reconstruction with CAD/CAM titanium and polyetherether-ketone (PEEK) implants], Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 78 (2014) 3-13.
57. K.S. Ettinger, A.E. Alexander, K. Arce, Computed Tomographic Angiography Perforator Localization for Virtual Surgical Planning of Osteocutaneous Fibular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 76 (2018) 2220-2230.
58. E. Facciuto, C.F. Grottoli, M. Mattarocci, F. Illiano, M. Compagno, R. Ferracini, G. Perale, Three-Dimensional Craniofacial Bone Reconstruction With SmartBone on Demand, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 739-741.
59. P.A. Federspil, Auricular Prostheses in Microtia, Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 26 (2018) 97-104.
60. X. Fu, J. Qiao, S. Girod, F. Niu, J.F. Liu, G.K. Lee, L. Gui, Standardized Protocol for Virtual Surgical Plan and 3-Dimensional Surgical Template-Assisted Single-Stage Mandible Contour Surgery, Ann Plast Surg. 79 (2017) 236-242.
61. S. Gardiner, T.L. Hartzell, Telemedicine and plastic surgery: a review of its applications, limitations and legal pitfalls, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 65
(2012) e47-53.
62. R. Gray, A. Gougoutas, V. Nguyen, J. Taylor, N. Bastidas, Use of three-dimensional, CAD/CAMassisted, virtual surgical simulation and planning in the pediatric craniofacial population, Int J Pediatr Otorhi-nolaryngol. 97 (2017) 163-169.
63. A.S. Herford, M. Miller, F. Lauritano, G. Cervino, F. Signorino, C. Maiorana, The use of virtual surgical planning and navigation in the treatment of orbital trauma, Chin J Traumatol. 20 (2017) 9-13.
64. R. Hoarau, D. Zweifel, C. Simon, M. Broome, The use of 3D planning in facial surgery: preliminary observations, Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac Chir Orale. 115 (2014) 353-360.
65. T.-Y. Hsieh, R. Dedhia, B. Cervenka, T.T. Tollefson, 3D Printing: current use in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 25 (2017) 291-299.
66. Y.-H. Huang, R. Seelaus, L. Zhao, P.K. Patel, M. Cohen, Virtual surgical planning and 3D printing in prosthetic orbital reconstruction with percutaneous implants: a technical case report, Int Med Case Rep J. 9 (2016) 341-345.
67. J.M.S. Jacobs, W. Dec, J.P. Levine, J.G. McCarthy, K. Weimer, K. Moore, D.J. Ceradini, Best face forward: Virtual modeling and custom device fabrication to optimize craniofacial vascularized composite allotransplantation, Plast Reconstr Surg. 131
(2013) 64-70.
68. F. Jalbert, S. Boetto, F. Nadon, F. Lauwers, E. Schmidt, R. Lopez, One-step primary reconstruction for complex craniofacial resection with PEEK custom-made implants, J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 42 (2014) 141-148.
69. W.-H. Jang, J.M. Lee, S. Jang, H.-D. Kim, K.M. Ahn, J.-H. Lee, Mirror Image Based Three-Dimensional Virtual Surgical Planning and Three-Dimensional Printing Guide System for the Reconstruction of Wide Maxilla Defect Using the Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery Free Flap, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 18291832.
70. S. Järvinen, J. Suojanen, E. Kormi, T. Wilkman, A. Kiukkonen, J. Leikola, P. Stoor, The use of patient specific polyetheretherketone implants for reconstruction of maxillofacial deformities, J Cranio-maxillofac Surg. 47 (2019) 1072-1076.
71. D.S. Jodeh, L.V. Kuykendall, J.M. Ford, S. Ruso, S.J. Decker, S.A. Rottgers, Adding Depth to Cephalometric Analysis: Comparing Two- and Three-Dimensional Angular Cephalometric Measurements, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 1568-1571.
72. P. Juergens, J. Beinemann, M. Zandbergen, S. Raith, C. Kunz, H.-F. Zeilhofer, A computer-assisted diagnostic and treatment concept to increase accuracy and safety in the extracranial correction of cranial vault asymmetries, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 70 (2012) 677684.
73. W.M.H. Kaduk, F. Podmelle, P.J. Louis, Surgical navigation in reconstruction, Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 25 (2013) 313-333.
74. S.H. Kang, S.H. Moon, H.S. Kim, Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty With Polydioxanone Threads and Fillers, Dermatol Surg. 46 (2020) 664-670.
75. C.H. Kau, Creation of the virtual patient for the study of facial morphology, Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 19 (2011) 615-622, viii.
76. G. Khan, Y.S. Choi, E.S. Park, Y.D. Choi, The Application of Three-Dimensional Simulation Program and Three-Dimensional Printing in Secondary Rhinoplasty, J Craniofac Surg. 29 (2018) e774-e777.
77. D.Y. Khechoyan, N.R. Saber, J. Burge, A. Fat-tah, J. Drake, C.R. Forrest, J.H. Phillips, Surgical outcomes in craniosynostosis reconstruction: the use of prefabricated templates in cranial vault remodelling, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 67 (2014) 9-16.
78. H. Kim, T.-G. Son, J. Lee, H.A. Kim, H. Cho, W.S. Jeong, J.W. Choi, Y. Kim, Three-dimensional orbital wall modeling using paranasal sinus segmentation, J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 47 (2019) 959-967.
79. T. Klosterman, T. Romo, Three-Dimensional Printed Facial Models in Rhinoplasty, Facial Plast Surg. 34 (2018) 201-204.
80. P.G.M. Knoops, A. Papaioannou, A. Borghi, R.W.F. Breakey, A.T. Wilson, O. Jeelani, S. Zafeiriou, D. Steinbacher, B.L. Padwa, D.J. Dunaway, S. Schiev-ano, A machine learning framework for automated diagnosis and computer-assisted planning in plastic and reconstructive surgery, Sci Rep. 9 (2019) 13597.
81. J. Lavie, M.W. Stalder, H. St Hilaire, Virtual Resection and Subsequent Design of a Patient-Specific Alloplastic Implant in the Preoperative Planning and Surgical Treatment of a Venous Malformation of the Zygoma, J Craniofac Surg. 26 (2015) e641-643.
82. J. Lee, K. Mekuria, T.-G. Son, W.S. Jeong, J.W. Choi, Y. Kim, A Novel Noninvasive Patient-Specific Navigation Method for Orbital Reconstructive
Surgery: A Phantom Study Using Patient Data, Plast Reconstr Surg. 143 (2019) 602e-612e.
83. R. Leenes, E. Palmerini, B.J. Koops, A. Ber-tolini, P. Salvini, F. Lucivero, Regulatory challenges of robotics: Some guidelines for addressing legal and ethical issues, Law, Innovation and Technology. 9 (2017) 1-44.
84. P. Li, Z.W. Zhou, J.Y. Ren, Y. Zhang, W.D. Tian, W. Tang, Accuracy of three-dimensional facial soft tissue simulation in post-traumatic zygoma reconstruction, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 45 (2016) 16651670.
85. X. Liang, X. Yang, S. Yin, S. Malay, K.C. Chung, J. Ma, K. Wang, Artificial Intelligence in Plastic Surgery: Applications and Challenges, Aesthetic Plast Surg. (2020).
86. L.-Q. Lin, S.-S. Bai, M. Wei, Application of computer-assisted navigation in treating congenital maxillomandibular syngnathia: A case report, World J Clin Cases. 7 (2019) 650-655.
87. P.H. Low, J.Y. Abdullah, A.M. Abdullah, S. Yahya, Z. Idris, D. Mohamad, Patient-Specific Reconstruction Utilizing Computer Assisted Three-Dimensional Modelling for Partial Bone Flap Defect in Hybrid Cranioplasty, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) e720-e723.
88. J.-C. Lutz, A. Hostettler, V. Agnus, S. Nicolau, D. George, L. Soler, Y. Rémond, A New Software Suite in Orthognathic Surgery: Patient Specific Modeling, Simulation and Navigation, Surg Innov. 26 (2019) 5-20.
89. A. Macmillan, J. Lopez, G.S. Mundinger, M. Major, M.A. Medina, A.H. Dorafshar, Virtual Surgical Planning for Correction of Delayed Presentation Scaphocephaly Using a Modified Melbourne Technique, J Craniofac Surg. 29 (2018) 914-919.
90. K.G. Makar, A.K. Patterson, M.M. Haase, K.A. Schafer, C.J. Vercler, S.J. Kasten, S.R. Buchman, J.F. Waljee, M. Byrnes, Saving Face: Patient Strategies to Reduce Stigma and Barriers to Effective Decision-Making Among Children With Cleft Lip, J Craniofac Surg. 31 (2020) 1608-1612.
91. M. Mandelbaum, C. Lakhiani, J.W. Chao, A Novel Application of Virtual Surgical Planning to Facial Feminization Surgery, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 1347-1348.
92. B.C. Marcus, D. Hyman, Evidence-Based Medicine in Laser Medicine for Facial Plastic Surgery, Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 23 (2015) 297-302.
93. A. Martínez Plaza, M. Peréz de Perceval Tara, A.B. Marín Fernández, E. Bullejos Martínez, M. Román Ramos, R. Fernández Valadés, A. España López, Bilateral auricular reconstruction with osseoin-tegrated implant-retained prostheses. Optimization of aesthetic outcomes using virtual planning, J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 120 (2019) 579-583.
94. E. Mazza, G.G. Barbarino, 3D mechanical modeling of facial soft tissue for surgery simulation, Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 19 (2011) 623-637, viii.
95. B.M. Mendez, M.V. Chiodo, P.A. Patel, Customized "In-Office" Three-Dimensional Printing for
Virtual Surgical Planning in Craniofacial Surgery, J Craniofac Surg. 26 (2015) 1584-1586.
96. A. Modabber, A. Rauen, N. Ayoub, S.C. Möhlhenrich, F. Peters, K. Kniha, F. Hölzle, S. Raith, Evaluation of a novel algorithm for automating virtual surgical planning in mandibular reconstruction using fibula flaps, J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 47 (2019) 13781386.
97. D.C. Murphy, D.B. Saleh, Artificial Intelligence in plastic surgery: What is it? Where are we now? What is on the horizon?, Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 102 (2020) 577-580.
98. R.J. Murphy, K.C. Wolfe, P.C. Liacouras, G.T. Grant, C.R. Gordon, M. Armand, Computer-assisted single-stage cranioplasty, Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2015 (2015) 4910-4913.
99. S. Naran, D.M. Steinbacher, J.A. Taylor, Current Concepts in Orthognathic Surgery, Plast Reconstr Surg. 141 (2018) 925e-936e.
100. A.J. Nazimi, S.C. Khoo, S. Nabil, R. Nordin, T.H. Lan, R.K. Rajandram, J.R. Rajaran, Intraoperative Computed Tomography Scan for Orbital Fracture Reconstruction, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 2159-2162.
101. D. Nikkhah, A. Ponniah, C. Ruff, D. Duna-way, Planning surgical reconstruction in Treacher-Col-lins syndrome using virtual simulation, Plast Reconstr Surg. 132 (2013) 790e-805e.
102. L. Notini, L. Gillam, M. Spriggs, A. Pening-ton, "Operating is the easy part": Surgeons' decisionmaking processes and responses to parental requests for elective paediatric appearance-altering facial surgery, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 72 (2019) 1379-1387.
103. A. Nuseir, M.M. Hatamleh, A. Alnazzawi, M. Al-Rabab'ah, B. Kamel, E. Jaradat, Direct 3D Printing of Flexible Nasal Prosthesis: Optimized Digital Workflow from Scan to Fit, J Prosthodont. 28 (2019) 10-14.
104. E.L. Nyberg, A.L. Farris, B.P. Hung, M. Dias, J.R. Garcia, A.H. Dorafshar, W.L. Grayson, 3D-Printing Technologies for Craniofacial Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, and Regeneration, Ann Biomed Eng. 45 (2017) 45-57.
105. J.D. Oliver, D.C. Menapace, J.P. Staab, O. Friedman, C. Recker, G.S. Hamilton, How Patient Decision-Making Characteristics Affect Satisfaction in Facial Plastic Surgery: A Prospective Pilot Study, Plast Reconstr Surg. 144 (2019) 1487-1497.
106. G. Orentlicher, D. Goldsmith, A. Horowitz, Applications of 3-dimensional virtual computerized tomography technology in oral and maxillofacial surgery: current therapy, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 68 (2010) 1933-1959.
107. S. Othman, T. Lyons, J.E. Cohn, T. Shokri, J.D. Bloom, The Influence of Photo Editing Applications on Patients Seeking Facial Plastic Surgery Services, Aesthet Surg J. (2020).
108. J.H. Pang, S. Brooke, M.W. Kubik, R.L. Ferris, M. Dhima, M.M. Hanasono, E.W. Wang, M.G. So-lari, Staged Reconstruction (Delayed-Immediate) of the Maxillectomy Defect Using CAD/CAM Technology, J Reconstr Microsurg. 34 (2018) 193-199.
109. M.A. Papadopoulos, P.K. Christou, P.K. Christou, A.E. Athanasiou, P. Boettcher, H.F.
Zeilhofer, R. Sader, N.A. Papadopulos, Three-dimensional craniofacial reconstruction imaging, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 93 (2002) 382-393.
110. N. Parmeshwar, C.M. Reid, A.J. Park, M.G. Brandel, M.K. Dobke, A.A. Gosman, Evaluation of Information Sources in Plastic Surgery Decision-making, Cureus. 10 (2018) e2773.
111. J.M. Piitulainen, J.P. Posti, K.M.J. Aitasalo, V. Vuorinen, P.K. Vallittu, W. Serlo, Paediatric cranial defect reconstruction using bioactive fibre-reinforced composite implant: early outcomes, Acta Neurochir (Wien). 157 (2015) 681-687.
112. A.R. Powell, S. Srinivasan, G. Green, J. Kim, D.A. Zopf, Computer-Aided Design, 3-D-Printed Manufacturing, and Expert Validation of a High-fidelity Facial Flap Surgical Simulator, JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 21 (2019) 327-331.
113. B. Qiu, J. Guo, J. Kraeima, H.H. Glas, R.J.H. Borra, M.J.H. Witjes, P.M.A. van Ooijen, Automatic segmentation of the mandible from computed tomography scans for 3D virtual surgical planning using the convolutional neural network, Phys Med Biol. 64 (2019) 175020.
114. K. Ranganathan, A.O. Luby, M. Haase, N. Matusko, A. Patterson, K.G. Makar, C.J. Vercler, S.J. Kasten, S.R. Buchman, J.F. Waljee, Decision Making in Pediatric Plastic Surgery: Autonomy and Shared Approaches, J Craniofac Surg. 31 (2020) 2139-2143.
115. J.J. Rassweiler, A.S. Goezen, J. Klein, E. Liatsikos, New robotic platforms, Robotic Urology, Third Edition. (2018) 1-38.
116. R. Rawlani, H. Qureshi, V. Rawlani, S.Y. Turin, T.A. Mustoe, Volumetric Changes of the Mid and Lower Face with Animation and the Standardization of Three-Dimensional Facial Imaging, Plast Reconstr Surg. 143 (2019) 76-85.
117. S.A. Schendel, K.S. Duncan, C. Lane, Image fusion in preoperative planning, Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 19 (2011) 577-590, vii.
118. G. Schneider, S. Voigt, G. Rettinger, Computed tomography-based training model for otoplasty, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 273 (2016) 2427-2432.
119. Z.G. Schwam, M.T. Chang, M.A. Barnes, B. Paskhover, Applications of 3-Dimensional Printing in Facial Plastic Surgery, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 74 (2016) 427-428.
120. P. Scolozzi, Z. Catherine, [Applications of maxillo-facial computer assisted surgery], Rev Med Suisse. 15 (2019) 1226-1230.
121. C.T. Selguk, U. Sahin, S. Celebioglu, O. Er-bas, C. Aydin, S. Yuce, Complex craniofacial reconstruction with prostheses as an alternative method to autogenous reconstruction, J Craniofac Surg. 22 (2011) 2090-2093.
122. H.J. Seo, R. Denadai, L.-J. Lo, Long-Term Nasal Growth after Primary Rhinoplasty for Bilateral Cleft Lip Nose Deformity: A Three-Dimensional Pho-togrammetric Study with Comparative Analysis, J Clin Med. 8 (2019).
123. M. Seruya, D.E. Borsuk, S. Khalifian, B.S. Carson, N.M. Dalesio, A.H. Dorafshar, Computer-
aided design and manufacturing in craniosynostosis surgery, J Craniofac Surg. 24 (2013) 1100-1105.
124. F. Shimizu, M. Uehara, M. Oatari, M. Kusatsu, Three-dimensional visualization of the human face using DICOM data and its application to facial contouring surgery using free anterolateral thigh flap transfer, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 69 (2016) e1-4.
125. T. Shokri, R.A. Saadi, J. Liaw, D.V. Bann, V.A. Patel, N. Goyal, J.G. Lighthall, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications in Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Head and Neck Reconstruction, Ann Plast Surg. 85 (2020) S166-S170.
126. Y. Sirin, S. Yildirimturk, S. Horasan, K. Guven, Direct Three-Dimensional Diagnosis of Ex Vivo Facial Fractures, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) e420-e424.
127. T.A. Spanholtz, S. Leitsch, T. Holzbach, E. Volkmer, T. Engelhardt, R.E. Giunta, [3-dimensional imaging systems: first experience in planning and documentation of plastic surgery procedures], Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 44 (2012) 234-239.
128. D.M. Steinbacher, Three-Dimensional Analysis and Surgical Planning in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 73 (2015) S40-56.
129. J.T. Stranix, C.S. Stern, M. Rensberger, I. Ganly, J.O. Boyle, R.J. Allen, J.J. Disa, B.J. Mehrara, E.S. Garfein, E. Matros, A Virtual Surgical Planning Algorithm for Delayed Maxillomandibular Reconstruction, Plast Reconstr Surg. 143 (2019) 1197-1206.
130. M. Suchyta, S. Mardini, Innovations and Future Directions in Head and Neck Microsurgical Reconstruction, Clin Plast Surg. 44 (2017) 325-344.
131. M.A. Suchyta, W. Gibreel, C.H. Hunt, K.R. Gorny, M.A. Bernstein, S. Mardini, Using Black Bone Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Craniofacial Virtual Surgical Planning: A Comparative Cadaver Study, Plast Reconstr Surg. 141 (2018) 1459-1470.
132. B. Sultan, P.J. Byrne, Custom-made, 3D, intraoperative surgical guides for nasal reconstruction, Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 19 (2011) 647-653, viii-ix.
133. S.M. Susarla, K. Duncan, N.R. Mahoney, S.L. Merbs, M.P. Grant, Virtual Surgical Planning for Orbital Reconstruction, Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 22 (2015) 442-446.
134. A. Sutradhar, J. Park, D. Carrau, T.H. Nguyen, M.J. Miller, G.H. Paulino, Designing patient-specific 3D printed craniofacial implants using a novel topology optimization method, Med Biol Eng Comput. 54 (2016) 1123-1135.
135. N.S.J. Tang, I. Ahmadi, A. Ramakrishnan, Virtual surgical planning in fibula free flap head and neck reconstruction: A systematic review and metaanalysis, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 72 (2019) 1465-1477.
136. O.M. Tepper, S. Sorice, G.N. Hershman, P. Saadeh, J.P. Levine, D. Hirsch, Use of virtual 3-dimensional surgery in post-traumatic craniomaxillofacial reconstruction, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 69 (2011) 733741.
137. T.L. Teshima, V. Patel, J.G. Mainprize, G. Edwards, O.M. Antonyshyn, A Three-Dimensional
Statistical Average Skull: Application of Biometrie Morphing in Generating Missing Anatomy, J Craniofac Surg. 26 (2015) 1634-1638.
138. J.S. Thakker, M. Pace, I. Lowe, P. Jung, A.S. Herford, Virtual Surgical Planning in Maxillofacial Trauma, Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 27 (2019) 143-155.
139. V. U, D. Mehrotra, D. Howlader, P.K. Singh, S. Gupta, Patient Specific Three-Dimensional Implant for Reconstruction of Complex Mandibular Defect, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) e308-e311.
140. J. Uechi, Y. Tsuji, M. Konno, K. Hayashi, T. Shibata, E. Nakayama, I. Mizoguchi, Generation of virtual models for planning orthognathic surgery using a modified multimodal image fusion technique, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 44 (2015) 462-469.
141. K. Ueda, Y. Shigemura, Y. Otsuki, A. Fuse, D. Mitsuno, Three-Dimensional Computer-Assisted Two-Layer Elastic Models of the Face, Plast Reconstr Surg. 140 (2017) 983-986.
142. A. Valls-Ontañón, C. Mezquida-Fernández, R. Guijarro-Martínez, F. Hernández-Alfaro, Three-dimensional surgical planning and simulation to improve surgical accuracy and reduce invasiveness of cranio-plasties, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 46 (2017) 586589.
143. K.K. VanKoevering, D.A. Zopf, S.J. Hollis-ter, Tissue Engineering and 3-Dimensional Modeling for Facial Reconstruction, Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 27 (2019) 151-161.
144. R. Verma, G. Klein, Y. Xu, M. Rafailovich, J.J. Gilbert Fernandez, S.U. Khan, D.T. Bui, A.B. Da-gum, Digital Image Speckle Correlation to Optimize Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection: A Prospective, Randomized, Crossover Trial, Plast Reconstr Surg. 143 (2019) 1614-1618.
145. S. Verma, M. Gonzalez, S.R. Schow, R.G. Triplett, Virtual Preoperative Planning and Intraoperative Navigation in Facial Prosthetic Reconstruction: A Technical Note, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 32 (2017) e77-e81.
146. Y. Volpe, R. Furferi, L. Governi, F. Uc-cheddu, M. Carfagni, F. Mussa, M. Scagnet, L. Genitori, Surgery of complex craniofacial defects: A singlestep AM-based methodology, Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 165 (2018) 225-233.
147. M. Wagner, T. Gander, M. Blumer, S. Val-dec, P. Schumann, H. Essig, M. Rücker, [CAD/CAM Revolution in Craniofacial Reconstruction], Praxis (Bern 1994). 108 (2019) 321-328.
148. R.H. Wang, C.-T. Ho, H.-H. Lin, L.-J. Lo, Three-dimensional cephalometry for orthognathic planning: Normative data and analyses, J Formos Med Assoc. 119 (2020) 191-203.
149. Y. Wang, L. He, H. Jiang, Q. Yang, B. Pan, Y. Zhang, J. Yang, Digital model simulation technology for ear reconstruction of microtia with craniofacial asymmetry, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 72 (2019) 685-710.
150. J.P. Wiedermann, A.S. Joshi, A. Jamshidi, C. Conchenour, D. Preciado, Utilization of a submental
island flap and 3D printed model for skull base reconstruction: Infantile giant cranio-cervicofacial teratoma, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 92 (2017) 143-145.
151. R.V. Willaert, Y. Opdenakker, Y. Sun, C. Politis, H. Vermeersch, New Technologies in Rhinoplasty: A Comprehensive Workflow for Computer-assisted Planning and Execution, Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 7 (2019) e2121.
152. T.-B. Won, S.-W. Cho, M.-W. Sung, S.H. Paek, S. Chan, K. Salisbury, N.H. Blevins, Y. Vais-buch, P. Hwang, Validation of a rhinologic virtual surgical simulator for performing a Draf 3 endoscopic frontal sinusotomy, Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 9 (2019) 910-917.
153. C.D. Xia, J.D. Xue, H.P. Di, D.W. Han, D.Y. Cao, Q. Li, F.Q. Jing, X.H. Niu, [Application effects of CT angiography and three-dimensional reconstruction technique in repairing scar around the mouth and chin with expanded forehead axial flap], Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 34 (2018) 677-682.
154. B. Xu, H. Liu, The Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Anatomic Features of Internal Carotid Artery-Ophthalmic Artery, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 1609-1611.
155. Y. Yamada, Y. Inoue, M. Kaneko, A. Fuji-hara, F. Hongo, O. Ukimura, Virtual reality of three-dimensional surgical field for surgical planning and intraoperative management, Int J Urol. 26 (2019) 942943.
156. R. Yang, Q.X. Li, C. Mao, X. Peng, Y. Wang, Y.X. Guo, C.B. Guo, [Multimodal image fusion technology for diagnosis and treatment of the skull base-infratemporal tumors], Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 51 (2019) 53-58.
157. C.R. Yi, J.-W. Choi, Three-Dimension-Printed Surgical Guide for Accurate and Safe Mandib-uloplasty in Patients With Prominent Mandibular Angles, J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2019) 1979-1981.
158. H. Yu, S.G. Shen, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Zhang, The indication and application of computer-assisted navigation in oral and maxillofacial surgery-
Shanghai's experience based on 104 cases, J Cranio-maxillofac Surg. 41 (2013) 770-774.
159. P. Yuan, H. Mai, J. Li, D.C.-Y. Ho, Y. Lai, S. Liu, D. Kim, Z. Xiong, D.M. Alfi, J.F. Teichgraeber, J. Gateno, J.J. Xia, Design, development and clinical validation of computer-aided surgical simulation system for streamlined orthognathic surgical planning, Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 12 (2017) 2129-2143.
160. A. Zargaran, D. Zargaran, G. Masterton, A. Mosahebi, Consent, decision-making and operative planning in plastic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. (2020).
161. H. Zeng, S. Yuan-Liang, G. Xie, F. Lu, R. Fu, Three-dimensional printing of facial contour based on preoperative computer simulation and its clinical application, Medicine (Baltimore). 98 (2019) e12919.
162. J. Zenga, B. Nussenbaum, Adjunctive use of medical modeling for head and neck reconstruction, Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 21 (2013) 335-343.
163. W.B. Zhang, Y. Yu, Y. Wang, X.J. Liu, C. Mao, C.B. Guo, G.Y. Yu, X. Peng, [Surgical reconstruction of maxillary defects using a computer-assisted techniques], Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 49 (2017) 1-5.
164. L. Zhao, P.K. Patel, M. Cohen, Application of virtual surgical planning with computer assisted design and manufacturing technology to cranio-maxillo-facial surgery, Arch Plast Surg. 39 (2012) 309-316.
165. Z. Zhou, H. Zhao, S. Zhang, J. Zheng, C. Yang, Evaluation of accuracy and sensory outcomes of mandibular reconstruction using computer-assisted surgical simulation, J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 47 (2019) 6-14.
166. D.A. Zopf, A.G. Mitsak, C.L. Flanagan, M. Wheeler, G.E. Green, S.J. Hollister, Computer aided-designed, 3-dimensionally printed porous tissue bi-oscaffolds for craniofacial soft tissue reconstruction, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 152 (2015) 57-62.
