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16
INFORMATIVE CHARACTER OF THE VISUAL RADIATION,
IN THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECT
Rudolf KLIMEK1 and Dariusz A. SZKUTNIK2
Abstract. The visual radiation can express peculiar information relationships in the relation of the subject to the object as well as the subject to the subject. Sight, light, color and form themselves are the subjective "perception" as of the original form of cognition and the psychological form of the information feedback (E-mc2), as an exchange of verbal, vocal and non-verbal signals (symbols). The methodological postulate of visual radiation was put forward in the Middle Ages by Witelo, who believed that in addition to light radiation there is a specific type of visual radiation in the range of colours and shapes. The greatest scholars headed by Leonardo da Vinci, Copernicus, Kepler, etc., used his work "Perspectives" which was published in 1535 in Nuremberg and also in 1572 in Basel. Witelo's merit is the separation of visual radiation from the light penetrating through only the transparent structures. The problem is that man for centuries did not take into account the possibility of penetration even through opaque objects newly discovered in the twentieth century the radiation of neutrinos, and now gravitational and finally informational rays in the whole space. Before the experience becomes the subject of cognition it is necessary to look for what may be a natural and primitive "preparatory act". The "pre-cognitive" level, which also includes the process of "perception" of various physical phenomena, there are special information relations, which in further stages of cognition are developed and processed by the human intellect. Keywords: informgraph, information rays, light, sight, visual radiation, E-mc2
Contents
Introduction
1. Pre-reflective knowledge as the phenomenological act of knowing things
2. Phenomenological aspect of Witelo's visual radiation
3. The basic physical factors conditioning the aspect of perceiving the reality
4. Information in interpersonal relations
5. With a two way nature of information Conclusion
1 World Information University, Krakow, POLAND.
2 Independent researcher, Lancut, POLAND.
ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ХАРАКТЕР ВИЗУАЛЬНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ,
В ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ АСПЕКТЕ
Rudolf KLIMEK and Dariusz A. SZKUTNIK
Резюме. Визуальное излучение может выражать специфическую информацию в отношении субъекта к объекту, а также субъекта к субъекту. Зрение, свет, цвет и форма сами по себе являются субъективным «восприятием» как первоначальной формы познания и психологической формы обратной информации (Е-'ше2), так обмена словесных, вокальных и невербальных сигналов (символов). Методологический постулат визуального излучения был выдвинут в средние века Витело, который считал, что помимо светового излучения существует определенный вид визуального излучения в диапазоне цветов и форм. Величайшие ученые, возглавляемые Леонардо да Винчи, Коперником, Кеплером и др. использовали работу Витело «Перспективы», которая была опубликована в 1535 году в Нюрнберге, и переиздана в 1572 году в Базеле. Достоинством работ Витело является разделение зрительного излучения от света, проникающего только сквозь прозрачные структуры. Проблема заключается в том, что человек на протяжении веков не учитывал возможности проникновения даже через непрозрачные объекты определенных излучений, как например излучение нейтрино, обнаруженные лишь в двадцатом веке, а теперь и гравитационные и, наконец - информационные лучи во всем пространстве. Прежде чем опыт станет предметом познания, необходимо искать то, что может быть естественным и примитивным «подготовительным актом». «Предпознавательный» уровень, который также включает в себя процесс «восприятия» различных физических явлений, есть специальные информационные отношения, которые на дальнейших этапах познания развиваются и обрабатываются человеческим интеллектом.
Ключевые слова: информграф, информационные лучи, свет, зрение, визуальное излучение, К—те2
Содержание
Введение
1. Пред-рефлексивное знание как феноменологический акт познания вещей
2. Феноменологический аспект визуального излучения Витело
3. Основные физические факторы, обусловливающие аспект восприятия реальности
4. Информация в межличностных отношениях
5. С двухсторонним характером информации
Вывод
Introduction
The main purpose of this study is to show the significant role of information in the conditioning of the subject's "receiving" the physical reality. In addition, this methodological approach introducing this complex problem will be supplemented with a description of the psychological and informational relations of the subject in relation to the other entity. Our methodological approach based largely on the phenomenological cognitive stand will also be complemented by the fact that visual impressions in humans are triggered not only by quanta of electromagnetic radiation of the appropriate wavelength, but also by the informational optical radiation. The problem is that man for centuries was accustomed to light penetrating through only the transparent structures, and did not take into account the possibility of penetration even through opaque objects newly discovered in the twentieth century the radiation of neutrinos, and now gravitational and finally informational rays [2,11].
The methodological postulate of visual radiation was put forward in the Middle Ages by Witelo, whose main message has not been properly understood by modern science. Witelo believed that in addition to light radiation, there is a specific type of visual radiation in the range of colours and shapes, which in this work will be called a specific type of information radiation. His work "Perspective" was published in 1535 in Nuremberg and also in 1572 in Basel [20]. He recognizes sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch as external senses of soul, and the imagination, fantasy, judgment, and memory as internal senses. Sight, light, color and form themselves are the subject of view, and the other twenty-two known form properties are identical to the properties of all visible things. Each of these feelings has a beginning and its conditions, as all the events and their perceived causes and sources.The ancients described the world looking for the so-called the reality they have seen. It was, however, the beginning of pre-scientific knowledge, based largely on the essence of putting fundamental questions, to which science is still looking for answers to this day. On the other hand, the sequence of historical events and the rapid development of science and technology led scientists to great discoveries, e.g. to condense the elemental constituents of air and to finally know the atomic structure of matter in different states of concentration: solid, liquid and gas. The above facts also led the scholars to analyse in detail the physical phenomenon of the vacuum and the philosophical meaning of the nothingness concept. The 20th century, however, dominated the interdependence of mass and energy, which contributed to the great progress of science, thus giving cognitive hope to people who believe in the real existence of things (things that you can see or touch!). Nowadays scientists have counted about 4% of the matter in the universe and 26% of energy, and the rest counted down to dark energy. What's more, they noticed the black holes in space and kept it long that "nothing comes out of them". They did not even be surprised by the fact that these black holes manifesting as physical phenomena could be observed and even photographed! It was not until Stephen Hawking predicted mathematically their radiation [Hawking, 1975, p. 219-267]. Finally, the discovery of gravitational radiation and the formation of the Peter Higgs particle completed the rest so that
nowadays both the image and the sounds of a person through digitalisation can simultaneously transmit on the same "information link".
In the light of the above, briefly described contemporary discoveries and scientific facts, the category of information requires an attempt to include it in the nature, not only, the causes of certain phenomena, but also their description and explanation at various levels of organization of the universe. This study will be limited to the phenomenological aspects of the subjective "perception" as the original form of cognition and the psychological form of receiving the subject by another entity in the context of the information that occurs in the equation of dependence next to matter and energy E-mc2.
1. Pre-reflective knowledge as the phenomenological act of knowing things
Phenomenological analysis of receiving specific phenomena should precede the remaining analyses, because it examines the object in itself, as an object of given looks, disregarding its relation with possible references, and examines a subject free of complex character structure and perceptual conditions. Husserl's project of "returning to the things themselves" was aimed at describing direct data, and the phenomenological interpretation of the phenomenon may be seen as an attempt to organize the relationship between vision and thinking, that is between what is sensual and conceptual. The phenomenological attempts to show how the object appears through purely visual reflection to the pre-reflective intellect. The category of eye-sighting in the phenomenological tradition meant a specific form of experience in which special attention was devoted to the way the object appeared. First of all, sensory experience (differing from full knowledge of the fact that the subject as a whole is a form of cognitive experience) is also the beginning of knowledge about the world [Coleman, 1966, p. 197-203].The phenomenological postulate of the inclusion of the phenomenon in a preparative order free from the network of cognitive ontological concepts is evident and has a common ambition to achieve a pure view of the image, independent of philosophical and cultural meanings.
The intention of phenomenologists was to capture the image in a direct experience in which fundamental relationships are built for a given subject in which the identity and specific character of the phenomenon are sought. Historically, it can be said that this kind of research method resulted from the reluctance to the findings made by Immanuel Kant who downplayed the sensual moment of cognitive experience. His project of cognition, conditioned by the transcendental apperception of the subject and the subject of experience, did not seem to notice the primordial moment in which the perceived world would be conceived. The mere connection of two cognitive sources, intellect and sensuality, according to phenomenologists, leads to a false conception of the transcendental pattern in which sensuality is completely in the possession of the intellect. It seems that the Kantian cognitive model, assuming the recognition of experience through subjective rules and cognitive principles, gave
many answers about the intelligible knowledge of the subject, but at the same time lost the pre-reflective moment that phenomenologists pointed to. From Kant's reasoning, for example, it was clear that Time and Space are not content in the surrounding world of external objects, but only forms of consciousness imposed on the consciousness of contact with an unknown and unknowable object [Kant, 1919, p. 78-86]. However, not all natural scientists have taken over Kant's epistemological assumptions. Thanks to this, the natural sciences further investigated the colours of the rainbow and detected the wave nature of light with them, studied the energy of the atom and detected the laws of quantum mechanics. Natural sciences based on the principle of the proportions between cause and effect, binding specific effects to specific causes, reconstructed the climate, geography, fauna and flora of ancient continents, existing millions of years before human appearance [Medawar, 1969].
In opposition to Kant's views, there is the general theory of relativity of Albert Einstein, in it a peculiar combination of time and space comes into being: a fourth coordinate is added to the three-dimensional Euclidean space. As the modern physicist Stephen Hawking writes: "An event is something that occurs at a specific point and a specific moment. To determine the event, therefore, four coordinates should be given" [Hawking, 2000, p. 82]. Similarly, Cassirer states: "It turns out that we can understand and present the theoretical relations that occur in the real space only by recreating them in the language of a four-dimensional non-Euclidean manifold" [Cassirer, 2006, p. 99]. Physical time is not understood as the construction of the mind, but as the real structure of reality.
Before the experience becomes the subject of cognition it is necessary to look for what may be a natural and primitive "preparatory act". Such a different cognitive genesis accentuates in a specific way of seeing, which can be described as a primary vision, pre-reflective, free from intellectual conditions. Thus, phenomenology is on the side of the eye that "gives goodbye" rather than on the side of thinking about seeing. We will define this type of pre-reflective view in further parts of this text as "perception" in the subject-object relation, or in the entity's "perception" and "sensation" of the subject. The phenomenological model of cognition is suitable for our epistemological use because it is a decisive imaging model describing the subject's specific relationship to the object in the perceptual cognitive process. In addition, we believe that at the "pre-cognitive" level, which also includes the process of "perception" of various physical phenomena, there are special information relations, which in further stages of cognition are developed and processed by the human intellect.
The "look" in the phenomenological cognitive process occupies a special place, because unlike speech it has an unlimited range in receiving and transmitting certain content. Despite the fact that in such an epistemological aspect, certain physical conditions must be maintained in the human relation of a person in relation to another
person, i.e. a spatial distance, this gaze without words can express most of the fundamental emotional states of a specific person. A look in real phenomenological reality can also be one of the elements of knowing reality, which enables the transformation of a letter into sounds (reading aloud) or showing its meaning and heart by graphically depicting specific contents (drawing). It distinguishes it from the behavioural functioning of animals expressed in speech, thanks to the specific ability of speech a person can share with other people their thoughts and experiences about various information received in the views of different people. Man, with his gaze sends feedback in the form of surprise, joy or even information about the state of the nervous breakdown.
2. Phenomenological aspect of Witelo's visual radiation
Witelo believed that the eyesight sees the forms of visible things, and these things are carnal. All forms of things consist of many visible and detailed features. Just as there is no size without shape and shape is not without a position - wrote Witelo - so things not exists without colour, the colour is not without light, which propagates only in a transparent body. Vision therefore does not perceive any single feature. Vision perceives any feature while perceiving visible forms that have a greater number of detailed features. Since no trait itself fills form of object perceived by the senses, it is obvious that it is impossible to see only one trait in isolation from other traits. Always in the form visible to the senses, more features are gathered simultaneously. At the same time, perception always sees many detailed features, which are distinguished only in the imagination with the help of discriminating ability [Witelo].
On the basis of this short statement of Witelo one can say that in the phenomenological process of "perception" as the original process known by the subject of physical reality, the emergence of the form-shape of a given object emerges, which in the further epistemological process are supplemented with other attributes of a given thing. Therefore, it can be unequivocally stated that in the process of visual perception of physical reality Witelo, in addition to light radiation, has distinguished some kind of cognitive aspect of the visual radiation manifested in the phenomenological structures of real reality. This specific visual radiation can express peculiar information relationships in the relation of the subject to the object as well as the subject to the subject. Witelo distinguished sight, light, colour and shape. The greatest scholars headed by Leonardo da Vinci, Copernicus, Kepler, etc., used his work "Perspectives". Today, scientists translating into modern languages ten volumes, which were written in the thirteenth century and published in the sixteenth century, levelled - postulated by Witelo - visual radiation with light, and its message in the form of rays the very shape of things is still overlooked.
Fig.1. Information rays (-—-) from the object AA form a visible informgraph CC.
It is well-known that light or heat rays are reflected from the obstacles encountered under the so-called a reflection angle equal to the angle of incidence. In
Fig.l.the information rays (------) from the object AB form a visible CD image, from
which also the light propagates in the whole surrounding space. Thanks to this the image is visible not only in front of the viewer, but also can be viewed at different angles of view. Witelo supplemented Aristotle with a judgment of visible form, whose size depends on the angle of view and coordinates the movement of eyeball as a power of sensual distinction and memory by seeing and fixing individual forms that are comparable in every case. Figure2/4 presents the photos of man's portrait as they can be obtained also mechanically by photographic apparatus, which also differentiates the colour and form of any object from perspective of observer's localization, i.e. photo of portrayed man en face (Fig.2) and from both sides (Fig. 3 and 4).
Fig.2-4. Informgraphs at observer's localization en face and from both sides
The carriers of images - as generally accepted in science - are electromagnetic waves and thanks to them they can be fixed technically (photographed). These images, however, reaching different fields (viewpoints) this time are the effect of reflection of the primary image (portrait) radiation from the mirror. The course of this type of spatial radiation takes place along the road on which real information (image) travels in the direction from the object of observation AB, through the mirror to the observers or cameras of digital transmission records (Fig.5). Transmitted images are successive informgraphs (CD, EF) of the original perception object, i.e. a two-dimensional portrait. Practically, in this context, everyone can see their silhouette visible in the mirror, which reflection does not contain any single atom of the real person (Fig.6).
Fig.5. Information rays of transmitted images from original object AB to informgraphs CD EF
Fig.6. Informgraph of a child's mirror image
Witelo's merit is the separation of visual radiation from the light. In the opinion of the scientist, the sight rays were to propagate linearly in all directions, and just like light, the whole space was to be filled. It should be noted that the mechanical radiation was not affected by the impact of visual radiation. In contrast to widely held belief that colors and sounds are considered to be illusions, with no reality in the world out there, Peter Heusser presented his interpretation of colors, sounds and other sensory experiences to be the ultimate effect of the cascades of physical and physiological processes which propagate from the respective objects to the sensory organs and from there via the sensory nerves into the brain [7]. Despite their qualitative nature they are just as real as the cascade of physical waves and physiological processes, which do not cause, but only mediate the sensory experiences not physical, but mental in nature. The human mind reaches existing sensory qualities in the external world through the mediation of the physical and physiological cascades. This integrative approach leads to a more humanistic understanding of us and our relation to nature.
3. The basic physical factors conditioning the aspect of perceiving the reality
One of the most important parameters enabling the process of "perception" is light, which is colloquially called visible part of electromagnetic radiation, i.e. visible radiation received by the retina of the human eye. Precise determination of the electromagnetic wave length range is not possible here, because every human sight has a slightly different sensitivity - hence 380-780 nm is assumed to be the widest range, although smaller ranges (especially from longer waves) are often given up to 400-700 nm. In the exact sciences, the term optical radiation is subject to the laws of geometric and wave optics. It is assumed that optical radiation covers the range of electromagnetic waves from 100 nm to 1 mm in length, divided into three ranges: infrared, visible light and ultraviolet. All of these ranges can be observed and measured using a similar set of instruments, and the results of these tests can be
developed using the same laws of physics. Nevertheless Robert Grosseteste recognized the metaphysics of light as the first form created in the first created matter [Swiezawski, 2000, p. 580]. In the theory of seeing he referred to the concept of Platon's cone of vision, expanding it to the physical characteristics of the visual rays as a shiny and radiant substance that, combined with the radiation of other luminous bodies (also reflected light), made it possible to see.
Like Grosseteste also Roger Bacon believed that all forces of nature could be ultimately brought into the action of light, because all natural forces work by radiation and sending species. He understood all cognition as a direct encounter of the subject who came to know from the species that arose when radiation touched the cognitive organ, sense or intellect and matter [Swiezawski, 2000, p. 592-593]. The optical radiation formed a cone whose tip was located in the centre of the eyeball curvature, and the basis was the surface of the object seen. Only those species that found themselves inside this cone could reach the lenses, where they blended with visual species transmitted through vitreous and optic nerves to the common nerves. The conditions necessary for the proper course of the visual process described by Alhazen, including: certain distance from the object, external light source, defined spatial extent and density of the object, transparency of the medium. Bacon added the object's temporal extent and good eye health, while Jan Peckham put a special emphasis on visual irradiation, assigning them an important role in the process of seeing [Lindberg, 1976, p. 108-110].
Jan Burydan, considering whether the external light (lumen) is necessary to see colours depending on the medium, decided that light and colour are necessary for viewing due to the impact on the species. Mikolaj Oresme distinguished between "visual perception" the internal property of the sensory organ and "visual radiation", a phenomenon located before or just beyond the eye, the approach preferred by the ancients. His views on this matter were similar to Witelo's views. The scholar argued that "seeing" is passive and generally involves the reception of species or rays emitted by visible objects. Henryk Hainbuch from Langenstein in his theory of seeing emphasized the role of the vitreous body, believing that it was the only organ of the eyeball, capable of responding to species. He believed that all molecules are of the same kind, regardless of whether they come from external objects, sensory organs of the medium. They interact with each other in two ways: stimulating multiplication and causing movement, e.g. in the optic nerve. According to Wilhelm Ockham, vision was caused by the interaction of visible objects on the organs undergoing them, and by the ability to take these pressures. Thanks to this, the presence of additional carriers such as species or medium seemed superfluous. Ockham distinguished the effects of external objects on the sense of sight: the specific irritation of the eye, maintaining this state in time and inducing the very process of seeing by being its necessary element [Lindberg, 1976, pp. 122-142].
4. Information in interpersonal relations
Man is a social being that is found in certain cognitive relations in relation to other people and to a group of people. Human communication gives him the
opportunity to exchange thoughts with his surroundings, as well as enables some group collaboration in the epistemological discovery of reality. The term "interpersonal communication" was coined by mathematician Claude Shannon and cybernetics by Warren Weaver. In 1948, the researchers presented a model of signal transmission in telecommunications systems (telephone and telegraph). The model created by them to describe the technical relations of information flow was quickly transferred to the area of interpersonal communication. There was only a conceptual conversion of individual categories of a technical objective nature into terms of a subjective nature, i.e. the transmitter was changed into a sender, and the receiver into a recipient. It should also be noted that to date, in the scientific literature, the most common definition of subject communication is the cybernetic definition, according to which communication is the flow of information from the sender to the recipient [Shannon, Weaver, 1948, pp. 3-16].
The above model precisely describes the technical information relations of computers, but is not suitable for describing complex interpersonal relations! For computers, words and their strings are defined algorithmically (unambiguously), but for people, words and their sequences often have a different information meaning. Differences in the interpretation of the same statement by several people result from the fact that each of person has their own life experience influencing the way of thinking and understanding speech and the message itself can be done in completely different situations. In this cognitive context, subject communication becomes a psychological process in which the individual transmits and receives information during contacts with other people using speech, mimicry, pantomimic and voice intonation. At the same time, it should be noted that this is not an unmanned form of receiving by a specific entity receiving information, as described above, based on the phenomenological method.
On the one hand, it seems that the subject may receive some information about the object in the initial stage of phenomenological cognition, which in the further process is processed by his intellect and may provide a more complete picture of the reality that he perceives, which can be passed towards another entity or group entities3. Now the interpersonal communication we perceive in the categories of information feedback (E-mc2) as an exchange of verbal, vocal and non-verbal signals (symbols) in a given situational context in order to achieve a better level of cooperation. The way in which we speak by moving the lips, the layout of the lips and eyebrows, the grimace of the face, the expression of the eyes during the conversation - all this testifies to our emotional state and is usually the first reaction to information sent by another person. And although sometimes we would like to hide something from our interlocutor, a sudden change of facial expression may reveal our true feelings and opinions.
The flow of information is so fast that we often do not even realize it. The posture of the body expressed during the conversation expresses our attitude towards
3 It should be remembered that in the verbal information transmission process, interference may occur on both the sender's and the recipient's side. Not always the recipient reads the transmitted message in the same way in which the sender issued it.
the other person. When we approve of the partner, we are not only facing him, but also the torso and the feet. Standing with your head bent forward and your arms folded, hands pinched or clasped with something holding mean uncertainty and submissiveness. Putting your feet is a sign of self-confidence. The same and at the same time self-esteem is evidenced by sitting in the middle of a chair, armchair, and especially a couch. A person sitting on the edge of these furniture signals his weakness and uncertainty. Therefore, it should be emphasized that information plays not only a fundamental phenomenological role, but also, and above all, is a leading factor in the development of psychology as a science. However, its dynamic form found in reciprocal (subjective) feedback can't be captured in Shannon's technical telecommunications dependencies. Such a static approach to information does not express or explain its complex essence in the complex cognitive reality of a human being or a group of people.
5. With a two way nature of information
Information works always bi-directionally and moves with unimaginable speed. Metaphorically, we can say that the beginning of its path coincides with its destination. This methodological approach confirms and explains the ontological theory of being, which treats the properties and essence of the cosmos as an inseparable material and energy-information whole, described by the equation: E-mc2. It seems, however, that information for research purposes can be separated from the material-energy wave of light composed of photons. In the prolongation of the light rays the visual beams, precisely the informative rays follow in every place of space and by resonance with analogous information waves, create an informgraph of the original object (fig.5)! This phenomenon of resonance is commonly used in imaging the internal state of the body by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, where the electromagnetic field leads to technically resonant only atoms of selected elements, and their behaviour can detect cancer and the place of their potential self-organization and, as a result, the onset of cancer [12,13].
Similarly, the whole person resonates to an even single word, if he understands it and wants to know how much he can use the information he carries. Such an intangible component of every being also initiates human material and energy changes. The prolongation of invisible rays of information on the principle of resonance creates an informational image of the original object (portrait) without the participation of its atoms, that is, material and energetic components (fig.6). Man sees his informative character in the mirror as he can literally see black holes in space and record their rise or disappearance. In the life of a man towards a large scope, the notion of "look" belongs to these information definitions, whose understanding always depends on their personal acceptance. The gaze is understood as both sensations related to the organ of sight and mental generalizations in relation to the whole world, starting with saying: a glance, as a short and quick look at anything, but also pleasant or hostile, which most often feels than in any way can be justified as in the proverb: Out of sight, far from heart.
Conclusion
In addition to matter and energy information determines not only the organization of the universe, but also is a source of sensory and intellectual cognition. Both these categories are inextricably linked. Already in Antiquity, Witelo put forward a proposition of a specific visual radiation (rays of sight, colours and shapes) which today is called information radiation, and which permeates reality with electromagnetic and gravitational radiations. Visual radiation, next to light, is the element conditioning the phenomenological (preliminary) process of cognition, which takes place in the subject-object relationship, based on the mutual relations of coupling the dizzying matter, energy and information. The phenomenological process of cognition thus becomes a kind of basis for the construction of a conceptual grid by the intellect of the subject of the existing reality, which can be passed on to another entity or a group of entities as the basic category of phenomenology (as the science of cognition) and psychology, but also as the basic physical fundamental element of the surrounding universe: E- mc2.
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