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Improvement of training of public health officials in Republic of Kazakhstan
the Intestinal Path and liver problems are possible.
Discussion
In this study we compared research the saliva of patients with Radio activation neutron method (determination of the mineral composition of saliva). Institute of Nuclear Physics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The use of this new technique of research has received remarkable research attention. Results in small study groups have been encouraging; however, they have requested for evaluation with larger numbers and evidences from other centers.
Therefore, we believe that the Radio activation neutron method is an effective and cost-effective method.
Conclusion
We consider thus, the mineral structure of a saliva is one of the major factors defining processes of a mineralization of firm tissues of teeth and their resistance to cariesogen influences.
Conflict of interests
Authors have no conflict of interests.
References:
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2. Alana K. Saxe, DMD/Lenore J. Louie, MSc, DMD/James Mah, DDS, MSc, DMSc, «World Journal of Orthodontics», 2010;11:16-22.
3. Favreau, Annie. “Orthodontics Treatment Using Three-Dimensional Model Simulation”. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
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Rakhimbekova Dalmira Kaniyevna, Candidate of Medical Science Assiya Erbulatovna Iglikova, Candidate of Medical Science, Yerkinbekova Gulnara Bekbosinovna, Almaty State Institute of Advanced Medical Education, Almaty, Kazakhstan
E-mail: iglikova-a@mail.ru
Improvement of training of public health officials in Republic of Kazakhstan
Abstract: Nowadays, when modern public health system is developed, much attention is paid to professionalism of public health officials. Therefore, an important component is the improvement of quality and efficiency of their professional training. A precondition for better training of adult students is to focus on their professional and personal needs.
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Section 3. Medical science
Keywords: public health officials, training.
The need in improvement of professionalism of medical specialists in Kazakhstan is caused by current social and economic conditions of the updating society: establishment of market relations including those in social industries, extension of international relations, and integration processes.
The public health system is not an isolated system. It is a component of national economy. Therefore, any changes in political, economic and social spheres of the society (both positive and negative) influence its stability, and determine its prospects.
The issue of raising of professional skills is one of many factors hampering the implementation of innovative processes in practical public health. Often, passivity of thinking of many medical and pharmaceutical workers, and habitually conventional way of raising of professional skills impede their personal and professional development [1].
Therefore, much depends on arrangement of training at higher education institutions so as to focus on development of personality of adult students, who have the established thinking patterns. A feature of modern training of adults is that the persons are trained to be acmeologically oriented subject to relevant components of acmeological training and pedagogic design. It is widely known that acmeology as a science emerged at the confluence of natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences, having an independent subject of study, phenomenology of regularities, mechanisms and methods of personal development at the age of maturity, when the highest point of development is achieved. Acme (Ancient Greek) means the period of physical and spiritual maturity of a person, which is achieved by about 40 years of age [2].
The bottleneck of training of public health officials, especially, managers of various levels, always was the prevalence of theoretical (lectured) materials, excessive academicism, distance and estrangement from students, and low number of hours of seminars. At the same time, the practice of seminars held with active training methods (such as ‘fish tank’, ‘brain storm’, etc.) is more preferable for students. It allows the students to digest material better, work on decision-making skills, group communication skills, and ability to lay out a position, or opinion, and defend it in a discussion, which is very important for personal growth of a student.
Although, at our chair, basic, frontier and final control tests have been used for a few years, it is very hard to properly determine whether the training is efficient or not.
How is it determined whether training is efficient or not? Is it based on positive feedback from students or the results of examinations, or control tests at the end of the training? The managers, who send their employees to refresher courses, perhaps, are not very interested in such criteria. They are more interested that the knowledge obtained at the training result in successful work of medical organization and its business units. That is, the customer wants to be sure that various managers, who were trained, can show specific results: to improve their work, increase work performance, establish favorable psycho-
logical environment in the labor collective, and properly settle legal issues, etc.
A main component of successful training is efficient communication. At all the stages of training (determination of scope of knowledge and skills to be acquired by students at some or other stage; elaboration of the curriculum and course program; training; estimation of training results), the communication plays important role. For example, for identification and specification of the training needs of students, the teacher may conduct either basic questioning or conversation. When the curriculum of training course is elaborated, the teacher must understand and take into account the features of communication (communication principles), so that the course prepared subject to the results of basic questioning will become consistent, lessons exciting, and materials of lecture easily digestible. It is necessary to know how to catch and keep the attention of the audience, and how to make the students interested, and how to lay out the material and focus on the most important issues, which is various sides of communication.
The model of task-oriented communication is useful to understand the regularities of communication and its connection with training. This model has a few advantages: it is focused on mutual interaction, and by using the model, one can eliminate many obstacles impeding proper communication.
That said, one issue must be noted, which was faced by foreign specialists in the field of manager training. The attempts to implement ready models of management of different countries without taking into account local business and cultural traditions often were unsuccessful [3]. The disregard of local cultural features, which influence character and personality of a student is a reason for some failures in implementation of ready models. The understanding of communication patterns allows to eliminate the obstacles hindering communication, allows a teacher to clearly determine the training needs of students in training, and adjust the training subject to local customs and political system. Such approach allows, finally, to determine what students are interested in, and what they need when raising their professional skills. As a result, the theoretically oversaturated training programs were reviewed, and later, adjusted according to the practical needs of customers.
What must be admitted when estimating foreign practices of training is that when training needs are estimated, it is necessary to determine the initial level of a student: both professional level and his/her attitude to training, as well as his/her emotional disposition. For example, a student sent to the training by his/her manager, most probably, will have the attitude different from that of the student, who came to the training at his/her own wish. At the beginning of training, sufficient time is required to catch the interest of the students of the first category, by explaining them in detail the possible benefits of the training. The determination of the initial level of knowledge may lead to adjustment of the curriculum
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Doppler researches informativeness in diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitises in children
planned at the beginning of training, and teaching methods (based on what the students already know). That said, the role of a teacher is changed: he/she is not just the carrier of ready answers to any questions, but an advisor and assistant in students’ work on problems. His/her functions changed: now, a teacher must ‘draw knowledge from the students, and establish the environment of cooperation at the training, which is more like a seminar than a lecture.
Thus, nowadays, there is an essential need (which is confirmed by both our and foreign practices of training) in activation of cognitive work of students, development of skills and abilities of analysis and estimation of a problem, and based on it, development of logic thinking, which helps shape a modern public health official as a person ready and able to implement modern innovative technologies in practical health system.
References:
1. Anisimov O. S. Acmeology and methodology: issues of psychic techniques and thought techniques. Moscow, 1998, 772 pages.
2. https://ru.wikipedia
3. http://www.medmedia.ru
Inoyatova Flora Ilyasovna,
M. D., Professor, Head of Hepatology Department of Republican specialized scientific-practical medical center pediatrics, E-mail: hepar.child2011@yandex.ru Yusupalieva Gulnora Akmalovn,
M. D., docent, candidate of medical sciences, Head of Clinical Radiology Department of Tashkent pediatric medical institute,
E-mail: ygulnora@mail.ru
Doppler researches informativeness in diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitises in children
Abstract: The data of 150 children after ultrasound examination are given in the article. Those were clinical laboratory results that not always reflect the real pathologic picture of hepatic processes with the divergence of 14%-37%. Additional doppler test in the combination with echography is shown to enable not only increase in diagnosing effectiveness up to 35,3%, but also in having in idea of the condition of parenchyma and spleen, collateral dysfunction of blood circulations and marked portal hypertension. Similar direction of structural functional impairments of hepatic vessels was determined. Direct and indirect criteria in diagnosing of portal hypertensions were worked out.
Keywords: chronic viral hepatitis, diagnostics, ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, children.
Urgency. Chronic viral hepatitis (ChVH) presents severe problems for health services in most countries in the world and also in Uzbekistan. Due to its wide spread and the variety of forms as mild, severe, progressive and even cirrhosis [3, 5, 6, 7], the problem attracts particular attention in pediatrics and one of the causes is irregular sometimes wrong diagnostics of pathologic process in the liver. It is due to variety of clinical manifestations, similarity of symptoms of other gastrointestinal tract diseases, “scantiness” of objective signs, insufficient interpretation in literature on pediatrics matters of screening diagnostics, absence of conformity between pathology change in the liver and its manifestation [5, 8, 10, 11].The main point of the development of chronic liver diseases is the development of the successive stages of fibrosis of the liver with cirrhosis at the end. The best standard diagnosing method in liver fibrosis is biopsy. However, the invasive method, possible errors in evaluation of the results with sampling error (incompatibility of local tissue area to the total process in the
liver) and practical limits in biopsy in children give rise to the study of other, more available methods in diagnostics.
The experience in pediatrics certifies the necessity of popularization and in all area inculcation of USI. The preferences given to ultrasound echography in the combination with dopplerography of the vessels in various systems. It is not only supplement to two dimension USI but enables to reveal delicate mechanism of hemodynamics disturbances in the cases not diagnosed by using the standard echography [1, 2, 9, 12]. At this point of view, the role of Doppler in complex evaluations of the conditions of the liver the ChVH in children is of great significance.
Purpose of the investigation: comparative evaluation of informatively of echography and hemodynamic disturbances in the hepatic vessels and spleen in children with ChVH.
Materials and methods.
150 children with ChVH at the age of 3-14 years old were under the investigation: 3-6 years old — 37,3% 7-14 years old — 62,7% with minimal activity — 30,3% (1st group), mild
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