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12made great progress, but some problems still need further study,as an anti-tumor drug delivery vector, HA has targeting tumor cells, the role of the site is mainly CD44 receptor, and CD44 receptors may exist a wide range of expression, the variation itself reduces the selectivity of the target, short update cycle and easy saturation disadvantages. Therefore, to overcome these shortcomings of CD44 receptors, to improve the active targeting of tumors is the future direction of research.
References:
1.Yu M, Jambhrunkar S, Thorn P, et al. Hyaluronic acid modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to CD44-overexpressing cancer cells. //Nanoscale, - 2012.- 5(1) .- C.178.
2. Wei X, Senanayake T H, Warren G, et al. Hyaluronic acid-based nanogel-drug conjugates with enhanced anticancer activity designed for the targeting of CD44-positive and drug-resistant tumors // Bioconjugate Chemistry, - 2013. - 24(4) .- C.658.
3. Liu Y, Sun J, Zhang P, et al. Amphiphilic polysaccharide-hydrophobicized graft polymeric micelles for drug delivery nanosystems. // Current Medicinal Chemistry, - 2011. - l8(17):2638-2648.
4.Lin C J, Kuan C H, Wang L W, et al. Integrated self-assembling drug delivery system possessing dual responsive and active targeting for orthotopic ovarian cancer theranostics. // Biomaterials, - 2016. - 90.- C.19-20.
5. Rivkin I, Cohen K, Koffler J, et al. Paclitaxel-clusters coated with hyaluronan as selective tumor-targeted nanovectors .//Biomaterials, - 2010. - 31(27) .- C.7106.
INDUCING CALLUS OF GENTIANA MANSHURICA KITAG.
HongKun LI, YuPeng CHENG*.
(Hei LongJiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, HeiLongJiang, China. 150040)Hong-kun Li: Tel: 15645013602; E-mail address: [email protected]
Abstract The time of surface sterilization by 10% NaClO for sprouting seeds of Gentiana manshurica Kitag. was evaluated. The conditions of callus inducing from the explants of hypocotyls were examined. The results indicated that the optimal time for seeds surface sterilization by NaClO is 8 min, the proportion of different concentration of hormones have the same effects on inducement of callus, and 1/2 MS medium containing 6-BA 0.5mg/L and 2,4-D 2mg/L is the optimal condition for the growth of callus of G. manshurica Kitag.
Keyword Gentiana manshurica Kitag . ; Seeds sprouting; Callus
Objectionand MeaningsRecently,overexploitationofwildplantshasresultedinextensivecropping.Theterm"callus" originates from the Latin word callum, which refers to the massive growth of cells and cell masses[5]. Callus could converted into suspensioncellswhichareusedtofermentbioactivecompounds.Thisstudycanlaythefoundationforestablishingtheasexual reproduction system and producing the bioactive secondary metabolites by large scale fermentation of suspension cells.
Materials and methods Seeds of G. manshurica Kitag. are kindly offered by professor Chen Wang of Harbin Normal University. Seeds of Gentiana manshurica Kitag. were soaked in distilled water for 48 hours and sterilized with 75% ethanol for 40s. Then the seeds were washed with sterile distilled water repeatedly . The treated seeds were surface sterilized by using10% of NaClO for 6min, 8min and10min, respectively. One drop of Tween-80 was also added as surfactant. After 6, 8, 10 minutes the seeds were washed 4-5 times with sterile distilled water to remove the traces of bleach with gentle shaking under sterile conditions[1]. The seeds were incubated on MS solid medium containing no hormones at 25 °C for 16 hours with light conditions[2]. Hypocotyls were cut from aseptically germinated seedlings. Each kind of explants was cut into small segments and incubated on 1/2 MS solid medium containing different concentration hormones at 25 °C with 16 hours with light. The growth status of each group was compared. Callus in good growth status was picked, cut off the browning part and cut into 1cm segments[3,4]. The segments were incubated on MS medium contain different concentration of hormones. The growth status were compared among the groups.
Results and discussion Germination rate of the seeds with different surface sterilized time was compared (Table!) (Figure 1). The results showed that 8 min is the best timing for seeds surface sterilizing of Gentiana man-shurica Kitag. for sprouting. When the length of sterilization time is shorter than 8 min, there are more survival microorganisms of surface, and can result in more contaminated opportunities in later tissue culture. On the other hand, the length of sterilization time is longer than 8 min, the seeds would be damaged, and the rate of germination would decrease. Callus induced on mediums containing different concentration of hormone was compared (Figure 2). The results showed that the effect of different concentrations of hormones on callus of Gen-tiana manshurica Kitag. inducement is basically the same. The growth of subculture callus is affected by the variation of concentration of 6-BA combined with 2,4-D. When the concentration of 6-BA in medium is high the callus become partly browning, and different concentration of 6-BA with 2,4-D is important to callus growth.
Table 1 The germination rate of Gentiana manshurica Kitag. seeds with different sterilize time
surface sterilize time 6min 8min 10min
Germination rate 50% 87.2% 71.8%
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Амурский медицинский журнал №4 (20) 2017
Figure 1. germinated seedlings
Figure 2. callus of Gentiana manshurica Kitag.
of Gentiana manshurica Kitag.
Conclusions The results showed that 8 min is the best timing for surface sterilization on germination of seeds of Gentiana manshurica Kitag. Short time of surface sterilization can not entirely kill the microorganism, and long time lasting will also hurt the seeds. Appropriate proportion of hormone contained in medium was the key factor for callus growth.
References
[1]The Pharmacopoeia Commission of the People's Republic of China . Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China (2010). Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, pp.263-264.
[2]WANG Chen, XING Xiu-fang, MA Li-xiang, GUAN yang, DAI Shao-jun, LIU Ming-yuan. Determination of gentiopicroside in different morphological types of cultivated gentiana manshurica population [J] China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2004, 29(9):841-844.
[3]Zhang Zhi-guo, Han Xian-zhong, Cai Zhi-guang, Liu Hua, Wang Li, Zhao Li-hong and Hu Xin. Callus Culture and Gentiopicroside Formation in Gentiana Manshurica Kitag. [J] Acta Botanica Sinica, l992,34(2):96-100.
[4] Jian Lv, Wei-Liang Gu , Chang-Xun Chen. Effect of Gentiopicroside on Experimental Acute Pancreatitis Induced by Retrograde Injection of Sodium Taurocholate into the Biliopancreatic Duct in Rats [J] Fitoterapia 102 (2015) 127-133.
EFFECTS OF GINSENG ON ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, China. E-mail:
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by a cognitive decline, usually marked by loss of potential memory, followed by overall damage to the higher cortical function. Ginseng, as a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has long been used to alleviate many diseases, especially diseases associated with aging and memory deterioration. Ginseng has an impact on multiple action sites and is an ideal choice for the development of multi-target drugs. Therefore, Ginseng and its active substance ginsenosides are becoming more and more popular in neurological protection. This article reviews the effects and mechanism of ginseng and ginsenosides in the central nervous system(CNS) associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Key words: Alzheimer's disease, ginseng , ginsenosides, central nervous system
Alzheimer's disease is the most typical dementia disease, accompanied by neurodegeneration1. It is estimated that there are more than 35 million AD patients worldwide, with about 36 million expected by 20502. Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine which considered a magic plant that effectively treats many health problems. Ginsenosides, the active compounds of ginseng, are widely used in the pharmacological examination of ginseng. And it was increasingly accepted that ginseng and ginsenosides have some effects on central nervous system diseases. In the central nervous system diseases, one of the typical symptoms is Alzheimer's disease. And at present, ginseng and its related compounds have been widely used in the study of AD.
By referring to the relevant literatures, the pharmacological effects and mechanism of ginseng and ginsenosides in CNS have been summarized as follows:
Effects on neurite outgrowth. By screening neurite outgrowth activities of several ginseng drugs in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH, Tohda et al. proved that ginsenoside Rb1 and its intestinal metabolite M1 restored the damaged space memory by the induction of synaptic vesicles through intraventricular injection of AP25-35 in the AD animal model3.
Neuroprotection. Tu et al. in human neuroblastoma cells SY5Y, using cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibit calcineurin (CN) induced multiple sites of tau hyperphosphorylation, accompanied by oxidative stress. Results show that leaves of Panax ginseng (GSL) induced the increase of SOD activity and SH content. Indicating that GSL may have some effects on neuroprotection on certain features of AD4.
Honglei Gao, HuiSun, Aihua Zhang, Guangli Yan, Xijun Wang
Anti-inflammatory effects. Wang et al. demonstrated the neurological and antiinflammatory effects of gin-
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