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UDC 633.367+633.253:633.37:631.5(470.32)
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES OF GROWING LUPIN AND SIRADELLA-OAT MIXTURE ON FORAGE QUALITY IN CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF NON-BLACK SOIL ZONE
Belchenko S.A., Doctor of Agricultural Science Belous I.N., Candidate of Agricultural Science Dronov A.V., Doctor of Agricultural Science Potsepai S.N., Master of Agronomy Bryansk State Agrarian University, Bryansk, Russia E-mail: cit@bgsha.com
ABSTRACT
The research results in long-term field experiment on the effect of fertilizer systems in various technologies of cultivation of lupine and siradella-oat mixture on forage quality are presented. It has been established that the organic fertilizer system of intensive technology thereafter had a positive impact on the accumulation of crude protein and fat in green mass of lupine. The biological technology contributed to the lower accumulation of crude protein, fat, ash and fiber with the exception of sugar which content was higher in relation to the intensive technology. The alternative technology fell back the intensive and biological technologies in the influence on the content of crude protein, ash and sugar in green mass of lupine and as for fiber, it took the intermediate position. The qualitative indicators of green mass of lupine and siradella-oat mixture cultivated under the intensive technology were higher under the biological and alternative ones.
KEY WORDS
Lupine narrow-leaved, siradella-oat mixture, technology, dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, fiber, nitrogen-free extractive substances, sugar.
In the cultivation of crops on sod-podzolic sandy soils the of improvement technologies is based on the use of different fertilizing systems in crop rotation, as it is the most important factor in ensuring product quality and stable yields. The considered systems of different technologies involve the use of both high doses of organic fertilizers in a separate entry, and in combination with mineral ones under crops. The conducted scientific researches to justify the use of surplus straw, stubble green manure as organic fertilizer and application of mineral fertilizers in combination with straw and green manure crop [4].
The green fodders in nutrition take 30-35% in annual structure of feed ration of the animals. A distinctive feature of green fodders is a high moisture content, especially in the early periods of the growing season.
Lupine has a special place in crop-growing, as it is used in many areas. This is a highprotein animal feed. Lupine is used in producing foodstuffs for human being and as green manure on the soils of sod-podzolic type [2].
Green mass of annual forage lupines is fed by all kinds of animals, because on chemical composition it is rich in biologically valuable substances and falls back only lucerne: it contains crude protein 20-27%, fat 2,6-3,5%, calcium 1,7-2,1%, phosphorus 0,4-0,5%, nitrogen-free extractive substances 33-40% [5].
Siradella is a legume crop of forage type, green mass and hay. It is praised for its tenderness and nutritional value. Crowing of clean siradella is being made in the selection process, while in the production environment siradella-grass mixtures are spread because of the instability of its stems to lodging. Therefore, green mass and hay of such mixtures are lower in nutritional value. Green mass contains up to 3 kg of protein, and hay 20-25% of fiber, 2,0 to 2,5% of fat, 1,5 to 2,0% of calcium and 40-50% of nitrogen-free extractive substances (NFE) [3].
Narrow-leaved lupine (cultivar Crystal) and siradella-oat mixture (cultivar siradella Novozybkov 50) were cultivated in the crop rotation as the third crop.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Researches were conducted on the experimental field of the Novozybkov State experimental agricultural station of the Institute of Lupine RAS, the experiment lasted of many years (2000-2012) «The Comparative Efficiency of Technologies of Growing Crops in Different Crop Rotations». On the topic approved by the All Russia Institute of Agrochemistry there were laid sidereal (No. 1) and field (No. 2) rotations with the following crops:
№1. Potato - barley - siradella-oat mixture - winter rye+ stubble manure crop (2000);
№2.Corn for green fodder - barley - lupine for green mass - winter rye - 50% of grain crops (2004).
In crop rotations we studied three technologies of growing crops, including various fertilizing systems for the first crop.
The intensive technology included the following fertilizing systems: organic - 80 and 120 t/ha bedding and liquid cattle manure in the dose, calculated from the nitrogen content of 40 tons of bedding manure, organo-mineral - similar doses of manure in combination with mineral fertilizer equivalent to the content of NPK 40 t/ha of bedding manure.
The biological technology included fertilizer systems of field rotation based on the use of minimal doses of bedding manure 40 t/ha and liquid cattle manure (equivalent on nitrogen 40 t/ha of bedding manure); straw of winter rye.
The alternative technology is represented by three systems of fertilizers: mineral - the equivalent of the content of NPK 40 tons of bedding manure in combination with straw, mineral - with stubble green manure; mineral - with straw and green manure.
The experiments were performed on sod-podzolic sandy poor and middle cultivated soil. The fluctuations in the content of nutrients were justified by the plot definitions, covering all the changes in the arable layer [1].
Research Results and their discussion
The results of the research proved that the organic fertilizers of the intensive technology in the aftereffect had a positive impact on the accumulation of crude protein (1,52-1,87%), fat (2,38-4,22%) in green fodder of lupine (table 1).
Table 1 - The effect of fertilizers, cultivation technologies on the quality of green fodder of lupine, %
Fertilization system Crude substance Dry matter
crude protein fat ash fiber crude protein sugar starch
Intensive technology
B.M.* 80 t/ha 1,83 4,22 7,7 29,9 12,3 3,0 2,3
B.M. 120 t/ha 1,73 3,69 7,7 31,0 13,3 3,9 3,0
L.M.** 96 t/ha 1,87 4,11 7,6 28,4 10,6 3,4 2,5
L.M. 144 t/ha 1,83 3,58 7,7 27,3 12,4 2,8 2,6
B.M. 80 t/ha + N164P24K40 1,84 2,51 8,9 28,8 12,0 3,5 1,7
B.M.120 t/ha + N164P24K40 1,75 3,39 8,7 28,5 11,4 3,2 1,7
L.M. 96 t/ha + N164P24K40 1,52 2,52 9,3 28,4 13,5 3,4 2,3
L.M. 144 t/ha + N164P24K40 1,85 2,38 9,9 32,6 12,5 2,8 2,3
Biological technology
B.M. 40 t/ha 1,42 4,43 6,3 20,7 12,5 3,8 1,7
L.M. 48 t/ha 1,53 4,39 7,2 20,4 12,6 4,9 2,7
Straw 4.4 t/ha 1,52 2,54 8,1 22,3 12,5 3,5 2,1
Green manure 10 t/ha 1,62 1,58 8,4 20,8 13,5 5,6 2,8
Straw 4.4 t/ha + Green manure 10 t/ha 1,41 1,68 7,5 21,0 12,7 6,2 1,9
Alternative technology
N164P24K40 + straw 4.4 t/ha 1,52 3,53 7,1 23,3 10,7 2,4 1,6
N164P24K40 + green manure 10 t/ha 1,41 3,69 7,4 22,1 11,4 3,8 1,8
N164P24K40 + straw 4.4 t/ha + green manure 10 t/ha 1,41 2,65 7,9 23,9 11,7 2,9 1,7
Note: *B.M. - bedding manure, **L.M. -liquid manure.
High doses of bedding and liquid manure alone and in combination with mineral fertilizers reduced crude protein, fat and sugar, while the content of crude ash and fiber increased. Fertilizer systems of the biological technology contributed to a lower accumulation of crude protein (1,42-1,62%), fat, especially in the straw and green manure (1,58-2,54%), crude ash (6,3-8,4%) and fiber (20,4-22,3 %). The exception was sugar, its content was higher (3,5-6,2%) in relation to fertilizer systems of the intensive technology. The fertilizer systems of the alternative technology fell back the intensive and biological ones on the content of crude protein, ash, and sugar in the green fodder of lupine, and the accumulation of fiber occupied an intermediate position.
It was found that the output of dry matter from area unit the fertilizer systems of cultivation technologies did not different. Output of crude protein (856-961 kg/ha) the fertilizer systems of the intensive cultivation technology was superior to the corresponding systems of the biological (681-777 kg/ha) and alternative (696-697 kg/ha) technologies. The after effect maximum a dose of bedding and liquid manures on collection protein output was little.
In green fodder of siradella-oat mixture on the concentration of crude fat the fertilizer system of the intensive technology, especially organo-mineral (2,47-2,60 %), as well as the alternative one surpassed fertilizer systems of the biological technology (2,20-2,45%) (table2).
Table 2 - The effect of fertilizer system of cultivation technologies on the nutritional quality of siradella-
oat mixture % (on dry substance)
n/n Crude Crude Nitrogen-free Crude Crude Carotine,
protein fat extractive substances ash fiber mg/kg
Intensive technology
B.M. *80 t/ha 1,49 2,20 34,3 7,29 34,7 19,7
B.M. 120 t/ha 1,43 2,23 34,9 7,11 35,0 20,3
L.M.** 73 t/ha 1,38 2,20 34,7 7,30 34,0 18,8
L.M. 110 t/ha 1,38 2,25 34,4 7,29 34,7 21,4
B.M.80 t/ha + N100P70K90 1,58 2,55 33,9 7,55 35,4 22,5
B.M.120 t/ha + N100P70K90 1,59 2,60 33,6 7,77 35,7 23,7
L.M. 73 t/ha + N100P70K90 1,48 2,47 34,1 7,48 34,9 22,9
L.M. 110 t/ha + N100P70K90 1,50 2,52 33,9 7,64 34,7 23,8
Biological technology
B.M.40 t/ha 1,48 2,27 35,4 7,09 32,0 20,4
L.M.36,5 t/ha 1,44 2,35 35,0 7,14 32,9 20,0
Straw 4,2 t/ha 1,48 2,20 35,9 7,02 31,9 19,4
Green manure 26,4 t/ha 1,43 2,45 34,0 7,20 31,4 19,2
Straw 4,2 t/ha + green manure 26,4 t/ha 1,42 2,42 34,5 7,31 31,9 19,9
Alternative technology
N100P70K90 + straw 4,2 t/ha 1,54 2,47 34,7 7,40 34,9 21,5
N100P70K90 + green manure 26,4 t/ha 1,47 2,60 33,9 7,59 35,7 22,7
N100P70K90 +straw4,2 t/ha +green manure 26,4 t/ha 1,49 2,59 34,4 7,64 35,9 21,9
Note: *B.M. - bedding manure, **L.M.-liquid manure
The amount of nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) ranged from 33,6 to35,9 per cent. In the biological technology NFE had accumulated more than in the intensive one, and the fertilizer systems of the alternative technology occupied an intermediate position for this indicator (33,9-34,7%).The content of crude ash changed from 7,15 to 7,77% in fertilizer systems of the intensive technology with the advantage of the organo- mineral one. Similar data were obtained from fertilizer systems of the alternative technology and were lower in the biological technology (7,00-7,31%).It is noted that green fodder of siradella-oat mixture in the output of crude protein in the biological technology was somewhat inferior or at the same level (436477 kg/ha) with the organic fertilizer system of the intensive technology (433-489 kg/ha).Regarding to the organo-mineral fertilizer system of the intensive technology, as well as the alternative one the reduction was respectively 8-67 kg/ha and 36-85 kg/ha (table3).
Table 3 - Output of grain units, crude, digestible protein in the annual legume-cereal mixture, kg/ha
n/n Grain units Crude protein Digestible protein
Intensive technology
B.M. *80 t/ha 5580 489 646
B.M.120 t/ha 5560 468 664
L.M.** 73 t/ha 5340 433 590
L.M. 110 t/ha 5370 436 676
B.M.80 t/ha + N100P70K90 5850 544 774
B.M.120 t/ha + N100P70K90 5630 526 784
L.M.73 t/ha + N100P70K90 5580 485 751
L.M. 110 t/ha + N100P70K90 5580 492 781
Biological technology
B.M.40 t/ha 5250 457 630
L.M.36,5 t/ha 5150 436 606
Straw 4,2 t/ha 5470 477 625
Green manure 26,4 t/ha 5850 458 660
Strawa 4,2 t/ha + green manure 26,4 t/ha 5710 444 669
Alternative technology
N100P70K90 +straw4,2 t/ha 5660 513 716
N100P70K90 + green manure 26,4 t/ha 6270 542 838
N100P70K90 +straw4,2 t/ha + green manure 26,4 t/ha 5808 516 758
Note: *B.M. - bedding manure, **L.M. - liquid manure
Conclusion
Thus, in the result of researches in long-term field experiment we have found the effect of fertilizer systems on the improvement of quality of the various technologies of cultivation of lupine, siradella-oat mixture for the green fodder. The qualitative indicators of green fodder of lupine and siradella-oat mixture cultivated under the intensive technology were higher than under the biological and alternative ones. On the output of the grain units, fertilizer systems of the biological technology, especially for option straw, green manure and straw with green manure were at the level of the intensive and alternative technologies. It gives an opportunity to offer science-based recommendations on the application of fertilizers in various technologies - intensive, biological and alternative to a number of agricultural enterprises of different ownership forms.
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