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IMPROVING DRIP IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY OF THE CROPS Azizov Sh.N.1, Dustnazarova SA.2 Email: [email protected]
1Azizov Shohruh Numanovich - Assistant, DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND LAND RECLAMATION; 2Dustnazarova Sanobar Ataullayevna - Assistant, DEPARTMENT OPERATION OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, TASHKENT INSTITUTE OF IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION ENGINEERS, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: today drip irrigation of crops in our country is one of the irrigation methods that meets the requirements of water conservation, soil protection and high yields. It is important to improve irrigation methods for crop irrigation, taking into account water scarcity and on the basis of which the increase in irrigation efficiency is accelerated. The article discusses the issues of irrigation of crops using drip irrigation systems under plastic wrap to obtain a high yield and save water resources.
Keywords: drip irrigation, drip irrigation under plastic wrap, evapotranspiration reduction, reduction of number and quantity of irrigation, water-saving technology.
УЛУЧШЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КАПЕЛЬНОГО ОРОШЕНИЯ Азизов Ш.Н.1, Дустназарова С.А.2
1Азизов Шохрух Нуманович - ассистент, кафедра ирригации и мелиорации;
2Дустназарова Санобар Атауллаевна - ассистент, кафедра эксплуатации гидромелиоративных систем, Ташкентский институт инженеров ирригации и механизации сельского хозяйства, г. Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: сегодня капельное орошение сельскохозяйственных культур в нашей стране является одним из методов орошения, который отвечает требованиям водосбережения, защиты почвы и высокой урожайности. Важно улучшить методы полива для полива сельскохозяйственных культур, учитывая нехватку воды, и на основе которых ускоряется повышение эффективности полива. В статье рассматриваются вопросы полива сельскохозяйственных культур с использованием систем капельного орошения под полиэтиленовой пленкой для получения высокой урожайности и экономии водных ресурсов.
Ключевые слова: капельное орошение, капельное орошение под полиэтиленовой пленкой, снижение суммарного испарения, снижение количество и норм полива, водосберегающая технология.
УДК: 631.674:631.17.001.76
Introduction. Today, it is important to improve irrigation techniques for irrigation of agricultural crops, taking into account water shortages, and on the basis of which irrigation efficiency increase is being accelerated. This article helps to fulfill obligations which are noted in the order of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan from October 29, 2007 of № 3932 "On measures for radical improvement of system for irrigated lands amelioration", from April 19, 2013 of № 1958 "further improvement of the meliorative condition of irrigated lands and rational use of water resources for 2013 - 2017" and the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Implementation of drip irrigation for 2009-2020". This article focuses on the issues of improving the technology of drip irrigation and economic evaluation.
Soil conditions of the research object. A research area was set up in Shakhrisabz District to study cotton-watering technology. The soil water permeability and moisture
reserves in the study area allowed to fully absorb the water and physical properties of the soil. There are wet grassland here. Relative relief of the region is 0,001-0,002.
During the research, it was investigated the average mechanical composition of soil.
On the upper part of the territory there is fertile soil. Clay soil particles (less than 0,01) are found to be 35,93 to 37,16% of soil weight, sometimes indicators reach to 38,37%, the deeper they may reach 41,31%.
The study of water - physic properties was conducted to obtain indicators for the calculation of melioration and irrigation regimes, and in particular, to establish their dependence on the soil-forming process.
The water-physic properties of the studied soils have shown that the density of the solid layer is soft, and the density of the solid particles (density of the main part) varies widely and it is between 1,32 and 1,66 t/m3 in the 0 to 100 cm layer.
One of the properties of the soil is water permeability. The soil in the study site has average water permeability. At about 7-8 hours, the sinking process switches to the filtering phase. The data are repeated four times in the water supply and are listed in the table.
Table 1. Water permeability of the soil, mm/h
Number of floors, a=0,70 m The watching period
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 furrow 24,8 9,4 2,8 9,2 8 7,6 6,8 5,4 4,6 3,6
2 furrow 72,0 5,8 2,2 8,4 5,6 5,2 5,0 4,6 4,0 3,2
average 48,4 7,6 2,5 8,8 6,8 6,4 5,4 5,0 4,3 3,4
The soil in the study object is wet and lawn. Significant features of the soil: in the absence of a grains content of soil: when the soil residue is 0,07-0,1 g, chlorine ions do not exceed 0,003%; high carbonate (10-21%); absence of plaster in soil (0,2-0,3%); the width of humus in the soil layer (1,1-3,3%); and the average pore size of the soil (45-47%).
Loam covered area is 1,1-3,0 m. Most parts of the area are stony, and the advantageous part of the stones is 3-15 cm. Bonitet 52-60 points. The physical and chemical properties of the research object are as follows: grayish brown with lacquer, light and medium soil; specific weight 2,34-2,42 t/m3; volume weight 1,2-1,35 t/m3; water sticking strength 0,040,06 kgs/cm2; internal friction angle of 24-26%; the soil has an average hole (45-47%); the natural moisture content of the soil varies from 5% to 27% by weight of the soil; the maximum molecular moisture content varies from 1-2,7% to 23,4% by weight of the soil.
Drip irrigation. In drip irrigation, the water is supplied to the root system by pressure through pipes and drips. Soil moistening is to be drip and linear. Therefore, it is also called local irrigation. Usually, it is used for irrigation of gardens, vineyards, vegetable and melon crops [1].
Advantages of drip irrigation:
- low labor-intake;
- it is used less water to evaporation and filtration;
- soil structure is well maintained;
- fertilizer can be supplied with water;
- reduces the rate of felling;
- land use ratio will be high, there will be no erosion, convenient for automation.
Drip Irrigation Disadvantages:
- obstruction of the machine with salt sediments and clay particles in the water;
- damage caused to pipes by the rodents;
- expensive system;
- restricted use of drip irrigation system;
- high construction costs;
- high demands on water quality, necessity of cleaning;
- improving of microclimate;
- rapid disassembly of polymer pipes;
- demanding.
Drip irrigation options:
- rapid and rapid digestion of nutrients by the plant due to the active development of the spatial root and good airflow in the soil;
- irrigation at any time of the day, irrespective of the field handling of crops;
- the ability to harvest and harvest crops at any time, without damaging soil fertility due to non-irrigated soil area.
Drip Irrigation Advantages:
- a relatively small amount of water per unit volume;
- unwanted evaporation of irrigation water into the air and irrational waste of the active layers for irrigation of irrigation area (especially on the ground and in the rainwater);
- the effect of wind power on the quality of irrigation;
- in the case of hard terrain, water flow slowly to the soil during irrigation and the absence of water flow in the process of moisture distribution in the active layer;
- uniform distribution of moisture in other methods than in this method;
- low impacts of the system in relation to the change in pressure in the pipeline (especially the fall) in the piping pressure, as compared to the rainwater irrigation method;
- availability of sunbursts at any time of the day (24 hours), regardless of the effect of the environment (wind power, sudden temperature changes);
- the lack of weeds in this method compared to other methods;
- early cultivation of agricultural crops due to rainfall and soil irrigation methods, high soil temperature;
- soil drainage is mainly carried out on the capillary principle (good soil exchange in the soil, because the active layer does not squeeze in the irrigation method. The microwaves in the soil remain largely dry, and their moisture content does not exceed the moisture content of the area, which provides the root breathing throughout the growing process).
Low period between irrigations in drip irrigation (1-3 days). At the same time, the sharp fluctuations in the moisture content of the plant root layer are reduced [1].
The technology of irrigation, which is most appropriate for this study, is the technology of drip irrigation.
Along with the application of drip irrigation methods in irrigating agricultural crops, it is possible to reduce the amount of evapotranspiration by coating the plastic wrap between rows and reduce water loss by 50-60% compared to the method of sprinkler irrigation.
Changing of soil moisture when using a wrap and drip irrigation. As a result of the use of wrap, evapotranspiration can be prevented, and we don not have to pay attention to Et. In addition to the development of plant root system in Shakhrisabz district of Kashkadarya region, different moisture content and moisture content of the initial surface are shown in Figure 2. The constants were determined by the method developed by the academic F.B.Abutaliev [3].
This figure shows the change in soil moisture in the early stages of plants (cotton) development. The curves in the diagram represent the underlying and arranged layers (42 cm).
In general, the irrigation regime plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable and stable crops of agricultural crops.
In addition to drip irrigation than normal furrows, the use of plastic wrap helps to minimize evapotranspiration results in reduced irrigation rates and the duration of irrigation.
As a result of using the wrap, evapotranspiration can be prevented, and it is not necessary to pay attention to Et.
Fig. 1. The scheme of improved drip irrigation technology
As can be seen from this figure, the drip irrigation pipe is coated with a plastic wrap, which is used to prevent the evapotranspiration of irrigated water and the fertilizers provided. In addition, the timing of the crops will be shorter, the weeds will not be.
Summary. This article discusses how drip irrigation technology can affect soil moisture. Therefore, the irrigation water drip irrigation technology, based on which is supplied to the crop, goes directly to the active ingredient. As a result:
• is not allowed to moist excessive of the area;
• it is ensured the same distribution of fertilizers to the crops during irrigation and no extinction;
• it is not allowed to waste water, which means that excess water does not emerge and irrigation does not exceed soil.
When using plastic wrap, as well as with drip irrigation, we get the following results:
• evapotranspiration, ie prevention of irrigation water evaporation;
• absence of weeds and vegetation duration between crops;
• prevent large quantities of nitrogen fertilizer from being released into the atmosphere from being released into the atmosphere.
References / Список литературы
1. Khamidov M.Kh., Shukurlaev Kh.I., Mamataliev A.B. "Hydrotechnic melioration on Agriculture", Textbook for Higher Educational Institutions. T.: "Sharq", 2008. 408 p.
2. Methods of field experiments. The methodical manual was prepared and published for publication at the UzPITI, 2007.
3. Abutaliev F.B. Modeling of non-stationary processes of moisture-transfer in multi-layer process systems and their study by analytical and numerical methods. T., 1991.
4. Official site of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan: http://www.agro.uz.
5. Юркова Ю.Е. Преспективы развития капельного орошения // Известия НВ АУК. 2007. №3. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n7prespektivy-razvitiya-kapelnogo-orosheniya (дата обращения: 10.10.2019).
6. Заносова Валентина Ивановна, Брыкина Ирина Геннадьевна, Пушкарева Татьяна Ивановна. Основные принципы рационального использования водно-ресурсного потенциала в гидромелиорации // Вестник АГАУ, 2011. № 11. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osnovnye-printsipy-ratsionalnogo-ispolzovaniya-vodno-resursnogo-potentsiala-v-gidromelioratsii/ (дата обращения: 10.10.2019).
