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INNOVATIVE CREATION TRENDS OF BIODEGRADABLE PACKAGING COMPOSITES
Ivanov L.
student, Bashkir State University Khalikov K. student, Bashkir State University Ivanova O.
Ph. D., associate Professor, Ufa State Petroleum
Technical University Korotkova L.
Ph. D., associate Professor, Ufa State Petroleum
Technical University Khalikov R.
Ph. D., associate Professor, Ufa State Petroleum
Technical University
Abstract
Targeted design of biodegradable packaging based on large-capacity synthetic polyolefins by controlled oxidation and subsequent hydrolytic destruction of the amorphous phase is a promising approach to solving the problem of recycling polymer waste using innovative methods of green chemical technologies. Reliable stabilization of macromolecular nanocomposition structures at the supramolecular level makes it possible to enhance the technological characteristics of packaging materials during operation and reduce the cost of biodegradable polymers. A more technological approach is the creation of biodegradable packaging, where macromolecules function as a matrix that decompose in natural biogeocenoses.
Keywords: polymer packaging composites, biodegradation of macromolecules.
Tightening of legal requirements in the field of municipal solid waste management requires the search for technological solutions to the problem and the development of new approaches to resource-saving production of macromolecular packaging on a global scale. Composite packaging materials produced on the basis of synthetic polymers occupy about a third of the segment of packaging consumption worldwide and accumulate in landfills [1] or in the form of garbage in unauthorized landfills. In recent years, the creation of environmentally safe packaging is a mandatory requirement of the technical regulations of the Customs Union "On Packaging Safety» (TR TS 005/2011).
The purpose of this article is to consider innovative technological directions for obtaining biodegradable polymer nanocomposites in the framework of the concept of controlling stability of packaging macro-molecules at the supramolecular level.
Every year in the Russian Federation, up to 2 * 108 m3 of solid household (municipal) waste is generated, of which more than half is packaging materials. Only about 5% of this volume goes to re-processing, the rest
is taken to landfills of solid municipal waste or incinerators. Recently, the situation with the accumulation of polymer waste packaging has worsened due to the pandemic of coronavirus infection [2] COVID-19: the requirement to wear medical masks and gloves causes the growth of macromolecular waste. Today, there are artisanal methods of recycling, for example, used shoe covers are used for the "construction" of hospital benches, with the main part being disposed of by incineration.
It is the manufacturability of production - sufficient mechanical strength, neutrality to most food products and the ability to create composite films - that allowed macromolecular materials to occupy a niche in the market of packaging materials and disposable tableware. Although the use of used polymer packaging as secondary resources is quite promising, today there are various economic barriers. Recycling of municipal packaging waste based on large-capacity synthetic macromolecules (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc.) in technological workshops of waste processing plants is associated with many organizational problems (fig. 1):
Figure 1. Incomplete circle of production and use of polymer packaging materials
Currently, the development of biodegradable mac-romolecules based on large-capacity polyolefins [3] is particularly relevant as an alternative to the accumulation of packaging polymer waste, since bioplastics make up only 1% of the total production of high-molecular plastics. Creating multifunctional and "nature-friendly" bioplastics is one of the priorities of modern chemical technology, which is implemented in the design of nanocompositional biodegradable polymers.
The development of functional nanomaterials based on renewable raw materials of eco-friendly polymers raises the question of the need for a more thorough study of the processes of "self-assembly" of supramo-lecular structures in packaging composites. The processes of formation of hierarchical structures at the highest levels of organization: ... monomers ^ oligomers ^ macromolecules ^ supranostructures ^ ... packaging materials are subject to synergetic patterns of structure formation, which have a fairly strong influence on the operational stability of polymer packaging [4].
Innovative technologies and popular trends in the creation of biodegradable polymer packaging [5-7] are the following:
♦ construction of synthetic polyesters by chemical modification should be economical and technological;
♦ alternative biosynthesis of polyester macromol-ecules should be conducted with the participation of microorganisms using a biotechnological method;
♦ innovative development of biodegradable composites should be based on natural macromolecules (zein, lignin, cellulose, chitosan, etc.).
Biodegradable films based on the copolymer of polypropylene carbonate and polylactide were created [8]: when it is put in compost, such biodegradable packaging material is almost destroyed completely after 3 months. It should be noted that the use of carbon diox-
ide (CO2) in the production of polypropylene carbonate, which is a renewable raw material, is considered an innovative trend in green chemical technology.
To date, production of biodegradable packaging based on the introduction of the necessary components into the synthetic polymer matrix (most often starch), which contribute to the "launch" of biochemical reactions of metabolism, is more technologically developed. The green technologies based on producing composite materials of synthetic macromolecules with biopolymers (starch or cellulose) are being actively promoted for the production of food packaging and films. Modification of biodegradable composite polymers with starch additives of highly dispersed nanopar-ticles is presented in the article [9]. Moreover, rheolog-ical and deformation-strength characteristics of the obtained compositions are also studied.
A more promising trend is the resource-saving construction of packaging ecomaterials [10] based on polyglycolide and polylactide macromolecules, which are obtained using biotechnological methods. As a biodegradable packaging composite, polylactide is considered to be in demand - a resource-saving polyconden-sation product of renewable lactic acid. Porous materials, food packaging, disposable dishes, various containers, as well as medical surgical threads, and others materials are manufactured on the basis of polylac-tide macromolecules.
Polyoxyalkanoates (copolymer of hydroxybutyr-ate and oxovalerate) are considered to be another innovative trend in creating biodegradable macromolecules. According to their physical, chemical and technological characteristics, they are similar to large-capacity polyolefins, but are also capable of regulated biodegradation. The uniqueness of these resource-saving methods and trends in the design of biodegradable macro-molecules is that their production is carried out by bio-technological methods using highly effective microorganisms.
Biodegradable macromolecules, as well as synthetic polymers based on polyethylene and polypropylene, are quite strong and thermoplastic. Additionally, they have antioxidant properties and decompose under natural conditions to the final products of metabolism -
water and carbon dioxide. Therefore, biodegradable composites are used as an alternative packaging material that can be decomposed in the soil and water of natural biogeocenoses (fig. 2):
Figure 2. Cyclic metabolism of biodegradable macromolecules of packaging materials
under natural conditions
Wide useage of biodegradable polyhydroxyalka-noates [11] is hindered by high cost, because in biotech-nological production, up to half of the price is determined by raw materials. Recently, innovative technologies have been developed to significantly reduce the cost of high-molecular polylactides and other biodegradable macromolecules from 1200 rubles/kg to 85 rubles/kg.
The kinetics of biodegradation of resource-saving eco-packaging is significantly affected by their molecular structure, the size and flexibility of their macro-molecules, and the length of sections between functional groups. For example, the half-life of polyhy-colides based on renewable macromolecular raw materials in natural conditions is considered to be from 60 to 90 days. When studying the processes of supra-molecular structure formation, the compact arrangement of fractal clusters of amorphous-crystalline polymers limits their swelling in water and prevents the penetration of enzymes into the polymer matrix, which makes it difficult for microorganisms to influence not only the main carbon chain of the polymer, but also the biodegradable sections of macromolecules.
It should be noted that the amorphous part of the polymer packaging is more susceptible to biodegradation than the crystalline sections that are resistant to hydrolysis when exposed to enzymes. Moreover, there are other significant advantages due to the physical and chemical characteristics of biodegradable resource-saving polymer composites, such as permeability to atmospheric air molecules and water vapor (this makes it possible to use as a material for sewing protective suits of
infectious diseases doctors), as well as resistance under operating conditions.
The design of biodegradable products by controlled oxidation and subsequent biogeochemical hydrolysis of the amorphous phase of macromolecular materials is important not only for the production of packaging films. High-tech medicine of the Eurasian countries is in demand for biodegradable suture and dressing materials, as well as "intelligent" polymer lining of drugs. Several disadvantages of biodegradable polymers can be noted: limited opportunities for large-scale production and their high cost due to multi-stages. Various methods are used to give controlled stability to biodegradable macromolecular composites during usage: reducing the rate of diffusion of an aggressive medium, adding biostabilizators, eco-friendly thermal oxidation inhibitors to the polymer matrix [12], antibacterial components [13] , etc.
Long-term regional environmental policy should also become an integral part of the public administration system of the Republic of Bashkortostan. It should be noted that it is favorable to use an ecosystem approach to the formation of regional entrepreneurship [15] during the development of tools for the organizational waste management system [14], as well as the effectiveness of the innovative mechanism for faster production and application of biodegradable packaging composites. One of the effective tools of institutional reconfiguration is the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems, which should be zones of institutional at-tractor with vector induction.
Polylactide macromolecules show a high commercial potential: a low-cost method of deep biotechnolog-ical processing of grain [16] allows the production of initial monomers with a low cost. Actualization of the problem of economic competitiveness of biodegradable packaging composites with an annual renewable cycle [17] requires argumentation of production efficiency.
Thus, within the framework of the concept of sustainable development, the interpretation of the formation and subsequent controlled hydrolysis at the su-pramolecular level of fractal nanoclusters of polygly-colide and polylactide macromolecules is a promising direction for the production of biodegradable composites. Green chemical technologies for the construction of biodegradable macromolecular packaging is one of the promising engineering solutions for reducing the accumulation of packaging waste of large-capacity synthetic polymers and a popular trend.
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МЕТОДИ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНИХ I АНАЛ1ТИЧНИХ ДОСЛ1ДЖЕНЬ ПЕРЕБ1ГУ МЕТАЛУ В ОСЕРЕДКУ ДЕФОРМАЦП ПРИ ГАРЯЧОМУ ДЕФОРМУВАНН1
Швець Л.В
Кандидат технгчних наук, доцент Втницький нацгональний аграрний утверситет, м. Вгнниця, Украша
METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESEARCH OF METAL IN THE CENTER OF DEFORMATION DURING HOT COMPRESSION HEATING
Shvets L.
PhD, Associate Professor Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Vinnytsya, Ukraine
