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УДК 330.356 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1220591
1ННОВАЦП ПОЛЬСЬКИХ КОМПАН1Й ТА ЕКОНОМ1ЧНОГО ЗРОСТАННЯ КРА1НИ
Miczynska - Kowalska M.
В останый перод Польшу, незважаючи на низький р'вень нновацйного бачив швидко ernHOMi4Hoeo зростання. Це збльшення було засноване на процес швидкого накопичення капталу в потк технологй '¡з закордону i швидке зростання рвня нформатизацУУ суспльства. Ц фактори, проте, повльно виснажуються. Польша, щоб не вiдстати розвитку держави Свропи повинн крок на шлях нновац^йного розвитку.
Мета статтi - д'агностика поточного стану i оцнку перспектив розвитку /нновац/й в Польщ. У статтi описано поточний р'тень ¡'нновац/'й, перешкоди до розвиток /нновац/йних кра'Уни i звернув увагу на перспективи розвитку. В розвитку прикладно'У аналiз лтератури та статистичн дан про польського.
Ключов'1 слова: iнновацн]пiдприeмництва, нновацй, технчного прогресу, людський каптал, нтелектуального капiталу.
ИННОВАЦИИ ПОЛЬСКИХ КОМПАНИЙ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА В СТРАНЕ
Miczynska - Kowalska M.
В последний период Польша, несмотря на низкий уровень инноваций стал свидетелем быстрого экономического роста. Это увеличение было основано на быстрое накопление капитала в потока технологии от за рубежом и быстрое увеличение уровня образования обшества. Эти факторы, однако, постепенно истошаются. Польша, чтобы не отстать от развития европейских государств должны шаг на пути инновационного развития.
Целью статьи является диагностика текушего состояния и оценки перспектив развития инноваций в Польше. В статье описывается текущий уровень инноваций, барьеры для развития инновационных страны и обратил внимание на перспективы развития. В разработке прикладного анализа литературы и статистические данные на польском.
Ключевые слова: инновации, предпринимательство, инновации, технологический прогресс, человеческий капитал, интеллектуальный капитал
INNOVATIVENESS OF POLISH COMPANIES AND THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE COUNTRY
Miczynska - Kowalska M.
Recently, Poland, despite low level of innovation, experienced quick economic growth. This growth involved quick accumulation of capital, inflow of modern technology from abroad and rapid improvement of the society's education level. These factors are gradually being depleted. Poland, just to keep up with the development of European countries, has to follow the path to innovative development.
The aim of this article is the diagnosis of the current state and the assessment of perspectives for innovation growth in Poland. In the article characterised was the current level of innovation, barriers in the national innovation development and growth perspectives were pointed out. This assessment is based on literature analysis and statistic data concerning Poland.
Key words: innovation, business, innovative economy, technological progress, human capital, intellectual capital.
In the modern economy the factor of economic growth is represented by innovations.The term «innovation» comes from Latin language. Innovare means creating something new. «Innovation should be understood as «every change, which leads to creation of a new value for an organisation of the society.»1Commonly used is also the OECD definition, which distinguishes between four types of innovations introduced by companies. This is the Oslo methodology.2 Innovation is the employment of new or significantly improved goods (wares, services), processes, marketing and organisational methods, changing relationships with the environment or in the organisation of work. The definition also lists the following types of innovation:
1. Product,
2. Process,
3. Organisational,
4. Marketing.3
Broadly speaking, innovations and innovativeness imply social and economic activity, the aim of which is a new use of resources, new ideas, new methods of operation and introduction of changes, which involve replacing the current state with something else. Creation of innovation involves specific phases: research, financial, organisational and commercial. The process is characterised by the combination and interdependency of the listed stages, high risk, use of various information sources, as well as significant costs.4
In accordance with the reports of the National Bank of Poland or 2016 and 20175, Poland is listed as one of the least innovative countries.
1 M. Raich, Globalna transformacja biznesu i spofeczenstwa, Difin, Warsaw 2011, p. 226.
2 OECD, 2005, pp. 49-55.
3 Cf. E. tyzwa, Innowacyjnosc przedsiqbiorstw a konkurencyjnosc regionow, Ed. Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce 2014, p. 77.
4 E. Pawlak, Innowacje w kulturze organizacyjnej mikro i mafych przedsiqbiorstw, [in:] J. Szpon, [ed.] Innowacje jako zrodfo konkurencyjnosci nowoczesnego przedsiqbiorstwa, Economicus, Szczecin 2009, p. 13.
5 https://www.nbp.pl/aktualnosci/wiadomosci_2016/20160530_Raport_innowacyjnosc.pdf
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© Miczynska - Kowalska M., 2018
Eurostat data of 2017, just like the report NBP indicate that Poland is one of the least innovative country in EU:
Table 1. Share of enterprises that had product innovations, 2012-2014.
Product innovation Product innovation Product innovation Product innovation
new to the market new to the enterprise new to the market new to the enterprise
EU-28 12.5 11.4 Denmark 10.7 13.7
Ireland 22.2 13.4 Greece 15.0 8.4
Finland 20.4 14.2 Cyprus 14.9 8.0
Germany 13.3 21.1 Lithuania 8.9 12.0
Netherlands 19.0 13.5 Malta 8.1 11.5
Belgium 22.0 9.8 Croatia 8.2 10.6
Sweden 18.4 12.9 Slovakia 7.5 5.0
Austria 21.9 8.9 Hungary 7.0 4.9
Luxembourg 18.4 10.3 Spain 5.7 5.5
Portugal 14.5 13.9 Estonia 1.1 9.9
France 18.5 9.2 Bulgaria 5.7 5.2
United Kingdom 10.8 16.0 Poland 5.2 4.3
Slovenia 17.5 7.7 Latvia 6.3 2.2
Czech Republic 13.5 11.6 Romania 1.3 2.3
Italy 15.5 9.2
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Innovation_statistics
The data available in the published reports is limited to 2014, more recent are not yet available, however, Poland is still among the least innovative countries.
Because of that, it needs to be stated that our country requires a new economic transformation. Poland stands before the challenges of the future. The last 20 years brought significant economic growth, caused by accumulation of capital and increased employment.Because of the inflow of direct foreign investments and opening the economy to international markets, EU primarily, allowed Poland to learn how to generate added value.Thanks to this and to the development of education our country shortened the distance between us and countries of Western Europe in terms of physical and human capital in production processes. This potential is being depleted, however. This is why Poland needs to follow the path set by the innovative economy. In the aforementioned report of 2017 five barriers were mentioned, which are the reason why Poland significantly deviates from the good practices of highly innovative countries such as Denmark, Sweden or Finland.6 Among them are:
1. Low level of trust of the society and trust towards institutions,
2. Lower intensity of research carried out in Polish facilities in comparison with foreign research institutes, which is reflected in statistics concerning the quality and number of publications in scientific periodicals.
3. Insignificant influence of Polish research units in international scientific cooperation,
4. Low innovation level of small and medium businesses,
5. Relatively few patent submissions.
In order to overcome the aforementioned barriers harmonised strategy and innovation support programmes should be implemented throughout the country. It would involve establishing an institution, which would be responsible for coordination of works in various ministries and government agencies. The authors of the report also point out the improvement of information transfer in available financing forms for small businesses and more focus on supporting innovative companies during the initial stage of their development. Another way could by the introduction of tax deductions for entities intending to carry out their own research and development rather than acquire existing technologies abroad. Economists from NBP also suggest removing or limiting of market entry barriers of professional services and shortening insolvency procedures along with decreased sanctions for companies that failed and announced their bankruptcy.
Entering the path to innovation requires gradual withdrawal of the use of imported technologies and innovative production techniques, or methods of work organisation and management in favour of active development and implementation of national innovations, both independently and in cooperation with foreign partners.
Innovations among Polish businesses are rare. However, they do spend relatively high sums on innovations. Poland is on the 12th position in Europe (1.005 million Euro).
Polish business structure involves mostly micro-companies and small companies. The most innovative are large industrial companies; to a higher degree than service companies. The size of a company also influences its export capabilities and foreign investments. Growth of a company also means higher accumulation of knowledge and skills as well as finding new markets. Therefore, large and medium companies tend to be more innovative than small companies. CIS data indicates that most Polish companies base their innovative activity on upgrading their machinery. They involve
6Potencjai innowacyjny gospodarki: uwarunkowania, determinanty, perspektywy, May 2016 NBP https://www.nbp.pl/aktualnosci/wiadomosci 2016/20160530 Raport innowacje; https://businessinsider.com.pl/technologie/nauka.bariery dla innowacyjnosci.
about 55% of their innovation spendings. However, in order for the Polish economy to be more innovative, spendings on our own R&D activity need to be increased. The leader of innovation is the Mazowieckie Voivodeship - 95.9 points in 2017.7 It scored the highest in relation to the work efficiency, R&D spendings, number of people working in R&D and the number of submitted patents. It is related to the research activities of Warsaw and placement of company headquarters in Warsaw. It is also a beneficiary of EU for years 2014-2020. Further in the ranking are Voivodeships: Matopolskie, Dolnosl^skie and Pomorskie. They reached 69.9 points - which is above Polish average.
Polish innovation activity is distributed unevenly. It is concentrated mostly in urban and academic hubs. It is interesting that the high place of Lubelskie Voivodeship (63.7 points), where low GDP per capita does not involve lack of innovativeness. Another example showcasing that even regions with low GDP per capita can be leaders of innovativeness is Podkarpackie Voivodeship, second last in Poland in relation to PKB and in the ranking of Millenium Bank. The worst in terms of innovation is Warminsko-mazurskie Voivodeship. Mostly agri-food as well as woodworking and furniture sectors are developed there because of access to large forested and agricultural areas. It is also one of the most attractive regions to tourism.
Based on data from the aforementioned reports it needs to be said that the foundation of the future economic growth in Poland will be TFP/Total Factor Productivity - total increase in productivity of production factors. The traditional model of growth based on accumulation of physical and human capital, relevant during the previous years in Poland is becoming insufficient. The most important factor influencing the growth of TFP is technological progress, which can be achieved through innovativeness of national economy as well as skilful use of the effects of international diffusion of innovation.
Currently the EU support system is a great chance for Polish businesses. However, the results of the research indicated that entrepreneurs are afraid of financial losses associated with failed works involving commercialisation of the results of the research. It is the reason behind reluctance to cooperate with R&D units8, in spite of the fact that «Poland achieved an impressive level of spending on R&D activities.Between 2002 and 2010 the cumulative growth amounted to 122.5%, while the average growth rate was at 10.5%3 yoy, whereas the respective rates for EU were 27.4% and 3.1%. High growth dynamic is characteristic for emerging economies of the region, however, the level of spendings on R&D in Poland is still relatively low. Average spendings on R&D in countries of the EU 27 in 2010 reached 2% in relation to GDP, in Poland the indicator was at 0.74%. »9
The basic innovation indicators are expenditure indicators, performance indicators. Among expense indicators listed are: expenditures on research and development (R&D) - presented as GDP per cent. It comprises expenditures of companies (BERD), expenditures on higher education (HERD) and expenditures of governments (GOVERED).Unfortunately, Poland has weak ratings in relation to other European and OECD countries.
Figure 1. Patent applications and utility model applications filed by domestic entities under national and international procedure in the years 2012-2016.
Source: https://www.uprp.pl/uprp/_gAllery/87/18/87187/raport_roczny_2016.pdf
7 https://www.bankmillennium.pl/o-banku
8 Cf. M. Bqk, Kulawczuk [ed.], Przedsiqbiorczy uniwersytet. Praktyczna uzytecznosc badan naukowych i prac badawczo-rozwojowych. Projektowanie i prowadzenie badan naukowych we wspofpracy z gospodarkq, Institute for Private Enterprise and Democracy, National Foundation of Culture of Entrepreneurship, Gdynia, Warsaw 2009, p. 40.c
9www.paih.gov.pl/files/?id_plik=19611:4.1.12 Sektor badawczo-rozwojowy w Polsce. Sector profile
Basic variables comprising performance indicators, in turn, involve selected effects of expenditures on R&D, such as number of scientific publications, patent submissions, obtained patents, and, most importantly, the number of innovative products.10
Another factor are the human capital metrics. Human capital is an important component of the innovative potential in Poland. Listed here are also metrics of human capital; average number of years of education in people between 25 and 64; the percentage of university graduates in the total population.11
The measurements above also indicate that Poland does poorly in relation to OECD countries12.
Graph 2. Number of patents registered for every 1 million people.
Source: http://natemat.pl/100285,Polska-w-europejskim-ogonie-patentow-Jestesmy-na-szarym-koncu-kontynentu Table 2. Population by education level in %.
SPECIFICATION Total higher secondary and post secondary basic vocational lower secondary primary completed
2002 100.0 11.1 32.4 23.8 1.8 28.0
2005 100.0 14.2 33.0 23.0 5.5 21.8
2010 100.0 19.3 33.6 21.9 5.3 18.0
2011 100.0 19.3 33.1 22.5 5.1 18.8
2012 100.0 20.7 32.9 22.1 5.0 18.2
2013 100.0 22.0 32.9 21.6 4.9 17.6
2014 100.0 23.2 32.7 21.2 4.8 17.1
Source:https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5515/3/9/1/rocznik_demograficzny_2016.pdf
Among the innovation indicators also are the openness of the economy metrics. «Openness» is defined as weighted average of the export intensity and import penetration. In the economic growth equations included also is the degree of financial growth (value of loans granted by banks to private companies of private sector; market capitalisation; IMF financial liberalisation index).
Other indicators are regulatory environment metrics (EPL employment protection legislation indexes and PMR product market regulation indexes and management quality indexes), as well as intellectual property protection indicator.
Currently, innovation in Europe is a basic element of the policy, which was highlighted in the Lisbon Strategy. The European council on 17 June 2010 approved the new long-term development strategy for EU, which replaced Lisbon Strategy implemented in years 2000-2010. The new strategy was adopted for years 2010-2020 and is named Strategy for smart and sustainable growth encouraging inclusion. The priorities presented in that document involve
10 https://www.uprp.pl/uprp/_gAllery/87/18/87187/raport_roczny_2016.pdf
11https://stat. gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5515/3/9/1/rocznik_demograficzny_2015.pdf
12 http://natemat.pl/100285,Polska-w-europejskim-ogonie-patentow-Jestesmy-na-szarym-koncu-kontynentu
the growth of an economy supported by knowledge; achieving sustainable growth, effective and careful use of natural resources; development of economy based on a high level of employment, providing social, economic and territorial cohesion. The aim of development is improving competitiveness and building innovative economy supported by knowledge. Entrepreneurship is mostly associated with innovativeness. Development of modern society, referred to as knowledge society would not be possible without the rapid evolution of modern information technologies, as described by Castells in his book «Network society».13 Modern socio-economic development is based on improvement of qualifications, innovation, including technological innovation.The terminology concerning economic development and economic growth itself is defined differently.Economic growth is a «long-term process of changes occurring in the economy, measurable, i.a., by GDP, which also involves qualitative changes in the economy, e.g. structural changes of the economy.»14 Economic growth, in turn, refers to the process of increasing the production of goods and services of a given economy measured by an adopted indicator GDP, NNP, GNI. 15
Innovation policy adopted by EU is one of the economic policies. It encompasses, i.a., areas such as: strengthening relations in the national innovation system; shaping and improving the capabilities of introducing innovations in technology as well as in organisation and education; optimal implementation of innovations as a basic factor influencing economic growth and increasing employment; applying structural changes in techniques, technology and quality in industry; employing international cooperation and globalisation processes in the economy.16
Graph 3. Polish economy growth rate.
Source: https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/wiadomosci/artykul/pkb-polski-wzrost-gospodarczy-gus-trzeci,181,0,2392245.html
In accordance with EU guidelines, ensuring effectiveness of economic development requires cooperation with the research community and R&D businesses. In this case the flow of knowledge from universities into the economy is important.
This solution, as intended by EU, is meant to be a solution to global competition on the market. Commercialisation of knowledge must occur and then its transfer from the university to the economy.17 In practice it means that scientific activity carried out by universities should respond to the needs of the market. In Poland 2050 Report it was assumed that universities are crucial for the future of Poland. It is because nowadays education is an investment in human capital. In Polish education such example of turning to human capital and New Public Management policy is the act of 27 July 2005 - Law on Higher Education. In the aforementioned act the primary goal of a university is to educate students in terms of acquisition and supplementation of knowledge and skills necessary for professional work.18 The provisions say that the universities shall be institutions which provide employees for the economy.
Human capital is a part of intellectual capital. It is dependent on the relationship between the factors influencing it: social capital - relations allowing exchange of knowledge within a given society and market capital - relations with the external environment and structural capital.Currently, human capital is treated as one of the primary factors of growth and development of society and economy. The source of this concept is visible even in Adam Smith's reflections, who perceived work and skills as a form of capital, though did not explicitly name them as such. One of
13 M. Castells, Network society, PWN Scientific Publisher Warsaw 2008.
14 J. Gardawski, L. Gilejko, J. Siewierski, R. Towalski, Socjologia gospodarki, Difin, Warsaw 2006, p. 57.
15 Thereto.
16 M. Struzycki, Innowacyjnosc w teorii i praktyce, Oficyna Wydawnicza, Warsaw 2006, p. 188.
17 Cited after A. P. Wierzbicki, Szkolnictwo polskie w perspektywie 2050, [in:] PTE bulletin, Forum mysli strategicznej, no 2, 2012, p. 119.
18 Act on Higher Education of 27 July 2005, Journal of Laws of 2005, No 164, item 1365, Article 13 paragraph 1
the first economists, who used this expression was Irving Fisher.19 However, this theory was revolutionised in the 1970s. Research carried out by i.a. Chicago School economists, Theodore Schultz, Gary Becker and Jacob Mincer emphasised the importance of human capital as one of the most important growth factors in modern economy. Follow up studies, which highlighted the importance of human capital were the studies of endogenous growth models carried out by i.a. Robert Lucas and Paul Romer starting from the 1980s.20 To this day there is no common agreement concerning the definition of human capital. Globally, human capital comprises the size of population, socio-occupational categories, their physical state, and reproduction capability. It needs to be noted that human capital does not only depend on demographic resources of a given society. Currently it largely depends on the system forming the intellectual potential of the society.21 However, individually, human capital is a structural element of human resources in the global sense. «It comprises a set of skills and predispositions of a person, properties of his/her social personality, views on life and career, beliefs and opinions, vocational knowledge, skills concerning the application of knowledge for problem solving, algorithms of creative activities and simulation skills, etc.22 The shape of human capital is influenced by many factors. They are associated with, i.a., education, science and new technologies, factors associated with labour market and health. The notion of intellectual capital, in turn, is a narrower term. It encompasses knowledge, experience/possession of organisational technology, interactions with the clients, vocational skills, which provide a competitive edge on the market.23
Conclusions. Poland is currently before a challenge of changing the economy model from imitation to innovation. Poland belongs to the group of moderate innovators. Unfortunately, it is one of the least innovative countries in EU. Our country is characterised by an uneven innovative potential, which relies mostly on human resources and poor willingness to introduce innovation as well as cooperation in terms of research and development. Investments of Polish companies in innovation do not display a research and development character, but imitational, which involves adopting existing solutions. Also the investment activity within SMEs sector is poor. Poland is also not doing well in relation to EU countries in terms of creating own intellectual property. The main problem are patents rights. Poland fares relatively well in terms of sales and export of innovative goods. The factors improving the potential of the Polish society are access to modern forms of media and gradual growth of social mobility. The barriers, in turn, are: education system which lowers creativity and low social capital. A significant restriction is also the conservative approach, focused on survival, of Polish entrepreneurs towards the market and organisational structure. A chance for growth of the Polish economy is focusing on innovation, entrepreneurship and creative thinking. EU policy supports the sector of mall and medium companies in terms of innovations, which is a major chance for growth of Polish companies. Companies can use both national innovativeness support programmes, and the Regional Operational Programmes.
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22 Thereto, p. 146.
23 H. Krol, A. Ludwiczynski, Zarzqdzanie zasobami ludzki mi: tworzenie kapitalu ludzkiego organizacji, Ed. PWN, Warsaw 2010, p 94.
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5.pdf
ДАН1 ПРО АВТОРА
Miczynska - Kowalska M. доктор наук, професор,
Ушверситет природничих наук, м. Люблш, Польща.
20-950 м. Люблш, вул. A^eMi4Ha, 13
DATA ABOUT THE AUTHOR Prof. Maria Miczynska-Kowalska
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie 20-950 LUBLIN, ul. Akademicka 13
УДК 658.589:33.05-044.372]:005.332.4 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1220603
1ННОВАЦ1ЙНА Д1ЯЛЬН1СТЬ ЗА УМОВ КРИЗИ ТА И ВПЛИВ НА КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖН1СТЬ В1ТЧИЗНЯНИХ ПЩПРИеМСТВ
Романишин В.О., Свщерська 1.М.
Предметом досл'дження е сукупнсть теоретичних, методичних та практичних аспект'в формування ¡нновацШно)' д'яльност'! п1'дприемств за умов кризи нацонально/' економки.
Метою статт/ е обфунтування особливостей формування ¡нновацшно)' д'яльност'! п1'дприемств за умов кризи нацонально/' економки та '/'/' впливу на конкурентоспроможнсть втчизняних п1'дприемств.
Дослiдження фунтуеться на застосуванн/ д'алектичного методу пзнання для вивчення законом'рностей розвитку концеп^й ¡нновацшно)' дiяльност/ пiдприемства (абстрактно-лог'чний метод, метод типолог'У/' та класифiкацiй, метод аналогiй). Кр1'м цього, використано так методи досл'дження: теоретичного узагальнення / порiвняння; системний анал'з; синтез; /нформацйне моделювання; конкретиза^я; спостереження.
У статт/ визначена сутнсть ¡нновацшно)' д'яльност'! пiдприемства. Зазначено, що ннова^йна д'яльн'сть - це процес, який починаеться з /де/, що трансформуеться у об'екти права '¡нтелектуально'/' власност/ та завершуеться /х впровадженням у власне виробництво та/або комер^йною реалiзацiею, при необх'дност'! з псляпродажним супроводом. Побудовано алгоритм оргашзацп процесу прийняття та реалiзацiУ' /нновац/'йних рiшень на пiдприемствi, що сприятиме пдвищенню Ух конкурентоспроможностi. Обфунтовано, що ннова^йна д'яльн'сть може включати як вс етапи iнновацiйного процесу, так / бути його частиною, кожна з яко'У може завершуватися комерц/'ал/'зац/'ею '/'/' результату, на який поширюеться право '¡нтелектуальноУ власност'!, необх'дн'сть та доцльнсть комерц1'ал1'зац1"У якого визначаеться в залежност/ в'д можливостей пiдприемства та вимог ринку. Доведено, що економ'чна криза може бути як джерелом загроз, так / джерелом нових можливостей у розвитку економки Укра/ни. Криза також дозволяе використовувати шанс на проведення ефективно'У глобально/' полтики, щоб полiпшити стабльнсть ф1'нансово'У системи / стимулювати економ'чне зростання. З метою актив'заци iнновацiйно'y' д'яльност'! в сферi втчизняного пiдприемництва обфунтована необх'дн'сть вироблення ново/' iнновацiйно'y'полтики, яка е сукупнютю принципiв / заход/'в, що забезпечують створення сприятливого iнновацiйного кл'!мату в Укра/ш, необхдного для успшного !нвестування в укра/нську економку в умовах кризи. Реалiзацiя тако/' полiтики також сприятиме пдвищенню конкурентоспроможност'! втчизняних п1'дприемств.
Кпючов'1 слова: ¡'нновацУ/', iнновацiйна д'яльн'сть, криза, нацональна економка, ¡'нновац'йний потен^ал пiдприемств, ¡'нновац/'йний розвиток пiдприемства, система управлння iнновацiйним розвитком пiдприемства, конкурентоспроможнсть п!'дприемств.
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Економiчний вюник ушверситету | Випуск № 37/1
© Романишин В.О., Свщерська 1.М., 2018
