CC BY
16Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 9 (2015 8) 1893-1904
УДК 323.1:39(669)
Indigenous Knowledge in AbEni Alagbo-Oru (a Yoruba Video Film):
Panacea for Social and Political Disharmony in Nigeria
Temitope Olumuyiwa*
Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
Received 12.03.2015, received in revised form 11.04.2015, accepted 30.04.2015
Yoruba indigenous knowledge is a resource that the people use to solve local problems maintain healthy living and manage local affairs among others. As we modernize our society in response to global change and challenges, the society has distanced itself from indigenous ways of solving problems; discriminating against it as outdated, fetish and unfashionable. This negative attitude is regrettably reflected in the contents of most Yoruba video films. The producers ofAbeni Alagbo-dru aware of this, decided to project the Yoruba indigenous knowledge in the film with the aim of revealing a people to itself and the entire world. This paper therefore, examines how the film presents Yoruba indigenous people and their knowledge in the area of health, education, administration and cultural import to promote Yoruba indigenous values for the nation's social and political advancement. It also assesses the significance of Yoruba indigenous knowledge embedded in the contents of the film and posits that Yoruba indigenous knowledge can be used to resolve the health and socio- political challenges in contemporary Nigeria.
Keywords: Yoruba, indigenous knowledge, film, Abeni Alagbo-dru, health. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-2015-8-9-1893-1904. Research area: politology.
Introduction
Yorùba film is one of the most educative components of building the society. It is on record that the Yorùba film industry emerged in the 1970's as an offshoot of the Yorùba Traveling Theatre Movement, Timothy-Asobele (2003:1), Àlàmû (2010:24). This Yorùba itinerant theatre was pioneered by Hubert Ôgûndé (Adédèji (1971), Jeyifo (1984), Ôgûndèji (1988)) who created an enviable tradition for other indigenous dramatists to follow. The production of Yorùba
film industry began in 1976 with the production of Ola Balogun's Ajàni Ogun (Jeyifo (1984), Àlàmù (1991), Adélékè (1995)). The film which featured Adéyemi Afolayan and Dûro Ladiipo theatre troupes presents the social problems of treachery and corruption. Ever since, the production of Yorùba films has witness a tremendous growth. Àlàmû (2010:28) reports that Kola Olatûndé's Igi da , produced in 1990 was the first Yorùba video film. He asserts that it was Muyideen Aromire (which many people believed pioneered Yorùba
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
* Corresponding author E-mail address: oluolumuyiwa@gmail.com
- 1893 -
video film) that popularized it with his consistent productions and collaborations with other producers after his debut in 1992. The production of Yorubá video films which is running into several thousands today is making its impact felt globally.
The contents of the Yorubá video films are diverse and numerous. Unlike in the past when the contents are carefully selected to reflect the producers' intention to provide vital pieces of information about the Yorubá socio-cultural and political heritage in order to fulfill the task of socio-political mobilization and mass education of the society, the contents of most of the Yorubá video films in contemporary Yorubá society are found to be blasphemous, obscene, indecent and injurious to morality. Most of these video films expose our traditions to ridicule, encourage illegal or criminal act, reinforce the corruption of public morality and glorify the use of violence such as robbery, kidnapping, sexual violence, prostitution, and greed.
Among the few Yorubá video films that uphold the moral values ofYorubá is ÁbeníAlágbo-dru. The film fall under what Álámú (2010:48) described as improvisational mythological films. According to him, such films perform the functions of myths; they are more individualistic, flexible in synthesis of characters, themes, locale and topically current. For instance, Ábení Alágbo-oru uses the Yorubá indigenous knowledge to explore the goings-on in contemporary society by reflecting the society back to itself in order to have social equilibrium. Ábení Alágbo-dru though set in the past but sees the past as the necessary precondition of the present. The major focus of the film is on some aspects of our indigenous health practices and it gives some fine images of what we have lost due to our excessive attachment and idolatry of Western culture and value system. The film presents the indigenous people and their knowledge by showing among other things how
the indigenous health and political systems can be used to resolve our health and political challenges in the contemporary Nigeria. It is against this backdrop that we examine the significance of the indigenous knowledge embedded in the themes and contents of Abeni Alagbo-dru and how they are used to promote Yoruba indigenous values for national social and political advancement.
Yoruba Indigenous Knowledge
It will be misleading to adopt one definition for indigenous knowledge. This is due to the fact that there is multiple understanding of indigenous knowledge which is dependent on local environments. A scholar such as Rajasekaran (1992:4) defines indigenous knowledge as a systematic body of knowledge acquired by local people through the accumulation of informal experiences and intimate understanding of the environment in a given culture. Battiste and Henderson (2000:42) believe that indigenous knowledge includes know-how skills, innovation practices, teaching and learning handed down from generation to generation. They also assert that it is the expression of the vibrant relationships between the people, their ecosystems; and other living beings and spirits that share their lands. These scholars observed that these multilayered relationships are basis for maintaining social, economic and diplomatic relations through sharing with other people. They conclude that indigenous knowledge is never static but rather dynamic in its shape and substance. Steiner (2008:9) claims that indigenous knowledge gives essential knowledge for survival and that its value lies in its ability to deliver social and economic goods which can help to alleviate poverty if popularized and integrated with modern systems. Janke (2000:5) observes that indigenous systems are orally based and that it develops overtime through intergenerational refinement. He added that indigenous systems
are constantly evolving and subject to complex kinship relationship about who may hold and disclose knowledge. From the foregoing, it is evident that indigenous knowledge is a developed system which is unique to a culture. It is learned and passed through generations. However, it is not static. On this premise we shall examine Yoruba indigenous knowledge.
Yoruba indigenous knowledge is a resource that the people use to solve local problems, to maintain healthy lives, prevent conflict, build solidarity and manage local affairs. It is expressed through the language which provides the most accurate way of understanding the knowledge. As we modernize our society in response to global change and challenges, the society has distanced itself from indigenous ways of solving problems in such a way that local solutions were discriminated against as outdated, fetish and unfashionable. This has led us to overlook and neglect the potentials of indigenous knowledge as a resource. This negative attitude towards Yoruba indigenous knowledge is regrettably reflected in the contents of most Yoruba video films. The producers of Abeni Alagbo-dru aware of this fact, decided to project the Yoruba indigenous knowledge in the film with the aim of revealing a people to itself and the entire world.
The Producer of Abeni Alagbo-dru: A Short Biography
The story was written and produced in 2012 by Ibikunle Kabir Ademoritan (an Ikorodu ANTP Cultural Ambassador). Mr. Ibikunle was born into a Muslim family on 3rd March, 1971 in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. He started his elementary education in African Bethel Primary school in Ikorodu before moving to Etunrenren primary school where he graduated in 1985. As a youngster, he fell in love with Yoruba culture and even led a cultural troupe in his primary school days. Ibikunle attended United High
school Ikorodu between 1985 -1991. He studied Economics at Lagos State University, Ojo in between 1996 - 2000. He currently works as a school officer at Ultimate Concept, an educational consultant to Lagos State Polytechnic which he co-founded with his elder brother, Honorable Saheed Oladapo. Mr. Ibikunle Kabir is married to Alhaja Sherifat Ibikunle many years ago and they are blessed with children. Mr. Ibikunle has produced other Yoruba video films. This include Jagun Oke (2003) and Akuko Oran 2011.
Synopsis of Abeni Alagbo-dru
The film portrays a society controlled by forces (good and evil) which exert their influences on the society. The influences present conflicts in the life of the people. This is made into a story woven around Abeni, who possesses the mystical power and the ability to harness the potency of plants to cure all manner of ailments. Abeni's deep conviction to render her services for free stemmed from the origin of her powers. At tender age, Abeni asked her mother, Fehintola, whom she got the power from, why it is always in the night that she prepares the concoction she gives to her client for free. Fehintola told Abeni the origin of her power and why she should not levy anyone for her services. Abeni obeyed the spiritually backed directives of her mother. Trouble however, started when the coalition of cultist tried to drag her into their confraternity in order to swell their exploitative rank. When Abeni turned down the offer of membership into the confraternity, the group decided to punish her by implicating her in a murder case. Abeni was arrested; she pleaded her innocence but was imprisoned. In prison, Abeni became wild and decided to punish the town for their ingratitude. She later went to Boorepe on self exile when the Ayedaade's warriors rose against her. Boorepe was not trouble free for her. However, she won all battles that confronted her and she was honoured.
Indigenous Knowledge in Abení Alágbo-oru
The cinematographic representation of indigenous people and their knowledge in Ábení Alágbo-dru is embedded in its themes and contents. For this study, the following are selected for discussion in the film: Health, Education, Administration and Cultural import. The significance of these to the society will also be examined.
Health
Health is the absence of disease/ sickness. Sickness may be spiritual, emotional, mental, personal or family health. A healthy state is when one is free of pain or discomfort, a state when one is at peace with oneself as well as others and is in harmony with other elements of one environment, Joe (2001:2). Yorubá aboriginal healing is based on tradition which believes in the use of herbs as primary sources of medicine. This is reflected in the old Yorubá song below:
Selerú ágbo
Herbal concoction that spring forth
Agbárá ágbo
Flood-like concoction
LOsun fi n wemo re;
Are what Osun used to heal her adherents
Kí dókítá ó tó dé.
Before medical (orthodox) doctors arrived.
Long before the orthodox medicine, indigenous way of healing play a significant recognized role in the health care of the people. For example, among the Yorubá people, rural dwellers prefer herbal medicines in form of roots and herbs than orthodox ones. Some indigenous healers identify themselves as herbalists, others as spiritualists or diviners and many as combination of both, Lopez-Levers (2006:89). Among the
Yoruba people, the various terms that are used for traditional doctors are Babalawo, Adahunse and Onisegun.
Wikipedia shows that Traditional African Medicine is a holistic discipline involving indigenous herbalism and African spirituality, typically involving diviners and herbalists. Little has been done in recent decades to enhance and develop the beneficial aspects of Yoruba indigenous health systems which are locally accessible, culturally relevant and most times affordable. Lack of proper documentation, standardization and regulatory mechanism has rendered it unsafe. The fact however remains that Yoruba indigenous medicines, techniques and knowledge were effective because they have been time-tested and in many instances used for treating physical, cultural and psychological ailments. Bearing this in mind and the fact that something is fundamentally wrong with the current health status of Nigerians, many of which are caused by poverty, poor condition of environment (social and physical) and government, the producers of Abeni Alagbo-dru takes us back to the root. In order to generate a desired result, the film shows that indigenous medicinal practice involves a complex combination of activities: beliefs, witchcraft, herbs and incantation- a verbal aspect of mystical and magic used to control the physical and metaphysical world. The reason for this may not be far fetched. The African universe is a world of relationships and interactions between the living and the dead, between the natural and the supernatural, Anselm Adodo (2002:20).
The film shows how both Fehintola and her daughter Abeni acquired the knowledge of how to use herbs to heal in a supernatural way through witchcraft. The film reveals how Abeni was given leaves and roots to eat in her dream and how she was given a strange pot filled with water:
Extract:
"...Ewe niyen o, ma a je. O ti bewe mule lonii, o di dandan kewe o je fun e. Gbogbo igba yoowu too ba fe lo ewe, la atelewo e, ko o bu yepe, ki o wa sa odu Ifa kan si, Osa meji eleye; ki o wa pe gbolohun yii pe 'ewe dide, jeegun! (leemeta)... wa a da iyepe naa si ara ewe kan soso, o di dandan kigba ewe maa je fun o..."
".. .These are herbs, eat them. You have covenanted with herbs today. It must do your bidding. Anytime you need herbs, get some sand, open your palm and make the sign of Ifa oracle for Osa meji eleye and say as follow: 'Arise leaf and be effective.' (Three times) Spread the sand on a leaf, it is a must for other leaves to be answerable to you..."
Abeni woke up to see leaves in her mouth. The dream became a reality. Abeni not only prepares her concoction in the night, she cooks it with the fire she invoked. Acquiring powers through witchcraft is not strange among the Yoruba people. The belief in witchcraft has such a dynamic force on Africans in spite of the influences ofwestern education, industrialization and modernization, Ogungbemi (2007:127). Throughout in the film, Abeni is so passionate when it comes to healing people with diverse ailments. This earned her a sobriquet Abeni Alagbo-oru, Asewdsan magbeje (Abeni, owner of night concoctions. The one that freely treats her patients). The people of the town loved and revered her. One lesson to learn from this is that all professional, such as Teachers, Lawyers, and Engineers and most importantly the Medical practitioners: Nurses and Doctors should have passion for their profession. The medical doctors
should put other people's interest above self-interest as shown in their oath:
"... The health of my patient will be my first consideration..."
If this is followed, it would reduce incessant strike action over unfulfilled promises by the government in the sector and promote both the national and the patient interest.
The importance of good health to the economic growth and overall development of a nation cannot be over emphasized. It is said that a healthy nation is a wealthy nation. In other for public health goals to be realized in Nigeria, government should put in place a programme which would allow collaboration between Traditional and conventional Medical Practitioners. The cooperation between the two bodies would enhance better and reliable primary health care delivery system, Agiobu-Kemmer (2014:22). Ordinarily, orthodox medicine and alternative medicine are acceptable worldwide. May be that is what prompted the World Health Organization to promote the integration of Herbal medicine and complementary and alternative medicine into the nations healthcare system. Bakare (2014:10) reports that scientific interest in herbal medicine in the countries of Asia and Europe has continued to grow. In Germany, one-third of graduating physicians studied herbal medicine and a therapeutic guide to medicines has long been published there. Agiobu-Kemmer (2014:22) also asserts that technologically advanced countries like Japan, China and India have integrated their traditional folk practice into their healthcare system. A drug ZMAPP developed and patented in the USA and approved by its Food and Drug Agency to fight Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is gotten from Nicotiana Benthamiana (The Punch August 30, 2014). Nicotiana is a herbaceous plant indigenous to Australia. Muanya (2014:46) observes that countries like China, Germany,
United States, India, Australia and France are raking in billions of dollars annually from traditional medicine. The reverse is the case in Nigeria. This is so because we are always skeptical about discoveries made by Nigerian scientists. This reminds us of the Yoruba old adage: 'Onigba nii pe igba re ni aakara ki won to ba fi ko ile' - How others treat your possessions depends on how you handle them (sotunde 2009:300). If not, the United States Environmental Protection Agency would not termed Nano-Silver, a drug manufactured by a Nigerian as an antidote to Ebola Virus Disease that had become endemic in West Africa and a scare in the world as pesticide in order to market their untested ZMAPP. One is short of words when Nigeria government requested that United States should send the untested drug to her to cure Ebola in the country.
Instead of spending millions of naira on untested foreign drug, Nigeria government should look inwards by examining the claims by a member of the national committee on Ebola and a professor of Phamacognosy, Professor Maurice Iwu who said his company has developed orogbo (bitter kola) drug Garcina IHP which improve immune system of the body. Likewise, government should not downplay the claims by Professor Adebukunola Ositelu, a consultant ophthalmologist at college of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) that Corchorus olitorius, Ewedu 'Jute' can improve the body immune system and cure Ebola and bitter kola drops for glaucoma cure, (The Guardian September,11, 2014 pp 41,48). Adebayo (2014:12) reports that a research fellow at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Dr Dan Onwujekwu has noted that boosting immune system might help most patients survive the onslaught of Ebola virus as none of the survivors got any experimental drug during treatment. In order to sustain our healthcare
system, government should initiate a process to formalize the extraction, standardization, safety and efficacy of tradomedicines in Nigeria.
Education
Yoruba indigenous education is a long process where the society is the 'school'. It starts from home. That is why it is called eko ile 'home training'. Eko-ile embraces what Awoniyi (1975:365) calls character building as well as the development of physical aptitudes, acquisition of moral qualities, knowledge and techniques needed to take active part in social life. The end product of eko ile is to make an individual an omoluabi. According to Awoniyi (1975:364), an omoluabi must be honest, courageous, sociable, devoted to duty, have respect for old age, loyalty to one's parents and traditions and must be ready to assist the needy. In Abeni Alagbo-dru, Abeni is omoluabi personified. Her love for Ayedaade her town, and Boorepe, the town she sojourned knows no bounds. She is humble, this she showed in the way she greets the kings and chiefs with respect. Whenever her dead mother appears to give her instructions, Abeni obeys, even when such instructions is painful and contrary to her wish. Besides, Abeni discharges responsibilities with high task commitment and attitudes. This is reflected in her commitment to heal the king's daughter in Boorepe and her willingness to save the town from destruction that looms on the natives. Abeni is truthful and hardworking. Though, her truthfulness brought agony to her when the coalition of cultist implicated her in murder case.
For sustainable national development, we have immense lessons to learn from Yoruba traditional education based on the concept of omoluabi. If every citizen endeavour to imbibe and practice the qualities of omoluabi in private and public lives, our nation would be better for it as it would remove political instability and
reduce crime and corruption in the society. Foreign and local investors would like to invest in the economy; this would in turn avert economic dormancy, stagnation or retrogression.
Administration
There are differences in political and social structure within Yoruba country. The study of these differences, however, constitutes one of the major fields of historical research, Llyod (1973:207). Despite the variation noticed in the social and political structure of Yoruba society, the institution of kingship is common throughout the country. All Yoruba towns with few exceptions have the same origin, share identical features and built on one uniform plan, Johnson (1921:90). Every town is headed by Oba-king. The oba elects the village heads - baale who must necessarily be answerable to him. Both the Oba and baale appoints his chiefs and other civil officers that help in the administration of justice within his domain. Every chief or other appointee is responsible to the oba/baale. This system of administration is shown in the film Abeni Alagbo-dru. Abeni is a native of Ayedaade where she lives and practices as herbalist and healer for free. When Abeni was alleged to have committed murder, the chiefs advised the oba to deal with her ruthlessly. Instead, the oba put Abeni in prison pending the outcome of his investigation. This generated a conspiracy among the chiefs and the people. They rose against Abeni and the oba. Abeni went on self exile on the advice of her mother. There was a greater pestilence after Abeni left Ayedaade. Iya Oba (the king's mother) advised him to consult Ifa (which is believed to be the custodian of all divine wisdom in Yoruba cosmology). The solution to Ayedaade's problem is that Abeni Alagbo-oru must be brought back to Ayedaade. When Abeni refused to come, the chiefs advised the oba to wage war against Boorepe where Abeni sojourned. Oba Ayedaade
however use the advice of his mother to maneuver his way to avert war with Boorepe. There was also epidemic in Boorepe before the arrival of Abeni Alagbo-oru. A strong herbalist and a warrior caused the epidemic to punish the people because its oba in council renege in the agreement they had with him that he would be made Balogun of the town if he could kill the monster that troubles them.
The significance of these for national development cannot be far fetched. In what happens in Ayedaade, and Boorepe, our national leaders should always draw a line between aids with selfish and self-centered advice and those who in the interest of the nation may want to give a genuine advice. The leaders should also differentiate between malevolent, mischievous and objective criticism. National leaders who willingly entered into agreement with professional Labour association to better their conditions of service should endeavour to honour such agreement. This would show that our leaders are men/women of integrity, people to be trusted and honoured. By this, it will remove bitterness, anger, mistrust, fear and deep suspicious from the citizenry. Beside the fact that this would ginger the workers to contribute their quota to the nation building, it will also solve the problems of social disharmony and political repression and instability.
Cultural Import
In contemporary Yoruba society where western culture seems to have interfered and revolutionized indigenous Yoruba culture in terms of dressing, food, language, religion, occupations and ceremonies, the producer of Abeni Alagbo-dru believes that culture has significant impact upon the behaviour and attitudes of individuals. That is why the film promotes indigenous cultures through the use of language, exotic costumes and natural
background. First, the film uses standard Yoruba language for effective communication. Yoruba language is an integral part of people's culture. The totality of a people's culture is usually transmitted by means of language. Unfortunate enough, the younger ones in our society today are now drifting away from the indigenous language in preferences of foreign language. Government should therefore come up with a well language policy aimed at revitalizing our indigenous languages in schools.
Second, the film projects Yoruba indigenous fashion in the use of Adire, aso-dke and akun/ ileke (beads) as necklaces and earrings. The decline in the demand for adire and other locally designed fabrics in Nigeria were largely caused by the collapse of major indigenous textile mills across the country in the early 1990s. During the period, many Nigerians working in the industry lost their jobs. Today, adire industry is one of many textile industries that might soon vanish from our society if spirited efforts are not taken by relevant stakeholders to address the fundamental issues involved in the decline. Government should put in place consistent economic policy that would remove the waning patronage of the indigenous fabrics. Funds must be earmarked to fully strengthen and develop the textile industry. This would at the end create employment for many citizens across the country, reduce the influx of foreign textiles, improve internally generated revenue drive and bring foreign exchange through the exportation of the indigenous fabrics. The hair-do of the women in the film is indigenous. There is no arrant display or exposure of boobs as we have in other Yoruba contemporary films. Interestingly, the producer of Abeni Alagbo-dru is a Cultural Ambassador. During our interaction with him, the song on the lips of this cultural enthusiast seems to be 'going back to the basics.'
Conclusion
Yorubá mythological films are adaptations of legendary narratives that present part of the beliefs and practice of the Yorubá people. This type of film was spearheaded by the late Hubert Ogunde (Oyewo 2003:144) in the production of Aiye in 1979 and Jaiyesinmi in 1980. Thereafter, Yekíni Ajíleye produced Kótó Orun and KdtdAyé in between 2000-2003. In light of this, it shows that Ábení Alágbo-óru was not the first Yorubá mythological film. However in our opinion, Ábení Alágbo-óru was the first Yorubá mythological film whose themes and contents may be applied to current issues in the society.
Film is a veritable tool for social and political engineering in any national development. It can be used to effectively mobilize people and create awareness on topical issues in the society, Amu (2001:169). This as the basis, the production of Ábení Alágbo-óru is in a way, a major contribution to the debate on importance of integrating the alternative medicine in the healthcare system of the nation. The challenge in the health sector in the country is enormous. For instance, malaria is a great killer. It kills more than the dreaded Ebola. Today, malaria virus has shown greater resistance to some of the antimalaria drugs produced in recent times. Muanya (2015) writes that Nigerian researchers have produced potent anti-malaria herbal cocktail for orthodox drug-resistant malaria. Also, Umeha (2014:54) reports that Hepatitis B virus is more infectious than HIV. According to National Survey of Viral Hepatitis, no fewer than twenty-one million Nigerians are living with hepatitis B and C (inflammatory conditions of the liver). Furthermore, beside the number of death recorded by the Ebola Virus Disease, the disease took enormous toll on the nation economy, individual lifestyles and businesses. The solution to these health challenges reside in alternative medicine. For instance, Oyeyemi (2011:45) writes that
Professor G.O Onajobi of Hematology/Oncology Department, Howard University, Washington D.C said that traditional medicine has always provided solutions to (malignant neoplasm) cancer patients. Therefore, to harness the potentials in traditional medicine, government and the private sector must aggressively invest more resources into herbal plants research
development in Nigeria in order to improve scientific evidence from test done to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of traditional medicine products. As much as possible, government, (through relevant ministries, departments and agencies) needs to recognize the protection and practice of traditional medicine and integrate it fully into the primary healthcare system.
References
A. Academic Publications
1. Adedeji, J.A. 1971. 'The Church and the Emergence of the Nigerian Theatre, 1866-1914' Journal of Historical Society of Nigeria. Vol. 1.
2. Adeleke, D.A. 1995. 'Audience Reception of Yoruba Films: ibadan As A Case Study'. Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan
3. Alamu, O.O. 1991. Trends in the Development of the Yoruba Films in the First Decade (19761986). M.Phil Thesis, University of Ibadan
4. Alamu,O.O. 2010. Aesthetics of Yoruba Film. Research Institute for World Languages. Osaka University, Japan.
5. Amu, J. 2001. 'Cinematography' in Making the Transition from Video to Celluloid. (eds.) Ekwuasi, H., Sokomba, J. & Mgbejume, O.
6. Anselm Adodo, O.S.B. 2002. Nature Power: A Christian Approach to Herbal Medicine. Akure: Don Bosco Training Centre
7. Awoniyi. T.A. 1975. Omoluabi: The Fundermental Basis of Yoruba Traditional Education.' In Yoruba Oral Tradition (ed.) Wande Abimbola, Ife: Department of African Languages and Literatures, University of Ife.
8. Battise, M., & Henderson, J.Y. 2000. Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A global challenge. Saskatoon, Canada: Purich.
9. Janke, T. 2000. Writing up Indigenous Research: Authorship, Copyright and Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Sydney: Teni Janke and Company Pty Ltd.
10. Jeyifo, B. 1984. The Yoruba Popular Traveling Theatre of Nigeria. Lagos: Emaconprint Ltd.
11. Joe, J.R. 2001. 'Out of Harmony: Health Problems and Young 'Native America Men.' Journal of American College Health, 49(5), 237-242.
12. Johnson, S. 1921. The History of The Yorubas. Lagos: CSS Bookshops.
13. Lopez-Levers, L. 2006. 'Traditional Healing as Indigenous Knowledge: Its relevance to HIV/ AIDS in Southern Africa and the Implications for Counselors.' Journal of Psychology 2006(1) 87100.
14. Llyord,P.C. 1973. 'Political and Social Structure' in Sources of Yoruba History. (ed.) Biobaku S.O. Ibadan University Press.
15. Ogundeji, P.O. 1988. 'A Semiotic Study of Duro Ladipo's Mythico-Historical plays.' Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan.
16. Ogungbemi, S. 2007. Philosophy and Development. Ibadan: Hope Publications.
- 1901 -
17. Oyewo, G.A. 2003. 'The Yoruba Video Film: Cinematic Language and the Socio- Aesthetic Ideal.' In African Viedo Film Today. (ed.) Foluke Daramola. Manzini Swaziland: Academic Publishers.
18. Rajasekaran, B. 1992. 'A Framework for Incorporating Indigenous Knowledge System into Agricultural Research and Extension organization for Sustainable Agricultural Development in India.' Doctoral Dissertation, Iowa State University.
19. Sotúnde , F.I. 2009. Yorubá Proverbs and Philosophy. Abeokúta: Damsan Nig. Company
20. Steiner, A. 2008. 'Indigenous Knowledge in Disaster Management in Africa.' Pretoria, South Africa: International Council for Science. Retrieved from http://www.icsu.org/africa/news-centre/ news/Appendix9 indigenous Booklet unep.pdf
21. Timothy-Asobele, S.J 2003. Yoruba Cinema of Nigeria. Lagos: Upper Standard Publications
22. Warren, D.M. 1991. 'Using Indigenous Knowledge in Agricultural Development.' (World Bank discussion paper no. 127) Washington D.C: World Bank.
B. Articles in Newspapers
1. Agiobu-Kemmer. 'Ebola.' The Guardian. September 13, 2014. pp22.
2. Bakare,B. 'Osun Traditionalist Claim Herbal Cure Available for Ebola Virus.' Newswatch, August 16, 2014. pp.16.
3. Muanya, C. 'Fresh Vista Towards Developing Traditional Medicine in Nigeria.' The Guardian. September 11, 2014. pp.46-48.
4. Muanya,C. "Local vegetable 'cure' for Ebola validated." The Guardian September 11, 2014. pp.41.
5. Muanya,C. "Herbal Cocktail for Drug-resistant malaria" The Guardian February 26, 2015. pp35-36,38,43
6. 'Nicotiana: Plants used to make Ebola drug, ZMapp develops from Plants' The Punch August 30, 2014. pp16.
7. Uweha, C. 'Hepatitis B more infectious than HIV.' Newswatch August 9, 2014. pp54.
Videofilm
1. Ibikunle Kabir 2012. Abeni Alagbo-oru. Zainab Ventures and Cultural Heritage Entertainment.
APENDIX 1
Знания коренных народов
в Абени Алагбо-Ору (Фильм йоруба):
панацея от социальной и политической нестабильности
в Нигерии
Темитопе Олумийива
Университет Адакунле Аджасин Акунгба-Акоко, Нигерия
Знания коренного народа йоруба являются ресурсом, используемым людьми для решения локальных проблем, поддержания здорового образа жизни и местного управления. По мере модернизации нашего общества в ответ на глобальные изменения и вызовы общество дистанцировалось от национальных способов решения проблем, считая традиционные знания устаревшими, фетишистскими и немодными. Такое негативное отношение, к сожалению, находит отражение в содержании большинства фильмов йоруба. Создатели Абени Алагбо-Ору, зная об этом, решили показать знания коренных народов йоруба в фильме с целью обратить на них внимание страны и всего мира. В этой связи данная статья посвящена исследованию того, как фильм представляет коренной народ йоруба и их знания в области здравоохранения, образования, администрирования и культуры, с целью продвижения ценностей йоруба для социального и политического развития страны. Более того, дана оценка значимости знаний коренных народов йоруба, демонстрируемых в фильме, и сделан вывод, что данные знания могут быть использованы для решения социально-политических проблем и проблем здравоохранения современной Нигерии.
Ключевые слова: йоруба, знания коренных народов, фильм, Абени Алагбо-Ору, здоровье. Научная специальность: 23.00.00 - политология.
