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Erkaeva Nazokat Aktamovna, Doctoral student of Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology
Shokirova Dildora Ilhomovna, Master of the Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology
Erkaev Aktam Ulashevich, Doctor of technical sciences, Professor, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology
Sharipova Habiba Teshaevna, Candidate of engineering sciences, Associate Professor, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology Kaipbergenov Atabek Tulepbergenovich, Doctor of technical sciences, Head of the Department of the Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
E-mail: [email protected]
INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON PROPERTIES OF LIQUID SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS
Abstract. To obtain gel and liquid synthetic detergents, various mixtures were prepared containing surfactants, sodium chloride and carboxyl methylcellulose. The rheological properties of these mixtures were studied depending on the mass ratio of the initial reagents and temperature. Determined that to obtain a gel and liquid detergents must vary within the following ranges of content of initial components in detergent compositions, mass.%: surfactants 5-30, starches 0-2, Na CMC 0.5-2, NaCl 0.5-4, alkalis 1-7.
Keywords: synthetic detergents, component, ratio, density, viscosity, detergency, solution.
Synthetic detergents (SD) along with high de- the range of domestic SD and increase their produc-
tergency should be characterized by high biodegrad- tion. Analysis of the consumption of technical deter-
ability in water bodies, high economical production, gents in our country shows that for the degreasing of
consumption, good presentation and stability of various surfaces instead of alkalis, surfactant aqueous
quality indicators, non-toxicity for people, animals solutions and compositions with active additives are
and aquatic organisms [1; 2]. They are multicom- increasingly used.
ponent compositions used in aqueous solutions to The development of the production of SD tech-
intensify the removal of contaminants from various nical purpose in our country should be aimed at the
hard surfaces - fabrics, fibers, metals, glass, and ce- creation of alkaline detergents that can eliminate the
ramics. In a narrower sense, synthetic detergents are use of flammable and toxic solvents.
commonly understood as household detergents for Studying of rheological behavior of pulps is very
washing clothes and washing dishes [3; 4]. important question as if the pulp is very viscid and
Accelerated development of the chemical indus- not transportable, then it will be impossible to carry
try has allowed in recent years to significantly expand out further technological processes.
The mixes prepared by mixture of a feed stock in various mass ratios were exposed to a research. The composition ofthe mixes used for receiving SD is given in table 1 and 2. Density and viscosity of mixes measured in temperature range from 20 to 60 °C. Density ofa pulp was determined by a piknometer method, and for viscosity test used VPJ viscosimeter - 1 [5; 6].
Table 1
For studies were prepared sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) containing solutions with a ratio of SLES: H2O in the range of10: 90-30: 70.
It has been established (Table 1) that with an increase in the mass ratio of SLES in a SLES: H2O solution from 10: 90 to 30: 70, the density of solutions decreases from 1.093 to 0.945 g/cm3, respectively.
Influence of technological parameters on rheological properties SLES containing solutions
Composition solution Density, g/cm3 Viscosity, cP
Temperature, °C Temperature, °C
20 40 60 20 40 60
1. SLES: H2O = 10:90 1.093 1.091 0.910 20.47 9.72 6.87
2. SLES: H,O = 20:80 0.948 0.939 0.934 27.86 12.28 7.59
3. SLES: H,O = 30:70 0.945 0.938 0.931 50.37 22.41 8.68
4. NaCl: SLES: H2O = 0.5:20:79.5 0.948 0.939 0.927 29.27 13.01 5.23
5. NaCl: SLES: H,O = 2:20:78 0.953 0.948 0.939 205.25 46.30 7.98
6. NaCl: SLES: H,O = 4:20:76 0.973 0.969 0.976 268.7 184.94 113.28
7. Urea: H2O = 1:20:79 0.941 0.936 0.928 28.97 13.42 5.04
8. Corn starch: H2O = 5:20:75 0.946 0.939 0.935 28.30 13.40 4.39
9. Potato starch: H2O =10:20:70 0.949 0.941 0.937 28.62 13.74 4.40
The addition of NaCl to the solution in the amount of 0.5% led to a slight increase in the density to 0.948 g/cm3 at a temperature of 20 °C. A further increase in the amount of added NaCl to 4% led to the formation of a thick mass.
The addition of urea to the solution containing SLES in the amount of 1, 5, 10% did not significant-
Table 2.- Rheological properties of
ly affect the density of the solution and this indicator of these solutions varied from 0.941 g/cm3 to 0.949 g/cm3.
We studied the density of solutions of corn and potato starch, as well as the density of various solutions of gelatin (Table 2).
solutions containing starch and gelatin
№ Composition solution Density, g/cm3 Viscosity, cP
Temperature, °C Temperature, °C
20 40 60 20 40 60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Corn starch: H2O = 2:98 0.928 0.923 0.915 11.72 8.36 2.57
2. Corn starch: H,O = 4:96 0.937 0.932 0.923 13.20 8.97 2.66
3. Corn starch: H,O = 8:92 0.945 0.944 0.941 13.89 7.05 3.86
4. Corn starch: H,O = 16:84 0.975 0.961 0.953 15.43 7.23 3.52
5. Potato starch: H2O = 2:98 0.926 0.921 0.916 16.95 8.14 2.45
6. Potato starch: H2O = 4:96 0.935 0.932 0.927 17.63 6.34 2.25
7. Potato starch: H,O = 8:92 0.945 0.941 0.935 17.75 7.05 2.51
1 2 3 4 s б 7 s
8. Potato starch: H2O = 16:84 G.971 G.964 G.961 17.89 8.13 3.63
9. Gelatina: H2O = 1G:9G G.94S G.937 G.924 7.83 2.68 1.98
1G. Gelatina: H,O = 15:85 G.963 G.9S2 G.943 22.53 2G.33 1.54
11. Gelatina: H,O = 2G:8G 1.GS7 1.G23 1.G19 388.3 275.9 156.G
It has been established that an increase in the concentration of corn starch solution in a mixture from 2 to 16% led to an increase in the density of these solutions at 20 °C from 0.928 to 0.975 g/cm3, respectively.
The study of the density of various solutions of potato starch showed that the densities of these solutions practically do not differ from density of corn starch solutions and their values at 20 °C range from 0.926 to 0.971 g/cm3.
To study the rheological properties at temperatures from 20, 40, 60 °C, gelatin solutions of 10, 15, 20% concentration were prepared. It was established that an increase in the concentration of the gelatin solution from 10 to 20% at a temperature of 20 °C led to an increase in the density from 0.945 g/cm3 to 1.057 g/cm3, respectively.
In order to determine the possibility of using car-boxyl methylcellulose (CMC) as one of the initial components of gel SD, the effect of CMC grade and temperature on the rheological properties of solutions of various CMC concentrations was studied.
The concentration of CMC solutions varied from 1 to 2 and 4%. With an increase in the concentration of the CMC solution, the density of the solution increases (Table 3). For example, a 1% solution of CMC1000/1300 at 20 °C has a density of 0.924 g/cm3. Increasing the concentration of the CMC1000/1300 solution to 4% led to an increase in this indicator to 0.949 g/ml. The same pattern is observed when using CMC85/600 and CMC
As can be seen from the data of (Table 3), the density of the solutions, this indicator does not depend on the concentration.
Table 3.- Changes in the rheological properties of Na CMC solutions as a function of concentration, temperature, and Na CMC grade
№ Composition solution Density, g/cm3 Viscosity, cP
Temperature, °C Temperature, °C
20 40 60 20 40 60
1. Na CMC1: H2O = 1:99 G.924 G.913 G.841 23.83 9.72 3.67
2. Na CMC1: H7O = 2:98 G.931 G.924 G.921 582.96 196.8G 52.78
3. Na CMC1: H,O = 4:96 G.949 G.895 G.883 18566 4G22.G 1GG4.4
4. Na CMC2: H,O = 1:99 G.9G5 G.859 G.847 25.61 12.17 4.22
5. Na CMC2: H,O = 2:98 G.934 G.925 G.917 33.72 9.62 3.68
6. Na CMC2: H,O = 4:96 G.948 G.931 G.925 94.83 3.6 7.93
7. Na CMC3: H,O = 1:99 G.923 G.918 G.9G8 51.3 18.27 5.49
8. Na CMC3: H?O = 2:98 G.931 G.923 G.915 64.92 2G.26 5.93
9. Na CMC3: H7O = 4:96 G.942 G.931 G.923 1G7.16 4G.73 4.75
Note: Na CMC1looomo, Na CMC2ssmy NaCMC38S/800
In order to obtain a gel SD, various mixtures were CMC. The rheological properties of these mixtures prepared containing surfactant, sodium chloride and
were studied depending on the mass ratio of the initial reagents and temperature (Table 4).
It was established that at a temperature of 20 °C the density of mixtures varies from 0.900 g/ml to 0.928 g/ml. The lowest density of 0.900 g/ml has a mixture containing 20% N mixture and 80% N2. An the highest density of 0.92 g/ml.
Table 4.- The effect of temperature and mass ratio of initial reagents on the rheological properties of mixtures
increase in the mixture rate to 50% led to an increase in the mixture density to 0.901 g/ml. A further increase in the mixture rate to 90% did not affect the density. From the studied mixtures, the N2 sample consisting of CMC1000/1300 and equal to 0.92 g/ml has
№ Composition of the solution N1: N2 Designation sampling Density, g/cm3 Viscosity, cP
Temperature, °C Temperature, °C
20 40 60 20 40 60
1. 1:0 N, 0.998 0.995 0.989 16.57 6.45 2.51
2. 0:1 N2 1.000 0.993 0.985 36.54 16.46 5.66
3. 0.9:0.1 CM1 1.000 1.000 0.980 16.20 7.07 277
4. 0.5:0.5 CM2 1.000 1.000 0.980 15.72 4.01 32.92
5. 0.2:0.8 CM3 1.000 1.000 0.980 17.62 4.39 3.42
Note: Nl-(NaCl : SLES : H2O) = 4 : 20 : 76), N2-CMC 00Q: H2O = 4 : 96)
The study of the effect of the norm of alkaline additives in various standards on mixtures (Table 5) that the addition of NaOH in the amount of 6.24% to CM2 led to an increase in the density to 0.9964 g/ml. Adding the same amount of NaOH to CM2 had no
noticeable effect on density. The study of the influence of the KOH norm from 16.32 to 6.24% to CM2 showed that with an increase in the KOH norm, the density increased slightly. Adding 16.32% KOH to CM3, the density decreased by 0.0469 g/ml.
Table 5.- The effect of alkaline additives and the temperature of the mixture on their rheological properties
№ Type of additive Quantity of additive, gr Density, g/cm3 Viscosity, cP
Temperature, °C Temperature, °C
20 40 60 20 40 60
When using СМ 2
1. NaOH 1.63 0.9932 0.9872 0.9764 60.850 28.988 12.697
2. 3.14 0.9952 0.9821 0.9801 100.610 61.600 27.417
3. 6.24 0.9964 0.9784 0.9821 159.221 83.222 50.887
4. KOH 1.78 0.9604 0.9536 0.9465 134.020 76.164 76.589
5. 3.51 0.9788 0.9708 0.9678 167.064 92.963 44.896
6. 6.78 0.9888 0.9844 0.9796 268.897 184.945 113.288
When using СМ 3
7. NaOH 1.63 0.9463 0.9339 0.9276 60.666 30.662 15.047
8. 3.14 0.9756 0.9722 0.9644 93.701 56.741 23.045
9. 6.24 0.9951 0.9895 0.9732 151.765 81.439 30.496
10. KOH 1.78 0.9580 0.9345 0.9278 127.689 71.458 30.478
11. 3.51 0.9592 0.9514 0.9435 161.467 91.288 44.693
12. 6.78 0.9720 0.9644 0.9610 167.477 152.988 95.687
It should be noted that by adding KOH to CM2, the density of the mixture increases relative to CM3 • So, if the density of sample 4 where 1.78% KOH is added is equal to 0.9604 g/ml, then with the same KOH standard with CM3, the density decreased to 0.9580 g/ml, and the addition of 6.78% KOH to CM2 resulted in increase the density to 0.9888 g/ml. In sample 12, the addition of the same amount of KOH to CM3 led to a decrease in this indicator to 0.9720 g/ml. It was established that with an increase in temperature from 20 to 60 °C, the density of the mixture decreases in all samples.
Upon receipt of gel products, viscosity of the samples is of great importance. Therefore, the influence of the norm and type of alkaline additive study of the viscosity of mixtures containing SLES, at a temperature of 20 °C showed that this figure varies from 20.47 to 50.37 cP. The addition of NaCl in the amount of 2% led to an increase in the viscosity of the mixture to 205.25 cP. With the addition of 4% NaCl a thick mass was formed.
Adding carbamide to the mixtures containing SLES did not have a significant effect on the viscosity of the solution.
It also has a significant impact on this indicator temperature. For example, an increase in temperature from 20 to 60 °C in sample N5 lowered the mixture viscosity from 205.25 to 7.98 cP (Table 1). Solutions of corn, potato starch and gelatin have a small viscosity. With an increase in the concentration of corn starch solution from 2 to 8 and 16%, the viscosity increases from 11.72 to 13.89 and 21.43 cP, respectively. The viscosity of solutions of potato starch varies in the range of 12.95-17.9 cP (Table 2).
The study of the effect of gelatin concentration on solution viscosity showed a sharp increase in this indicator with increasing gelatin concentration. So, if 10% gelatin has a viscosity of 7.83 cP at 20 °C, then increasing the concentration to 20% led to an increase in this parameter to 388.3 cP. An increase in temperature to 60 °C led to a sharp decrease in viscosity to 1.98 cP in sample 9 (Table 2). The study
of the effect of concentration and grade of CMC on the viscosity of solutions of different concentrations showed that at a temperature of 20 °C the highest viscosity is 18566.67 cP and has a 4% solution of CMC1000/1300. An increase in temperature to 60 °C led to a decrease in this indicator by 18.5 times to 1004.40 cP (table 3).
The presence of alkali KOH in the mixture increased their viscosity. As can be seen from table 6, the sample containing CM2 and 6.24% NaOH has the highest density of 0.9964 g/ml. This sample at a temperature of 20 °C has a viscosity of 159.22 cP. But with a rise in temperature to 60 °C, the viscosity decreased to 50.88 cP.
The addition of KOH to CM2 in the amount of 6.78% led to an increase in viscosity up to 268.8 cP. But the addition of KOH in CM3 in the same amount lowered the viscosity of the mixture to 167.477 cP (sample 12) of (table 5).
Thus, the study of the rheological properties of various mixtures at temperatures of20-60 °C showed that solutions ofCMC and KOH increase the density and viscosity ofmixtures. But as the temperature rises to 60 °C, the viscosity of mixtures containing CMC decreases sharply, which makes it possible to use it as a raw material for the production of SD.
To evaluate the foaming (foaming ability), it is common to determine the height of the column or the volume of the foam, the stability of the foam. Almost all surfactant solutions have the ability to create foam in certain conditions.
For surfactants characterized by the presence of a certain concentration at which there is an optimal foaming ability. A mandatory condition of the washing action is the surface activity of the compounds, mechanical strength and sufficient viscosity of the hydrated layers of the detergent, as well as the formation of strong hydrated adsorption layers around the contaminants, which prevents their secondary deposition on the fabric. One surface activity is not enough for a substance to possess detergency. Known substances with surface activity, but not pos-
sessing washing ability, as they do not form strong surface films (alcohols, fatty acids).
P. A. Rebinder believed that only surfactants that form solutions with maximum colloidal properties are effective detergents. For the manifestation of the wetting ability, it is also possible to completely cover the surface with an adsorption layer of a surfactant. The surfactant used as a detergent should have the following properties.
1. Ability to wet contaminated surfaces.
2. The ability to effectively remove pollution (for this detergent must overcome the adhesion force between the oil - pollution and the substrate).
3. Ability to prevent contamination from settling back.
To determine the foaming ability of CMC, solutions of various concentrations were prepared,%: 0.5; 1; 5; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50. The stability of the foam was determined within 3600 seconds.
The results of the experiments showed that in the initial period of time (0 seconds) a 10% solution of the mixture (SLES: H20-10:90) has a maximum height of 40 cm. With an increase in concentration to 50%, the height of the foam decreases to 19 cm. The stability of the foam is low. So, ifthe height ofthe foam 10% solution at the initial moment of time is 40 cm, then after 3600 seconds it decreases to 14 cm. The height of the foam of a 1% solution of the mixture (SLES: H20-10:90) after 3600 seconds is 13 cm.
An increase in the mass ratio of SLES: H20 to 20:80 and 30:70 leads to a decrease in the height of height of the foam and its stability is 2-6 cm more and the foam. But even in this case, the 10% solution of 15-20 minutes, respectively, than when using KOH. the mixture at the initial moment has a maximum This is especially true when using CM3.
Table 6.- The effect of the amount of alkaline additives on the functional properties of samples
height of 31 and 35 cm. After 3600 seconds, it decreased to 5 and 6 cm.
Investigation of the effect of sodium chloride on the foaming ability showed that sodium chloride does not affect the foaming ability. Thus, the addition of 0.5, 2, and 4% sodium chloride in the mixture (SLES: H20-20:80) showed that the 10% solution has a foam height of 30, 31, 32 cm at the initial moment of time. But in this case, the stability of the foam is insignificant and after 3600 seconds in this sample the height of the foam was 5, 6, 7 cm, respectively. The use ofvarious grades of starch and CMC as a raw material does not affect the foaming ability of the solution. In this case, in all samples, regardless of the concentration of the solutions and time, the height of the foam did not exceed 0.1 and 1 cm, respectively.
As is known, to determine the optimal parameters for the production of CMC, mixtures of N1, N2, N3 and CM1 prepared from (N1+N2) in a ratio of 90 : 10, CM2, prepared from a mixture of N1 and N2 in a ratio of 50 : 50, as well as CM3 were prepared, prepared from N1 and N2 in a ratio of 20 : 80. From these mixtures were prepared 1 and 5% solutions.
To study the functional properties of the CMC samples, alkaline additives NaOH and KOH were added in various amounts to CM2 and CM3.
As can be seen from Table 6, at the initial moment in these samples the height of the foam varied from 25 to 36 cm, and the stability of the foam fluctuated in the intervals of60-170 minutes. When using NaOH, the
№ Name compositions Type of alkaline additive The amount of alkaline additive% pH Maximum foam height, cm Foam stability, min.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. CM2 KOH 1.79 10.11 25 60
3.52 11.09 28 90
6.78 12.35 30 120
2. CM2 NaOH 1.63 11.57 30 80
3.14 12.29 32 110
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2. СМ2 NaOH 6.24 12.50 34 140
1.79 11.16 27 90
3. СМ3 KOH 3.51 11.20 29 120
6.78 12.42 30 150
1.63 11.96 32 110
4. СМ3 NaOH 3.14 12.20 34 140
6.24 12.36 36 170
Adding alkaline additions of KOH to CM2 and CM3 showed a low foaming ability of SD. In these samples, the height of the foam is 25-30 cm.
In the studied ranges of variation, the content of the initial components in the detergent compositions, the pH of the samples varied from 10.11 to 12.36. With the same doses of alkali, the pH is 0.1-1.4 more than when using NaOH.
The washing action is characterized by the effectiveness of removing contaminants from the surface of fabrics and solid surfaces and is determined by: the nature of solid surfaces (metal, glass, plastic mass), the condition ofthe surface being cleaned, the nature and structure of the fabric. the nature and intensity ofpol-lution, the properties of detergents and their concentration, the degree ofwater hardness, the temperature of the solution, the strength of the mechanical effect on the surface being cleaned, the duration ofwashing.
The detergency of SD was determined on a 10-point scale.
The results ofthe experiments showed that the mixture containing SLES, sodium chloride and urea has the best washing ability in the range of4-8. So, for example, samples containing SLES, sodium chloride and water in a ratio of10 : 2 : 78 with a concentration of1.0-5.0% have a detergent action of5-8 points. The detergent effect ofthe samples increases slightly with an increase in the content of SLES, and the addition of alkaline components to the composition increases by 1.0-2.5 points.
It is established that changes in the type of additive mixtures containing corn, potato starches and gelatin have virtually no effect on the detergent effect of the composition. The presence of CMC in the mixture increases the detergency of SD.
Thus, taking into account the above, it can be concluded that to obtain gel-like and liquid detergents, it is necessary to vary the content of the initial components in the following intervals, mass.%: surfactant - 5-30, starch - 0-2, NaCMC - 0.5-2, NaCl -0.5-4, alkali - 1-7.
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