CC BY
5
АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО «НАУЧНАЯ АРТЕЛЬ»
Sammyyeva A., lecturer, Myrat Garyyev state medical university of Turkmenistan.
Saparova H., lecturer, Myrat Garyyev state medical university of Turkmenistan.
Japarow M., lecturer, Myrat Garyyev state medical university of Turkmenistan.
Rejepov G., lecturer, Myrat Garyyev state medical university of Turkmenistan.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
IMPORTANCE OF ENZYMES IN CELLULAR STRUCTURE Abstract
Enzymes are biological molecules, typically proteins, that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions within cells. They work by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur, thereby increasing the rate of the reaction without being consumed in the process. The article analyzes importance of enzymes within cell's structure.
Key words:
enzymes, importance of enzymes.
Enzymes are crucial for various metabolic processes, including digestion, energy production, and cellular repair. They are highly specific, often catalyzing only one type of reaction or a group of closely related reactions. Enzymes have complex structures that allow them to perform their specific functions efficiently. The structure of an enzyme typically includes:
1. Active Site: The active site is the key region of an enzyme where catalysis occurs. It typically consists of a small crevice or pocket on the enzyme's surface with a unique three-dimensional structure. This structure is complementary to the shape and chemical properties of the substrate molecule(s) that the enzyme acts upon. The active site provides a microenvironment that facilitates the specific chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, such as bond formation or cleavage. Additionally, the active site may contain amino acid residues that directly participate in the catalytic process, known as catalytic residues. These residues can include amino acids that serve as proton donors or acceptors, stabilize transition states, or facilitate the binding of the substrate.
2. Substrate Binding Site: Adjacent to the active site, the substrate binding site is where the substrate molecule(s) bind to the enzyme before undergoing catalysis. The substrate binding site is often characterized by a series of non-covalent interactions between the enzyme and the substrate, including hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. These interactions help ensure the specificity of the enzyme-substrate interaction, as only substrates with the appropriate shape, size, and chemical properties can effectively bind to the enzyme. The binding of the substrate to the enzyme's substrate binding site is reversible, allowing the enzyme to release the product(s) of the reaction once catalysis has occurred.
3. Cofactor Binding Sites: Some enzymes require additional non-protein molecules called cofactors to function properly. Cofactors can be metal ions or small organic molecules, and they often bind to specific sites on the enzyme.
4. Cofactors: These are non-protein molecules that assist in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. They can be classified as either coenzymes (organic molecules, often derived from vitamins) or metal ions (such as magnesium, zinc, or iron).
НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ « IN SITU »
ISSN (p) 2411-7161 / ISSN (e) 2712-9500
№3 / 2024
5. Quaternary Structure: Some enzymes consist of multiple protein subunits that come together to form a functional enzyme complex. This arrangement is known as quaternary structure. Each protein subunit within the enzyme complex contributes to the overall structure and function of the enzyme. The subunits may be identical (homomeric) or different (heteromeric), and their arrangement can influence the enzyme's stability, catalytic activity, and regulation. Quaternary structure is essential for certain enzymes to achieve their full catalytic potential or to perform specific functions, such as allosteric regulation, where the binding of a regulatory molecule to one subunit affects the activity of another subunit within the complex. Examples of enzymes with quaternary structure include hemoglobin, which consists of four subunits, and DNA polymerase, which typically forms a complex of multiple subunits during DNA replication.
6. Induced Fit: When the substrate binds to the active site, the enzyme may undergo conformational changes to better accommodate the substrate. This phenomenon is known as induced fit, where the enzyme's active site molds itself around the substrate, enhancing catalysis.
Enzymes play critical roles in virtually all aspects of cellular function. Enzymes are essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They catalyze the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones (catabolism) to release energy, as well as the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones (anabolism) to build cellular structures and biomolecules. Enzymes such as those involved in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation play central roles in energy production by facilitating the conversion of nutrients (e.g., glucose) into ATP, the cell's primary energy currency. Enzymes secreted by the digestive system, such as amylases, proteases, and lipases, break down ingested food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. Enzymes participate in various signaling pathways within cells, transmitting signals from the cell surface to the nucleus and regulating processes such as gene expression, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Enzymes such as DNA polymerases, helicases, and ligases are involved in the replication and repair of DNA, ensuring the faithful transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next and maintaining genomic stability. Enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase protect cells from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other harmful molecules. Literature:
1. Bernard R. G., Jack J. P. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. 2022.
2. Susan R. B. Biotechnology: An Introduction. 2019.
© Sammyyeva A., Saparova H., Japarow M., Rejepov G., 2024
Батыров Багтыяр Аманмухаммедович
Туркменский государственный медицинский университет имени М. Гаррыева
г. Ашхабад, Туркменистан
ВАЖНОСТЬ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА В МЕДИЦИСКИХ ВУЗАХ
Аннотация
В данной статье обсуждается важность изучения английского языка в медицинских вузах. Рассматриваются основные причины, по которым знание английского языка является ключевым для студентов медицинских специальностей, а также описывается его роль в формировании профессиональных навыков и карьерного роста в области здравоохранения.
