CC BY
5
UDC 61
Geldimyradow A.B.,
senior teacher, candidate of chemical sciences.
Japarov M.P., teacher.
Gylyjova M.J.,
teacher.
Myrat Garyyev State Medical University of Turkmenistan.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
Annotation
In the human body, enzymes are found in all tissues and fluids. Intracellular enzymes carry out catalysis of all reactions taking place in metabolic pathways. Most of the critical life processes are established on the functions of enzymes. For example, the enzymes in the plasma membrane govern the catalysis in cells and enzymes in the circulatory system regulate blood clotting. They are large proteins that can also be found in RNA form.
Key words:
development, factor, life, reaction, enzyme, human.
Аннотация
В организме человека ферменты содержатся во всех тканях и жидкостях. Внутриклеточные ферменты осуществляют катализ всех реакций, протекающих в метаболических путях. Большинство важнейших жизненных процессов основаны на функциях ферментов. Например, ферменты плазматической мембраны управляют катализом в клетках, а ферменты системы кровообращения регулируют свертывание крови. Это крупные белки, которые также можно найти в форме РНК.
Ключевые слова: развитие, фактор, жизнь, реакция, фермент, человек.
In the human body, enzymes are found in all tissues and fluids. Intracellular enzymes carry out catalysis of all reactions taking place in metabolic pathways. Most of the critical life processes are established on the functions of enzymes. For example, the enzymes in the plasma membrane govern the catalysis in cells and enzymes in the circulatory system regulate blood clotting.
They are large proteins that can also be found in RNA form (catalytic RNAs or ribozymes). They aid in a variety of bodily functions, including growth and development, reproduction, and numerous life processes.
The activity of an enzyme can be affected by its environmental factors. Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and modulators are essential parameters that influence the rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions.
• Enzyme concentration
The activity of an enzyme increases as the concentration of the enzyme increases. This is because more enzymes are available to bind to the substrate. In turn, the reaction speed increases.
The rate of reaction is proportional to the amount of enzyme present. Therefore, we see a straight line in the graph, where the x-axis is enzyme concentration, and the y-axis is the rate of reaction.
• Substrate concentration
An enzyme's activity increases with the rise in substrate concentration. The enzyme activity rises until it reaches a maximum limit.
In other words, the enzyme molecules are completely saturated with the substrate. This means that all enzymes' active sites are occupied. The surplus substrate molecules will not react until the substrate that has already been bound to the enzymes has reacted and has been released or released without reacting.
To help you visualise, the rate of reaction increases initially. However, the reaction rate reaches a plateau when all enzymes are occupied. For an enzyme-catalysed reaction, there is usually a hyperbolic relationship between the reaction rate and the substrate concentration.
• Effect of pH on the rate of reaction
pH has an impact on enzyme activity. A bell-shaped curve emerges when enzyme activity is plotted versus pH. Each enzyme has a certain optimal pH at which the reaction rate is the fastest. The optimal pH is when a specific enzyme's activity is at its peak. The enzyme activity is greatly reduced below and above the optimal pH, and at high pH, the enzyme becomes completely inactive.
Acidic carboxylic groups (COOH-) and basic amino groups (-NH2) are found in enzymes. As a result, changing the pH value affects the enzymes.
For most enzymes, the optimum pH for the enzymatic activity of ranges from 6 to 7.
• Effects of temperature on the rate of reaction
An optimum temperature range is required to maximise the enzyme activity. Temperatures that are either higher or lower than the optimal temperature causes a decrease in the enzyme activity and can lead to denaturation (when the temperature is too high).
The temperatures between 37 and 45°C are referred to as the optimal temperature for most enzymes. At this given temperature, most enzymes become more active. Extremely high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its denature form and eventually stop functioning. The majority of enzymes in the human body have a temperature optimum of 37 °C and are denatured or destroyed at higher temperatures.
However, there are some exceptions, for example, in extremophiles. Few enzymes, such as Taq DNA polymerase found in thermophilic bacteria, are active at temperatures as high as 100°C. Literatures:
1. Величенко В.М. Первая доврачебная помощь, 2013 г.
2. Мамагов А.С. Экстримальная медицина.
3. Буланов В.М. Первая медицинская помощь, 2000 г.
4. Диагностика и доврачебная помощь при неотложных состояниях. 2013.
5. Брукман М.С. Доврачебная помощь при ушибах, 2011 г.
6. Рогова Н.В. Первая доврачебная помощь, 2002 г.
7. Доврачебная помощь при ожогах и обморожениях. 2010 г. azsgaz. blogspot.com
© Geldimyradow A.B., Japarov M.P., Gylyjova M.J., 2023
