CC BY
02019, Scienceline Publication
Worlds Veterinary Journal
World Vet J, 9(2): 102-108, June 25, 2019
https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.wvj14
Influence of Treated Orange Pulp on Growth Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Plasma Constituents of Rabbits
Marwa Abd Elmonem Suliman1*, Reham Rushdy Eltanani2 and Lamiaa Fathy Abdel-Mawla1
'Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, El-Dokki, Giza, Egypt 2Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Univesity, Giza, Egypt
^Corresponding author's Email: marwaelaskary@gmail.com ABSTRACT
The current study investigated the effect of replacement of Untreated Orange Pulp (UOP) and Treated Orange Pulp (TOP) protein by basal diet protein on growth performance, digestion coefficients, some blood constitute of rabbits and economic efficiency of growing rabbit diets. Sixty cross bread (New Zealand White, NZW X California), six weeks of age with live body weight ranging from 729.20 to 738.30g were divided to five experimental groups. The experimental diets were T1, control diet without OP; T2, 5%UOP; T3, 5% TOP; T4, 10%UOP and T5, 10%TOP. The results indicated that TOP by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast increased content of the crude protein (%) and digestible energy (Kcal/kg). The best Final Body Weight (FBW, g), Body Weight Gain (BWG, g/R/day) and feed conversion ratio recorded in 5%TOP group. Digestion coefficient of Crude Protein and Digestible Crude Prote n (DCP%) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in rabbits fed low replacement level of OP (5% UOP and 5%TOP). Total lipid of plasma was significantly differences (P<0.05) in groups fed experimental diets compared to control group. Liver function was significantly affected by experimental diets, yeast treatment and replacement level of OP. Best economic efficiency observed with 10%UOP followed by 5%TOP. It was concluded that rabbit group fed 5%TOP recorded a better performance, best digestibility for CP%, DCP and economic efficiency. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast treatment didn't effect on digestibility and nutritive value of growing rabbits. Key words: Digestibility, Economic, Growing rabbits, Performance, Plasma, Yeast.
INTRODUCTION
Nutrition accounts for 70% of the total cost of rabbit or animal production (Oyawoye and Nelson, 1999; Spring, 2013). Incorporation of fruits and vegetable wastes in animal feeds improved palatability of diet and consequently increased the feed intake in addition to decrease feed cost (Chaudry et al., 2004 and Alnaimy et al., 2017). Sun dried orange peel meal and citrus pulp has been used as untraditional calorie and protein source in broiler diets (Oluremi et al., 2006; De Bals et al., 2018). Hon et al. (2009) concluded that sweet orange pulp meal could be utilized up to 20% of growing rabbit diets without any adverse effects on performance. Wang et al. (2017) found that using citrus pulp in geese diets less than 12% had no negative effects on growth performance and carcass traits.
Probiotics are live microorganisms used in animal diets as feed supplementation to enhance of the intestinal microbial balance (Fortun-Lamothe and Boullier, 2007). The use of probiotics in farm animal diets is based on the concept that the balance of intestinal microorganisms in healthy animals increases resistance to diseases, and it is necessary for efficient digestion and maximum absorption of nutrients. Some characteristics of probiotics are reported by Strompfova et al. (2006) which included the ability to reduce antibiotic use, high index of safety and natural or alternative therapies. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a probiotic and a possible using in animal diets because of its availability, safety and cheapness. Its cells contain a lot of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals (Reddy et al., 2006). S. cerevisiae is a valuable and qualitative growth promoter for feeding livestock (Falcao-e-Cunha et al., 2007) and positive effects on Japanese quails performance (Nikpiran et al., 2013). So, present study aimed to investigate the effect of replacement of Untreated Orange Pulp (UOP) and Treated Orange Pulp (TOP) protein by basal diet protein on performance, digestion coefficients of nutrients, blood constitute of growing rabbits and economic efficiency of rabbit diets.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in Borg El-Arab station following to Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), agricultural research center, ministry of agriculture and land reclamation, Egypt. The laboratories works were carried out at laboratories of
A R c
tv e
22 7
Sip
If. 2 2
0
R
1 —
N A L
A R
T —
C L
E
102
utilization of by-products research department, APRI, Giza, Egypt. Dried orange pulp and other ingredients obtained from byproduct of food industries and locally market. The dried yeast purchased from three pyramids Alexandria yeast Company, Alexandria, Egypt. Feed mixing and pelleting processes were carried out at Nobaria manufactory, Nobaria station following to APRI, Egypt.
Ethical approval
This study was carried out after obtaining the ethical approval of the APRI, Egypt (Code No 12-2-16).
Yeast treatment and experimental diets
Orange Pulp (OP) was mixed with water at 1:2 ratio (1pulp:2 water) to supply relative humidity of 85%. The measured pH value was 3.6. The optimum pH for yeast activity is between 5 and 6. Therefore, 6.4% bicarbonate was added to mixture to increase the pH value. Then added 4% dried yeast (S. cerevisiae) according to Dadvar et al. (2014). Five experimental diets were formulated, control diet without dried orange pulp and the other experimental diets were replacement of two levels of UOP or TOP (S.cerevisiae) protein by control diet protein. The experimental diets were divided into basal diet without OP as a control group (TO, while 5% UOP (T2), 5% TOP (T3), 10% UOP (T4) and 10% TOP (T5) were different levels of UOP and TOP by S. cerevisiae yeast. The diets and fresh water were supplied ad libitum. The experimental period lasted for eight weeks from 6 to 14 weeks of age. All experimental diets (Table 1) were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric, to meet all the essential nutrients requirements of growing rabbits (Lebas, 2004).
Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets in growing rabbits
Ingredients Replacement Level of OP protein (%)
Control diet 5% UOP 5% TOP 10% UOP 10% TOP
Soybean meal (44% crude protein) 16.30 16.30 16.30 16.30 16.30
Yellow corn 13.80 11.8 11.35 9.75 10.90
Barley 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00
Wheat bran 16.85 16.85 16.85 16.85 16.85
Clover hay 34.00 27.97 30.00 22.00 23.99
Untreated orange pulp (UOP) 00.00 8.03 00.00 16.05 00.00
Treated orange pulp (TOP) 00.00 00.00 6.45 00.00 12.91
Dl- methionine 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Di calcium phosphate 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Sodium chloride (NaCl) 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
Vitamin and mineral primix1 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Anti coccidia and fungi 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Molasses 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Chemical analysis (DM basis)
DM% 82.94 82.96 82.37 82.98 82.98
OM% 85.76 85.23 85.38 84.71 84.88
CP% 17.49 17.30 17.55 17.12 17.51
CF% 13.88 13.28 13.60 12.70 12.74
EE% 2.17 2.29 2.25 2.45 2.37
NFE% 55.43 55.64 55.14 55.83 55.59
Ash% 5.09 5.53 5.53 5.98 5.86
DE kcal/kg2 2615.42 2628.44 2610.37 2640.38 2642.64
Price of feed (L.E./ton) 4927.18 4721.67 4756.58 4516.00 4601.73
1Each kg of vitamins and minerals mixture contains: Vit. A: 2.000.000 IU, Vit.B1: 0.33g, Vit.B2: 1.0g, Vit.D3: 150.000 IU, Vit E: 8.33g, Vit. K 0.33 g, Pantothenic acid: 3.33g, Nicotinic acid: 30.00g, Vit. B6: 2.00g, Vit. B12: 1.7 mg, Folic acid: 0.83g, Biotin: 33 mg, Cu: 0.5g, choline choloride: 200mg, Mn: 5.0g, Fe: 12.5g, Mg: 66.7mg, Co: 1.33 mg, Se: 16.6 mg, Zn: 11.7 Iodine: 16.6 mg and Anti-oxidant: 10.0g, 2DE= Digestible energy (kcal/kg) = 4.36-0.049 x [28.924 + 0.657 (CF%)] according to Cheeke, (1987), UOP: untreated orange pulp, TOP: treated orange pulp.
Experimental animals and housing
Sixty cross breed (New Zealand White, NZW X California), six weeks of age with live body weight ranging from 729.20 to 738.30 g were divided to five experimental groups (12 rabbits in each). All rabbits were kept under the same managerial and hygienic conditions and housed in metal battery cages supplied with separated feeders. All rabbits were kept under veterinary control and vaccinated against diseases; SERVAC RHDV oil vaccine and SERVAC Formalized polyvalent Rabbit Pasteurellosis Vaccine. All vaccines had purchased from Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Elabasia, Cairo, Egypt.
103
Productive performance
Final body weight, daily feed intake (FI, g/rabbit/day) and daily body weight gain (BWG, g/rabbit/day) were recorded weekly, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated accordingly as g feed / g gain over an experimental period.
Digestion coefficients and nutritive value
Fifteen rabbits were used in digestion trial and divided to five groups (three replicates/each). Rabbits were housed in individual metabolism cages (56 x 38 x 28 cm, L x W x H). Feces were collected daily before the morning meal and weighed fresh and dried at 60 °C for 24 h in an air drying oven (Perenz et al., 1995). Samples of UOP and TOP, diets and feces were prepared to determine moisture, ash, nitrogen, ether extract and crude fiber according to AOAC (2000). Data of quantities and chemical analysis of feed and feces were used to nutrients digestibility and nutritive value calculation for each dietary treatment (Fekete, 1985). Digestible energy (DE, Kcal/Kg diet) was calculated as follow: Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) x 44.3 according to Schneider and Flatt (1975).
Biochemical analysis
Blood samples of all 15 rabbits were collected (3 rabbits/treatment randomly selected) into dry clean centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes, then, samples were transferred and stored in deep freezer at -20oC till the time of analyses. Blood chemical analyses were carried out for determination of plasma total lipids (Frings and Dunn, 1970), triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine and urea nitrogen (Young, 2000), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) were determined by Henry (1964). All kits had purchased from Bio-dignostic, diagnostic and research reagents company, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. All plasma biochemical analyses were determined spectrophotometrically at 546 nm using colorimetric kits.
Economic efficiency
The Economic Efficiency (EEF) was calculated according to the following equation:
EEF (%) = (Net revenue/ total feed cost) x 100. Whereas, Net revenue =Selling price/rabbit- total feed cost/rabbit.
The price of ingredients and selling of one kg live weight of rabbits as the same price in the local market at the time of experiment (October, 2018). Price of one kg live body weight was 50 LE (1 LE = 17.32 $).
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using general linear model procedure of SAS software (SAS, 2004) by using model: Yij = ^ + Li +Sj+ (LS)iJ+eiJ Where, Yj = an observation; ^ = overall mean; Li = effect of OP substitution levels; Sj= the effect of S.cerevisiae yeast treatment, (LS)j= effect of interaction between OP substitution levels with yeast treatment and eij = random error. Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) was performed to detected significant differences among means. Significant level was acceptable at P<0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chemical composition of UOP and TOP
Table 2 is summarized the chemical composition of OP before and after treated by S. cerevisiae yeast. Percentage of the Dry Matter (DM), Organic Matter (OM), Crude Fiber (CF), Ether Extract (EE) and Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) content decreased in TOP when compared to UOP. In contrast, Crude Protein (CP%) (13.17 vs. 10.59%), ash and Digestible Energy (DE, kcal/kg) were higher in TOP than UOP. The obtained results are in agreement with Dadvar et al. (2015) reported treated lemon pulp with S. cerevisiae yeast up to 4% increased CP% content of lemon pulp. Also, treated castor meal by Penicillium funiculosm caused increase in CP%, DE, Kcal/kg and ash% content while, decreased in DM%, OM%, CF% and NFE% (Suliman et al., 2015). The biological treatment is used for increasing the nutritional value of many by-products because they had significant concentrations of simple carbohydrates such as mono and disaccharides (Villas-Boas et al., 2002). Moreover, increasing ash content attributed to the growth or degradation of organic matter by microorganism. While, reducing CF and NFE contents were due to microorganisms which depend on carbohydrates consumption as energy sources for growth, the microbial protein formation, and multiplication (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2015; Suliman et al., 2015).
Table 2. Chemical composition of untreated and treated orange pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast
Items DM% OM% CP% CF% EE% Ash% NFE% DEkcal/kg*
Untreated orange pulp (UOP) 87.84 88.50 10.59 15.53 3.87 11.50 58.52 2442.77
Treated orange pulp (TOP) 78.95 87.93 13.17 14.83 3.67 12.07 56.25 2465.3
DM: dry matter, OM: orange matter, CP: crude protein, CF: crude fiber. EE: ether extract, NFE: nitrogen free extract. Digestible energy (kcal/kg) = 4.36-0.049 x [28.924 + 0.657 (CF%)] according to Cheeke, (1987)
104
Growth performance
Influence of several levels of UOP or TOP on growing rabbits performance is shown in table 3. The FBW (g) of growing rabbits didn't significantly effect by the yeast treatment, replacement level of OP and their interaction. Rabbits fed 10% UOP were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in daily BWG when compared with other groups while, group fed 5% UOP did not affected significantly. The BWG was significantly (p<0.05) affected by yeast treatment while, OP different levels did not appear any significant effect. The rabbit groups fed 5% UOP, TOP and 10% TOP significantly (p<0.05) consumed more daily feed than control and 10%UOP groups. Moreover, effect of the yeast treatment and OP replacement levels consumed significantly (p<0.05) FI. FCR significantly (p<0.05) improved in 5% TOP group compared to other groups except control and 10% TOP groups that weren't significantly different. The effects of yeast treatment and OP replacement levels did not cause significant differences. The results were in partial agreement with findings of Suliman and Ameen, (2018) who observed no significantly difference in FBW, BWG, FI and FCR among experimental rabbits groups fed lemon pulp treated by S.cerevisiae yeast. The FI increased probably due to increase in palatability of dietary orange pulp. This result conformed by Rizal et al. (2010) were found that adding up to 20% of juice wastes mixture (carrot, apple, mango, orange, melon and tree tomato) in broiler diets, increased the amount of feed consumption. The improvement of FI by yeast treatment confirmed by Shehu et al. (2014) who found intake of growing rabbits increased (p<0.05) in rabbits fed diets supplemented 60g/kg S. cerevisiae yeast. On the contrary, FI, BWG and FCR of growing rabbits didn't affect by the dietary citrus pulp (Lu et al., 2018) and yeast supplementation (Belhassen et al., 2016). The DM intake of growing rabbits recorded did not significantly affected by yeast supplementation (Khanna et al., 2014).
Table 3. Growth performance of rabbits (6-14 weeks of age) fed on different levels of orange pulp untreated and treated
by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast
Replacement Level of OP protein (%) P-value
Items Control 5% 10%
diet Untreated Treated Untreated Treated L x Y effect Yeast effect Level effect
IBW (g) 730.8±83.78 738.3±90.07 731.7±86.25 738.3±88.93 729.2±84.07 1.00 0.94 0.99
FBW (g) 2063.3±64.14 1978.3±117 2125.8±155.44 1865.0±93.28 2040.0±123.28 0.57 0.27 0.61
BWG (g/R/day) 23.38a±1.16 21.75ab±0.97 24.46a±1.40 19.77b±0.29 23.00a±0.69 0.02 0.03 0.21
FI (g/R/day) 95.89b±1.92 104.11a±2.04 103.30a±2.21 95.92b±1.06 101.92a±1.53 0.004 0.04 0.005
FCR (Feed:gain)* 4.14b±0.14 4.84a±0.26 4.28b±0.21 4.86a±0.07 4.45ab±0.14 0.02 0.19 0.10
a b means (mean± SE) within the same row with common letter are not significantly different (P>0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR): g feed/g gain. OP: Orange Pulp, L x Y effect: statistical effect of interaction between level of orange pulp and yeast treatment effect on measurement parameters, Yeast effect: statistical effect of yeast only on measurement parameters, Level effect: statistical effect of replacement levels of OP only on measurement parameters.
Digestion coefficient of nutrients and nutritive value
Table 4 indicated the effect of several experimental diets on nutrients digestion coefficients and nutritive value of growing rabbits. The percentages of DM and OM did not have significant differences among all experimental groups except the group fed 5% UOP that was significantly (P<0.05) increased. While, the yeast treatment and OP replacement levels did not significantly effect on DM% and OM% values. The CP% was significantly (p<0.05) increased in rabbit fed 5% UOP and TOP diets when compared to other rabbits. The replacement levels of OP were significantly (p<0.0001) effect on CP% digestibility, while the yeast treatment did not cause a significant change. No significant differences were recorded in digestion coefficient of CF among different groups except group fed 5%UOP diet which was significantly (p<0.05) increased. The replacement levels of OP revealed significantly (p< 0.02) effect on CF digestibility but no significant effect due to yeast treatment was seen. The EE and NFE digestibility did not cause significantly differences among all rabbit groups. So, the yeast treatment and levels of replacement of OP didn't significantly effect on digestibility of EE and NFE. Santos et al. (2014) found that the inclusion of citrus pulp in the daily feed of lactating cow improved the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, EE and non-fibrous carbohydrates. However, rabbits fed diet supplemented with 60g S. cerevisiae/kg had higher (p<0.05) digestibility of nutrients than those fed diets supplemented with 20, 40 and 80g/kg (Shehu et al., 2014).
The highest significant value (p<0.05) of Digestible Crude Protein (DCP%) recoded in rabbits fed 5% UOP and TOP diets compared to control, 10% UOP and 10% TOP groups. However, the group fed 10% TOP recorded the lowest significant (p<0.05) value of DCP when compared to all rabbits fed other diets. Yeast treatment didn't cause significantly difference in DCP% but the OP replacement levels had significant (p<0.05) effect on DCP%. The differences in values of TDN and DE were not significantly
105
among all experimental rabbits. Also, the yeast treatment and replacement levels of OP didn't affect in TDN and DE values. Generally, feeding dietary OP treated by yeast significantly (p<0.05) improved some digestion coefficients of nutrients and DCP%. This improvement in digestion of nutrients reported by Ibrahim et al. (2011) who found that digestion coefficients of nutrients improved in rabbits fed 20% and 60% OP. In present study, the yeast treatment did not effect in all nutrients digestibility and nutritive value however the replacement levels of OP recoded significantly (p<0.0001) differences in digestion coefficient of CP% and DCP%.
Table 4. Digestion coefficients and nutritive value of growing rabbits (6-14 weeks of age) fed on different levels of _orange pulp untreated and treated by by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast_
Control 5% 10% P-value
diet Untreated Treated Untreated Treated L xy effect Yeast effect Level effect
DM 59.54b±0.614 64.85a±1.65 59.69b±0.36 58.44b±2.06 59.25b±0.84 0.03 0.37 0.12
0s OM 64.73b±0.43 69.79a±1.44 65.87b±0.29 65.55b±1.79 65.56b±0.66 0.04 0.46 0.12
o 1 3 sfl CP 62.50b±0.48 70.12a±1.43 70.34a±0.25 61.08b±2.04 60.37b±1.53 0.001 0.77 <0.0001
1) Cffl n CF 31.49b±0.67 41.76a±2.89 33.05b±0.53 30.76b±3.48 25.59b±1.77 0.006 0.11 0.02
u o o EE 71.20±3.58 72.66±3.78 74.69±2.21 74.66±3.01 75.88±2.24 0.81 0.35 0.51
NFE 71.89±4.29 75.86±3.19 71.78±3.30 72.93±5.25 74.94±5.15 0.94 0.95 0.90
1) DCP % 10.93b±0.08 12.13a±0.24 12.34a±0.04 10.19c±0.34 8.82d±0.19 <0.0001 0.51 <0.0001
1 value TDN % DE 58.63±2.41 2597.50±106.79 63.67±2.18 2820.40±96.58 60.20±2.01 2667.00±89.39 58.93±3.86 2610.40±171.21 57.79±3.04 2560.10±134.87 0.61 0.61 0.58 0.58 0.38 0.38
a " means (mean± SE) within the same row with common letter are not significantly different (p>0.05). OP: orange pulp, DM: dry matter, OM: organic matter, CP: crude protein, CF: crude fiber, EE: ether extract, NFE: nitrogen free extract, DCP: digestible crude protein, TDN: total digestible nutrients, DE: digestible energy=TDN x 44.3 (Schneider and Flatt, 1975): L x Y effect: statistical effect of interaction between level of orange pulp and yeast treatment effect on measurement parameters, Yeast effect: statistical effect of yeast only on measurement parameters, Level effect: statistical effect of replacement levels of OP only on measurement parameters.
Plasma parameters
Some plasma parameters of growing rabbits fed diets contained levels of UOP or TOP are presented in table 5. All values of blood biochemistry were within the physiological ranges. Total Lipids (TL) of rabbits plasma blood was significantly (p<0.05) increased among all rabbits fed four experimental diets when compared to those fed control diet. Two levels of OP caused significant (p<0.05) changes on TL but the yeast treatment did not change significantly the TL. No significant differences were recorded among different experimental groups in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride. Also, the yeast treatment and levels of OP did not obtained a significant (p>0.05) effect on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride values except yeast treatment that caused significant (p<0.05) difference in plasma triglyceride. Both AST and ALT had significantly (p<0.05) differences among all experimental groups except group fed 5%UOP diet did not cause significant different level of ALT when compared to control group. Yeast treatment and replacement levels of OP were significantly (p<0.05) affect the liver function. The plasma creatinine didn't effect by OP replacement level, yeast treatment or their interaction. However, plasma urea had significantly (p<0.05) changes. These results confirmed by Solomon et al. (2015) that observed significant differences in AST and ALT levels in rabbit blood when feed diets containing 25, 50 and 75% fresh citrus lemon juice. Suliman and Ameen (2018) who found that total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT and urea had significant (p<0.05) difference among all rabbit groups fed lemon pulp treated by yeast when compared to control group. However, Jingzhi et al. (2018) found that AST did not significantly change in rabbits at 21% citrus pulp. Generally, the experimental diets were significantly different (p<0.05) in some blood parameters among rabbit fed dietary containing 5% and 10% OP treated by S. cerevisiae yeast. Also, yeast treatment and replacement levels of OP caused significant effect on some blood parameters of growing rabbits.
Economic efficiency
The effect of test diets on profit and economic efficiency is presented in table 6. It is clear that experimental rabbit group fed 10% TOP diet had lowest total feed cost/rabbit followed by 10% UOP and control group. While, better economic efficiency observed with rabbits fed 10% UOP followed by 5% TOP when compared to the rabbit groups fed other experimental diets include control group.
106
Table 5. Blood constituents of growing rabbits (6-14 weeks of age) fed on different levels of orange pulp untreated and treated by by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast
Replacement Level of OP protein (%)
Items Control 5% 10% P-value
diet Untreated Treated Untreated Treated L x Y effect Yeast effect Level effect
Total lipid (mg/dl) 1.36e±0.005 2.465a±0.03 2.340b±0.017 2.225c±0.02 2.075d±0.037 <.0001 0.38 <.0001
Cholesterol (mg/dl) 130.87±16.83 175.33±35.97 138.67±1.45 121.00±13.05 134.00±1.154 0.35 0.74 0.29
Triglyceride mg/dl) 280.63±32.24 273.00±51.25 196.00±20.428 271.00±43.15 166.00±15.874 0.13 0.006 0.49
AST (U/l) 38.76b±1.657 58.01a±3.15 18.70c±2.44 13.26cd±1.64 10.12d±1.085 <.0001 0.01 0.01
ALT(U/l) 32.91a±1.74 32.75a±1.46 15.73b±1.89 20.59b±5.95 17.11b±1.70 0.004 0.004 0.007
Creatinine (mg/dl) 1.58±0.48 1.20±0.06 1.63±0.025 1.09±0.25 1.58±0.075 0.44 0.17 0.75
Urea (mg/dl) 53.66c±3.425 79.77bc±7.95 113.27a±15.54 76.87bc±1.09 86.13b±0.669 0.005 0.008 0.01
a " c means (mean± SE) within the same row with common letter are not significantly different (p>0.05). OP: Orange Pulp, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, L x Y effect: statistical effect of interaction between level of orange pulp and yeast treatment effect on measurement parameters, Yeast effect: statistical effect of yeast only on measurement parameters, Level effect: statistical effect of replacement levels of Orange Pulp only on measurement parameters.
Table 6. Economic efficiency of experimental diets of growing rabbits on October, 2018 in Egypt
Items Control 5% UOP 5% TOP 10% UOP 10% TOP
Total body weight gain (kg) 1.33 1.24 1.39 1.31 1.12
Price of 1 kg body weight (LE*) 50 50 50 50 50
Selling price/rabbit (L.E.) (A) 66.63 62 69.71 65.54 56.33
Total feed intake (kg) 5.46 5.93 5.89 5.81 5.47
Price of 1 kg feed (LE) 4.93 4.72 4.76 4.52 4.60
Total feed cost/rabbit (LE) (B) 26.93 28.02 28.01 26.23 25.16
Net revenue (LE)1 39.69 33.98 41.70 39.31 31.17
Economical efficiency2 147.39 121.28 148.88 149.83 123.90
UOP: untreated orange pulp, TOP: treated orange pulp, Net revenue1: A - B, Economical efficiency (%)2: (Net revenue / B) x 100. *LE: 17.32$.
CONCLUSION
Treated orange pulp by S. cerevisiae yeast increased the CP% and DE kcal/kg content. Replacing TOP protein by basal diet protein in growing rabbit diets at 5% improved performance and achieved the best economic efficiency. Digestion coefficient of CP% and DCP% increased with 5% OP groups. However, yeast treatment didn't effect on digestible nutrients.
DECLARATIONS
Author's contributions
Dr. Marwa A. Suliman designed the work, collaborated the chemical analyses and drafted the manuscript. Dr Reham R. Eltanani performed the statistical analysis, tabulation of the experimental data and helped in blood analyses. Dr. Lamiaa Fathy Abdel-Mawla performed the practical part of the experiment and collaborated the chemical analyses.
Competing interests
The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
REFERENCES
Abdel-Aziz NA, Abdelfattah ZMS, El-Adawy MM, Camacho LM, Kholif A E, Elghandour Mona MY and Borhami BE (2015). Biological Treatments and Feeding Sugarcane Bagasse in Agriculture Animals-An Overview. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14: 534-543. DOI:10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60829-7
Alnaimy A, Gad AE, Mustafa MM, Atta MAA and Basuony HAM (2017). Using of citrus by-products in farm animals feeding. Open Access Journal of Science, 1: 58-67. DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2017.01.00014
107
AOAC (2000). Association of official Analytical chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 14th Edition. Washington, D.C.
Belhassen T, Bonai A, Gerencser ZS, Matics ZS, Tuboly T, Bergaoui R and Kovacs M (2016). Effect of diet supplementation with live yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, caecal ecosystem and health of growing rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 24: 191-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2016.3991
Cheeke P R (1987). Rabbit Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida USA, pp. 376.Chaudry MA, Badshan A and Bibi N (2004). Citrus waste utilization in poultry rations. European Poultry Science, 68: 206-210.
Dadvar P, Dayani O, Mehdipour M and Morovat M (2014). Determination of physical characteristics, chemical composition and digestion coefficients of treated lemon pulp with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in goat diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 99:107-113. DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12204
De Blas JC, Ferrer P, Rodrigue CA, Cerisuelo A, Garcia RP, Calvet S and Farias C (2018). Nutritive value of citrus co-products in rabbit feeding. World Rabbit Science, 26: 7-14. DOI:10.4995/wrs.2018.7699
Duncan DB (1955). Multiple Range and Multiple F-Test. Biometrics, 11:1-42.
Falcao-e-Cunha L, Castro-Solla L,Maertens L, Marounek M,Pinheiro V,Freire J and Mourao JL (2007). Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in rabbit feeding: A review. World Rabbit Science, 15: 127-140. DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2007.597
Fekete S(1985). Rabbit feeds and feeding with special regard to tropical condition. Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, 8:167-173.
Frings CS and Dunn RT (1970). A colorimetric method for determination of lipid based on sulpha-phosphovanillin reaction. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 53:89-91. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/53.1.89
Fortun-Lamothe Land Boullier S (2007). A review on the interactions between gut microflora and digestive mucosal immunity: Possible ways to improve the health of rabbits. Livestock Science, 107:1-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.09.005
Henry RJ (1964). Clinical Chemistry, Principles and Technics. Harper row Publishers New York, pp. 350.
Hon FM, Oluremi OI and Anugwa FOI (2009). Effect of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit pulp meal on the growth performance of rabbits. Pakistan Journal Nutrition, 8: 1150-1155.
Ibrahim MR, El-Banna HM, Omara II and Suliman MA (2011). Evaluation of nutritive value of some citrus pulp as feedstuffs in rabbit diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10:667-674. DOI:10.3923/pjn.2011.667.674
Jingzhi L, Long X, He Z, Shen Y, Yang Y, Pan Y, Zhang J and Li H (2018). Effect of dietary inclusion of dried citrus pulp on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood metabolites and hepatic antioxidant status of rabbits. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 46: 529-533. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1355806
Khanna S, Gulati HK,Verma AK,Sihag SS,Sharma DP and Kapoor PK (2014). Effect of yeast supplementation and alternative housing systems on performance of rabbits. Haryana Veterinary, 53:23-27.
Lebas F (2004). Reflections on rabbit nutrition with special emphasis on feed ingredients utilization. In: Becerril, C.M. and Pro, A. (Editors) Proceedings of the 8th World Rabbit Congress, Puebla. Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Spain, pp. 686-736.
Lu J, Xianghua L, Zhifei H, Yingchun S, Yanhong Y, YuanqingP, Jiahua Zand Hongjun Li (2018). Effect of dietary inclusion of dried citrus pulp on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood metabolites and hepatic antioxidant status of rabbits. Journal Applied Animal Research, 46: 529-533. DOI.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1355806
Nikpiran H, Vahdatpour T, Babazadeh D and Vahdatpour S (2013). Effects of saccharomyces cerevisiae, thepax and their combination on blood enzymes and performance of japanese quails (coturnix japonica). Journal of Animal and Plant Science, 23: 369-375.
Oluremi OI A, OjighenVO and Ejembi EH (2006). The nutritive potentials of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) rind in broiler production. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 613-617. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2006.613.617
Oyawoye EO and Nelson FS (1999). Optimum levels of inclusion of rice offal in the diet of young cockerels. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Nigeria Society of Animal Production, Ilorin, Nigeria, 99: 263-264
Perenz JM, Lebas F, Gidenne T, Mertens L, Xiccato G, Parigi-Bini R, Dalle ZA, CossuME, Carazzolo A, Villamide MJ, et al. (1995). European reference method for in vivo determination of diet digestibility in rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 3: 41-43.
Redd VR, Rama SVand Panda AK (2006). Yeast: Multifunctional feed supplement for poultry. Poultry International Journal. 1:16-20.
Rizal Y, Mahata ME, Andriani M and Wu G (2010). Utilization of juice wastes as replacement in broiler diet. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 886-889. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2010.886.889
Santos GT, Lima LS, Schogor ALB, Romero JV, De Marchi FE, Grande PA, Santos NW, Santos FS and Kazama R (2014). Citrus pulp as a dietary source of antioxidants for lactating Holstein cows fed highly polyunsaturated fatty acid diets. Asia Astralasian Journal of of Animal Sciences, 27:1104-1113. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13836
SAS, (2004). User's guide. Statistic. SAS Inst. Cary, N.C. Releigh.
Schneider BH and Flatt WP (1975). The Evaluation of Feed Through Digestibility Experiments. University of Georgia Press Athens, Georgia, USA, p.423.
Shehu BM, Ayo JO, Ayanwale BA, Jiya EZ and Tsado DN (2014). Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned rabbits fed diets supplemented with varying levels of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). International Journal of Agricultureand Rural Development, 17: 1619-1627.
Spring P (2013). The challenge of cost effective poultry and animal nutrition: optimizing existing and applying novel concepts. Lohman Information, 48: 38-46.
Solomon IP, Oyebadejo SA, Ebenso IE and Otoho EA (2015). Biochemical Effect of Citrus lemon Juice on the Liver of Growing Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2: 356-361.
Strompfova VM, Marcinakova M, Simonva B, Bogovic M and Laukova A (2006). Application of potential probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum AD1 strain in healthy dogs. Anaerobe, 12: 75-79. DOI:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.12.001
108
Suliman MA and Ameen HF (2018). The impact of treated lemon pulp with yeast on growth performance, nutritive value, total antioxidant enzyme and immune response of growing rabbits. Egyptian Journal of Rabbit Science, 28: 23- 37.
Suliman MA, Salama WA, Matari RIM and El-Shora MA (2015). Productive performance of New Zealand white growing rabbits fed on diets containing different levels of treated castor meal. Egyptian Journal utrition and Feeds, 18 (Special Issue): 361-369.
Villas-Boas SG, Esposito E and MitchellDA (2002). Microbial conversion of lignocellulosic residues for production of animal feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 98:1-2.
Wang C, Gao GL, Huang JX, Zhang KS, Zhong H, Wang HW, Su J, Xie M and Wang QG (2017). Nutritive value of dry citrus pulp and its effect on performance in geese from 35 to 70 days of age. Journal Applied of Poultry Research, 26: 253-259.
Young DS (2000). Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests, 5th Edition. Washington D.C. AACC press, pp. 3122-3131.
109
