CC BY
21
УДК 339.972
Vasileva E.Y.
2nd-year master's student of Southwest State University,
Kursk, Russia Scientific supervisor: Kuzmina V.M.,
Associate Professor, Southwest State University
Kursk, Russia
IMPACT OF SANCTIONS RESTRICTIONS OF WESTERN COUNTRIES FOR TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Annotation
The article discusses the changes in the transport sector of the Russian Federation associated with the introduction of sanctions restrictions of the European Union and the United States of America. The main directions of the development of transport infrastructure and the decisions of Russian business aimed at stabilizing traffic flows are analyzed.
Keywords
Transport logistics, transport infrastructure, transport complex, sanctions.
Until February 2022, the freight transportation market functioned according to clear, clearly defined rules by the international community. However, due to major changes in the international agenda, fundamental changes have taken place in many areas of international cooperation, including in the transport sector. The sanctions pressure on the Russian Federation (RF) has intensified. European countries, as well as the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan and South Korea, attempted to blockade the Russian Federation in trade and transport sectors. Throughout 2022 and early 2023, Western countries introduced more and more new packages of sanctions that cause significant damage to both Russia and themselves. A ban was introduced both on the export of high-tech goods and on the import of a number of Russian goods. At the time of publication of this article, 9 packages of sanctions of the European Union (EU) have been introduced against the Russian Federation, the tenth package of sanctions is planned to be introduced by the end of February 2023. It is assumed that the tenth package of EU anti-Russian sanctions will be aimed at forcing banks to disclose information about frozen Russian assets. In addition, the EU proposes to impose sanctions against Alfa-Bank, Rosbank and Tinkoff Bank [1].
Logistic restrictions have become one of the means of Western pressure on Russia, since logistics is the basis for the smooth functioning of many economic, social and political processes. Western countries have introduced restrictions on aircraft flights, the entry of Russian ships into foreign ports, and a ban on the entry of Russian trucks into the territory of the European Union. Almost all foreign maritime operators refused to work with Russian cargo and increased insurance coverage for those vessels that still continue to work with Russia.
Work in Russia was suspended by large foreign carriers: TNT, FedEx, UPS. Another express delivery service, DHL, still carries goods in Russia and abroad, but has limited export shipments to the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as imports in all directions. Suspended the work of large shipping companies - ONE, Hapag-Lloyd, HMM, MSC, Maersk and CMA CGM.
These problems create queues at the border: customs checks whether carriers are carrying sanctioned goods from Europe to Russia and vice versa; cargo and documents are carefully inspected.
All this makes transportation in the European direction expensive and long. The time at which the cargo will arrive at the place is sometimes impossible to predict. The Scandinavian direction suffered the most. The cargo turnover of the northwestern ports of Russia, including St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, decreased
by 41%. The volume of container traffic from Western Europe and the Atlantic countries to the port of St. Petersburg decreased by 70% [4].
In connection with the increased sanctions pressure on the Russian Federation, the logistics chains that have existed for decades have undergone significant changes. There was a so-called turn of logistics to the East - cargo flows began to be redirected towards available markets. Those exports that used to go to the northwest began to compete with coal for the infrastructure of the Eastern range of Russian railways (the Baikal-Amur Mainline and the Trans-Siberian Mainline). In addition, part of the port terminals on the coast of the Baltic Sea has practically lost cargo, while the terminals of the Far East are overflowing with containers with imported products. [3].
The situation that has developed over the past year in the economic sphere can be considered the most difficult in the recent history of the Russian Federation. On the other hand, the existing restrictions carry the potential for independent development of the Russian economy, import substitution, and reorientation to new markets. In this situation, the government of the Russian Federation has to respond dynamically to the ever-changing conditions for trade, import and export of goods. An important role is played by forecasting the economic situation, which takes into account further possible sanctions and restrictions.
V.V. Tsyganov offers a dynamic model of the functioning of the Russian government, in which five main areas are identified - directives, changes in legislation, development of railway infrastructure, development of roads, development of international transport corridors [5].
At a meeting on the development of certain areas of the transport complex on May 24, 2022, President V.V. Putin proposed to rebuild the transport infrastructure in order to increase the capacity and speed of delivery of goods. Russia must accelerate the development of transport infrastructure and increase logistics capabilities. For these purposes, budget expenditures have been increased, and a program of infrastructure budget loans has been adopted. The growth of cargo transportation and the creation of new logistics chains will help maintain trade despite the sanctions[2].
Measures taken at the initiative of the Government of the Russian Federation to support the transport complex helped air carriers to maintain the fleet of foreign aircraft. Reciprocal restrictions were introduced for countries prohibiting Russian ships from entering their ports, and the influence of Western-controlled international organizations on rail transport was weakened. In addition, restrictions on the use of temporarily imported foreign containers in the Russian Federation were lifted, the participation of foreign investors in water cargo transportation was limited, weight and dimensional control for trucks transporting food was temporarily canceled. One of the most important decisions was the removal of restrictions on parallel imports [2].
In the field of railway infrastructure development, the railway network in the east is being rapidly upgraded. It is planned to increase the carrying capacity to 180 million tons of cargo per year (in 2021 - 144 million tons), and the transit of containers - up to 1.7 million conventional units of containers in a twenty-foot equivalent [5].
In the field of road development, special attention is paid to the reconstruction of the M-12 Moscow-Kazan highway, which will become part of the Europe-Western China road route through Kazakhstan. The total length of this route is about 8500 km, of which about 2300 km pass through the territory of the Russian Federation. It is assumed that the time of delivery of goods along this route from China to the western border of the Russian Federation will be about 10 days - faster than by rail along the Trans-Siberian Railway (14 days). This will create new opportunities for the development of trade, additional income from transit, and incentives for the accelerated development of the regions along which this route will pass.
The government analyzes the problems and forms roadmaps for the development of transport and logistics corridors. For each of them, the transport potential and the list of companies providing their development are determined. In particular, it is planned to develop the port infrastructure of the Azov-Black Sea and Caspian basins, taking into account the increase in cargo traffic and changes in the range of goods, primarily,
the seaports of Novorossiysk, Kavkaz, Temryuk, Olya, Makhachkala [5].
Summing up, we can say that the introduction of sanctions restrictions by the countries of the collective West has seriously affected the economy of the Russian Federation, as well as traffic flows in many regions of the world. Since the stable economic development of Russia is impossible without the rapid development of transport infrastructure, in 2022 there have been major changes in the transport sector and a reorientation of logistics chains from the northwest to the southeast. The Government of the Russian Federation responds to new challenges in real time, boosting the development of transport infrastructure and supporting business in the current environment. Russian business, despite the existing problems, is adapting to changing conditions, rebuilding production and logistics chains.
Список использованной литературы:
1. Евросоюз нацелился на российские активы. Что будет в 10-м пакете санкций [Электронный ресурс] // ra3eTa.Ru: 2023. 15 фев. Режим доступа: https://www.gazeta.ru/business/2023/02/15/16255267.shtml/ (дата обращения: 15.02.2023).
2. Официальный сайт Президента России [Электронный ресурс] // Совещание по развитию отдельных направлений транспортного комплекса: 2022. 24 мая. Режим доступа: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/ president/transcripts/68468 (дата обращения: 15.02.2023).
3. Разворот логистики на восток [Электронный ресурс] // Ведомости: 2022. 31 дек. Режим доступа: https://www.vedomosti.ru/economics/articles/2022/12/30/957687-razvorot-logistiki/ (дата обращения: 15.02.2023).
4. Санкции и логистика: как живет бизнес, связанный с зарубежными поставками [Электронный ресурс] // Дело Модульбанка: 2022. 15 июн. Режим доступа: https://delo.modulbank.ru/all/sanctions-and-logistics (дата обращения: 15.02.2023).
5. Цыганов В.В. Модели и методы адаптации транспортной инфраструктуры России в условиях санкций / Труды 15-й межд. конф. «Управление развитием крупномасштабных систем» - М., ИПУ РАН, 2022. - С. 87-99.
© Vasileva E.Y., 2023
УДК 33
Ахмедов С.А., студент;
Туркменский государственный архитектурно-строительный институт.
Атаджыкова А.А., студентка;
Института международных отношений Министерства иностранных дел Туркменистана.
Бердиева Б.Б., студентка;
Института международных отношений Министерства иностранных дел Туркменистана.
Сапарова Г.Б., студентка. Туркменский государственный институт экономики и управления.
Ашхабад, Туркменистан.
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