CC BY
17ECONOMIC SCIENCES
MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION BASED ON
CONTAINERIZATION TECHNOLOGY
Zhakov V.
Ph.D. in Economics, Associate Professor Russian university of transport RUT (MUT)
Moscow
ABSTRACT
The article discusses the main advantages of modern container transportation. The main problems hindering the development of container transportation by rail, the main vectors of development of container transportation in Russia are identified. The article reveals the main tasks for the development, safety and modernization of the existing terminal network for container processing, as well as the prospects for the introduction of innovative transport products in the railway infrastructure of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: Cargo rail transportation, container transportation, competitiveness of transport services, digital transport.
Transport is an important part of the market infrastructure and one of the basic conditions of production in the modern world. The main task of transport is to satisfy the needs of the population in the transportation of goods and passengers, to move goods from manufacturer to consumer, ensuring an increase in the efficiency of economic activity of the global and national markets.
Railway transport has always been in demand in the Russian Federation. Its main advantages are efficiency, reliability, the ability to move oversized, heavy loads. Transportation of goods by rail is currently avail-
In Russia, rail transport occupies 60% of the transport services market. Container transportation is a promising direction in the development of rail freight traffic in our country. Container transportation significantly increases the level of mechanization of loading and unloading, transport and storage operations, which helps to reduce the processing and delivery time of goods. The main advantages of container shipping are shown in Fig. 1.
The share of international container traffic in the world market is about 60% of the total traffic, and this
able in many regions of Russia.
parameter tends to increase. [1]
Figure 1. The main advantages of containerized cargo transportation.
However, despite all the aforementioned advantages, the share of container traffic in the Russian Federation is not high - only about 2.5%. The volume of cargo transported in containers has increased by about 4.5% over the past three years, which indicates, albeit a slow, but still ongoing process of containeriza-tion of freight traffic.
One of the ways to increase the competitiveness of container transportation of cargo is to optimize the time spent on handling such cargo. To accelerate the processing of containers and reduce the associated operating costs, it is necessary to develop container terminals, introduce progressive, science-intensive and resource-saving technologies.
A container terminal, used as one of the elements of the supply chain by transport organizations, industrial companies, trade or agricultural enterprises, is a complex of technical means and facilities necessary to carry out activities related to loading, dispatching, receiving and unloading containers, as well as to provide sorting and temporary storage of container units. [3]
The main obstacle to increasing the level of con-tainerization of goods in Russia at present is the insufficient development of the internal infrastructure for the transportation and handling of containers, the lack of production and transport capacities.
Only 41 terminals can work with the 40-foot containers most widely used in Russia, and just over 170 with 20-feet containers. This is not enough for the Russian Federation. In such conditions it is more profitable for the cargo owner to use truck transportation.
Due to the undeveloped infrastructure for the transportation of goods in containers by rail, the duration of loading or unloading containers at the station is up to 70% of the total transportation time, which sharply reduces the efficiency of the logistics process.
Most of the stations do not have container sites with sufficient capacity. At many stations, their further development became difficult due to territorial restrictions. This hinders the development of cargo transportation in large containers.
The operation of container trains requires at least 850 m of railway tracks for loading and unloading (this corresponds to 57 ordinary wagons), and the current level of development of stations and the geographical features of the area, incl. coastal and port areas are not always allowed to do this.
Another factor holding back the development of container transportation in Russia is the lack of logistics centers. The logistics center coordinates warehouse and transport services, provides information support and controls freight traffic. It must have a well-developed infrastructure, which includes a number of warehouse terminals, loading and unloading facilities, and equipment for ensuring customs control.
Prospects for the development of rail container transportation are closely related to the development of infrastructure, with the construction of new terminals and cargo handling facilities. [2]
The development of container transportation is also one of the important blocks of the Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport in the Russian Federation until 2030. The project for the development of
container traffic through the territory of the Russian Federation involves the accelerated delivery of goods in the direction of the Far East - West of Russia.
The main project is the construction of a highspeed railway for the accelerated delivery of containers from China, Central and East Asia to Europe - the Trans-European Container Line. [3]
This highway will allow container traffic at a speed of 140-160 km/h and will provide efficient passenger traffic at speeds up to 200 km/h by improving the existing infrastructure and building new high-speed and high-speed lines.
Another innovative project - "Transsib in 7 days" was also developed and successfully tested as an accelerator of freight traffic on the basis of the national railway infrastructure.
The growth in container handling in seaports has contributed to the concentration of freight traffic and the massive development of fast container train (FCT) technology. In addition, fast container trains have become widespread due to the peculiarities of Russian geography and the presence of the Trans-Siberian Railway, whose transport importance is increasing every year.
The main goal of the "Transsib in 7 days" project is to increase the export of transport services. A key element of this project was the launch of regular fast container trains, which follow a tight schedule at a speed of 1,500 km per day. Expedited container trains follow an approved schedule so that the sender knows the exact time of arrival of the cargo at a specific station.
Also, within the framework of this project, it is planned to modernize rolling stock, build container terminals and introduce electronic processing of documents between all participants in the transport process. [3]
For example, in 2015, as part of the innovation program of Russian Railways, a sample of a two-story container platform was developed and tested in the European part of Russia. In the future, such an innovative rolling stock will also be used on the Trans-Siberian Railway, which can significantly increase the efficiency of this line.
In order to improve the operational safety and competitiveness of railway transport on Eurasian routes, a number of Russian and international organizations are carrying out purposeful work. Ensuring the safety of transported goods is one of the main factors in increasing competitiveness, for which the development and implementation of the Safety Train project was organized. The project ensures the safety and security of cargo transportation through the territories of the states through which the Eurasian transport corridors pass, and affects the interests of all participants in the transport process: carriers, cargo owners, operators and forwarders. [2]
The project provides for the use of a digital navigation panel and electronic devices based on the technology of the global satellite navigation system GLONASS / GPS. It allows for remote monitoring of the movement of goods and provides real-time control of access to data on the state of objects being moved along the entire route.
The use of electronic means of protection as an information link in the technological chains of the transport process allows integrated market participants to reach a qualitatively new level, both in logistics and in ensuring the safety of transported goods. Thus, the Digital Transport Corridors project can improve the efficiency and safety of transportation on transcontinental routes.
The project has already been implemented in Russia and Kazakhstan, agreements have been signed between the departmental Railway Security Service of the Russian Federation and security companies in Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Latvia.
In the fall of 2019, Russia and Kazakhstan implemented pilot projects for monitoring road traffic using seals to enhance control over the movement of goods in global networks. The results of the experiment finally convinced the customs services of the EU countries of the effectiveness of this mechanism, as a result of which an agreement was reached on the creation of a unified system for tracking goods in transit with electronic navigation seals.
Subsequently, a national segment of the unified system of use was developed in Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus and the countries of Eastern Europe.
In the future, such segments will be refined and combined into a single Eurasian system for tracking goods.
The use of electronic navigation seals can only be viewed as the first fundamental stage in the creation of modern digital transport corridors, which should be completed by 2025. Ideally, it is planned to move away from the paper history of documents, move to uniform standards for information interaction and create a single virtual system for controlling the flow of goods. At the same time, during the implementation of this initiative, several stages are envisaged, at which not only pilot projects are implemented, but also the regulatory and legal framework is prepared, national and supranational segments of the system are designed and created, and standards and existing information systems are developed or modernized.
Ultimately, analysts believe that with timely measures, the total effect will be at least 154 billion rubles. However, according to the same experts, in order to implement all the plans of the participating countries, it is necessary not only to provide funds, but also political will.
The creation of an ecosystem of digital transport corridors could be a real turning point in the process of Eurasian integration. This will not only simplify the management of the flow of goods and passengers within the EU, CIS countries and Asia, but also reduce the administrative and time costs of companies and increase the speed of goods turnover, as well as serve as an incentive for the development of the Digital Silk Road with the participation of China.
The project may be attractive to third countries. For example, India, Iran or Japan, with which it is possible to develop global digital transport corridors "West-East" or "North-South".
Moreover, the creation of digital transport corridors in one way or another will serve as an impetus for changing national laws and their standardization. This, in turn, will allow countries to take another step towards integrating their economies. Thus, the digital aspect of transport corridors in Eurasia can be considered as one of the most promising tools for the development of the Eurasian Economic Union as a whole and for each of the countries.
But despite all the successes, the crime situation on the railway network remains difficult. At the same time, the successful implementation of the Safety Train project in Russia and Kazakhstan proves the expediency of expanding the geography of this project to all international transport routes.
To date, a joint regulation of interaction in the carriage of goods in accelerated container trains has already been developed and tested, which determines the algorithm of actions for the response of the power structures of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus to alarms from electronic devices. The Informatization Department of Russian Railways is also actively working to unite the efforts of market participants to harmonize the use of electronic devices on the railway infrastructures of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus. [3]
In addition, the embedded electronic devices should be not only a means of control and prevention of unauthorized entry into a carriage (container), but also an electronic carrier for identifying information entered into the relevant transport and customs documents. It is obvious that the customs authorities should also take part in the project.
Thus, in order to develop and increase the efficiency of organizing container transportation, as well as to develop and implement new container routes, it is necessary to implement innovative projects in the field of intermodal transportation based on the use of digital and container technologies, namely, to expand the range of routes served by fast container trains, modernize existing and to build new high-tech and multifunctional container terminals and logistics centers in cargo-intensive hubs.
References
1. Zhakov, V.V., Filimonova, Z.V. World experience in the implementation of logistics technologies and its application to improve the competitiveness of transport services [Text] / V.V. Zhakov, Z.V. Filimonova // Transport business of Russia. 2017. No. 6. P. 49-53.
2. Sokolov, Yu.I. Rail demand management and market equilibrium problems [Text] / Yu.I. Sokolov, E.A. Ivanova, V.A. Shlein, I.M. Lavrov,L.O. Ani-keeva-Naumenko, V.N. Nesterov; Edited by Yu.I. Sokolov // M .: Training and Methodological Center for Education in Railway Transport, 2015, - 320 p.
3. Tereshina, N.P., Podsorin, V.A. Management of innovations in railway transport [Text] / N.P. Tereshina, V.A. Podsorin // M: Vega-Info, 2012 .- 477p.
