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ethnosocial practice and the conservative nature of the existing system of social institutions. One of the most efficient methods to reach social accord in a poly-ethnic region is settlement of ethnosocial conflicts on the basis of elimination of inequality in the spheres of common interests of different ethnic groups.
In order to preserve a stable situation in interethnic and inter-confessional relations in the region, in the view of these researchers, it is necessary to evolve a comprehensive monitoring program, develop active cooperation between bodies of power, scientific and expert communities, national-cultural autonomies and non-commercial organizations working in the sphere of public relations.
Author of the abstract - Valentina Schensnovich
IGOR DOBAYEV, OLEG CHEREVKOV. TRANSFORMATION OF RADICAL ISLAMIST MOVEMENT IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS: FROM "IMARAT KAVKAZ" TO "VILAYAT KAVKAZ" / / The article was specially written for the bulletin "Russia and the Moslem World."
Keywords: "Al-Qaeda," "Vilayat Kavkaz," Wahhabism, "Imarat Kavkaz," Islamism, ISIS, North Caucasus, terrorism, extremism.
Igor Dobayev,
D.Sc. (Philosophy), professor, Expert of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don Oleg Cherevkov,
Graduand, Southern Federal University
In 2007 the new leader of the "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" Doku Umarov announced the formation of the "state" under the name "Imarat Kavkaz" whose leaders soon proclaimed
it a filial formation of the worldwide network grouping "Al-Qaeda." However, in view of neutralization of D. Umarov in November 2013 and the emergence of a new and powerful grouping of radical Islamists called ISIS in the Middle East, most commanders of the "Imarat Kavkaz" units, having turned away from orientation to "Al-Qaeda" gave their loyalty oath to the leader of ISIS. These groupings not only have sent their fighters to Syria for taking part in "jihad", but also transformed their activity on the territory of Russian regions, thus having created new threats to the security of the Russian Federation.
In 2007 the new leader of the virtually existing "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" Doku Umarov announced the completion of the nationalist plan to build the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and simultaneously made public the new geopolitical project -"Imarat Kavkaz." It consisted of six administrative units (vilayats): Nokhchicho (Chechnya), Galgaiche (Ingushetia), Daghestan, Iriston (North Ossetia), Nogai Steppe (Stavropol territory), and united vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachai.1 Later, on May 11, 2009, vilayat Iriston was included in vilayat Galgaiche.2 The vilayats were headed by amirs from among the leaders of ethnic autonomous combat units. The "Imarat Kavkaz" claimed the territories of Krasnodar territory and the republic of Adygea, which did not form a separate vilayat.
The "Imarat Kavkaz" was a terrorist Islamist separatist underground which included Chechnya, Daghestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachayevo-Circassia, and also armed units of militants which were active on the territory of these republics. According to the data of the special services, as well as statements by leaders of the "Imarat," underground jihadist networks also existed in the Volga area, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and in certain parts of the Russian Federation in the Urals.3
The main units of the network structure of the "Imarat Kavkaz" were "jamaats." They were united by religious ideology and the methods of the armed struggle against Russian statehood in the North Caucasus, local bodies of power and Russian special
services. The "Imarat Kavkaz" movement was based on the distorted ideas of jihad.
There are two basic views on this problem. According to the most widespread view among experts, the "Imarat" was a structured hierarchic network in which the amirs (leaders) of vilayats (territories) were appointed by and subordinated to the amir Doku Umarov, whom they gave their loyalty oath. The structure of the organization was determined by Umarov's decree and had a typical network form. The borders of the vilayats coincided with the administrative borders of the republics almost everywhere. Each vilayat was divided into fronts - zones of responsibility of local amirs.
In turn, certain experts maintain that it would be wrong to regard the "Imarat" as a strictly structured vertically-built organization. In actual fact, it was rather a network consisting of various cells, which were "dormant" until a certain moment, and could launch a sudden and effective attack without asking permission from Doku Umarov or other chief jihadists. These experts note that far from always the "Imarat's" responsibility for one or another terrorist act corresponded to the truth.4
Certain experts call the "Imarat Kavkaz" a "virtual state": on the one hand, its territory was ruled by the Sharia law, which, in real fact, replaced Russian law; there were also "specialized institutions of power"; the supreme consultative body under the amir of the "Imarat Kavkaz" was "Majlis ul-Shurah," consisting of the amirs - heads of the vilayats and the leaders of the "jamaats"; the supreme judicial body was the High Sharia court" headed by the Kadi (Court Chairman). It should also be mentioned that the "Imarat" had the Security service -Muhabarat headed by the rais, which was in charge of investigation of the anti-state activity of the enemies of the "Imarat" and their "neutralization." However, it would be wrong to assert that all these functions were quite real, but not an imitation.
Besides, the composition of these groupings constantly changed.
Despite the presence of allegedly "state" features, the "Imarat" is a terrorist organization posing a threat to the regional and national security of Russia. In this connection, on February 25, 2010, a decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation went into force, banning the activity in Russia of the international terrorist organization "Imarat Kavkaz."5
As to the position of the United States, which took upon itself the role of the main fighter against terrorism all over the world after the tragic events of September 11, 2001, it recognized the "Imarat" as a terrorist organization much later, on April 29,
2010. The U.S. Helsinki Commission called on the Department of State to include the "Imarat Kavkaz" in the official list of international terrorist organizations. In June 2010 the U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton named the leader of the "Imarat Kavkaz" Doku Umarov a terrorist, and it was only on March 11,
2011, that the "Imarat Kavkaz" was included in the list of terrorist organizations in the United States.
On July 28, 2011, the UN Security Council Committee on sanctions against the "Al-Qaeda" and physical persons and legal entities connected with it adopted a decision to include the "Imarat Kavkaz" in the list of sanctions. In accordance with the resolution, the UN member-states are duty bound immediately to introduce the regime of sanctions against the "Imarat Kavkaz," which envisages freezing of all financial assets belonging to the organization and stopping any assistance, including the deliveries of arms and economic resources.
It should be emphasized that the "Imarat" is full of internal contradictions. In August 2010 a split occurred in the organization, the first in its history. Aslambek Vadalov, who was regarded the successor to the then head Doku Umarov, and several amirs of the Chechen sector of the "Imarat" suddenly announced their retirement and the end of their loyalty oath to Doku Umarov. Amirs of other vilayats proclaimed their support
to Doku Umarov and denounced the actions of Vadalov and his followers. In September 2010 Doku Umarov deprived the "rebels" in the Chechen sector of all ranks and titles.
However, on July 25, 2011, Aslambek Vadalov and other Chechen field commanders returned to their duties under Doku Umarov and renewed their loyalty oath to him. Thus, the split in the "Imarat Kavkaz" was temporarily overcome, but not for long. According to the data of the Islamist ideologist Orkhan Jemal for 2015, there were serious contradictions between representatives of the leaders of the Chechen and Daghestan band underground, which were the main centers of the "Imarat." The Chechen militants were against terrorist actions against peaceful citizens and preferred to concentrate attention on men of the special forces, whereas the Daghestani militants called for total terror. 6
The main types of actions of the "Imarat" bandit gangs were terrorist acts, shootings, explosions, etc., in order to frighten peaceful civilians, representatives of the authorities and clergy. Their main victims were men from the special services, army and police. It is important to note that the militants did not make difference between Russian servicemen and employees and the local Muslims. Their main targets were government officials at various levels, the Muslim and other clergy supporting the official authorities, tradesmen selling alcoholic drinks, fortunetellers and quacks, and prostitutes. As a rule, the militants took responsibility for murders upon themselves, basing them on decisions of "Sharia courts."
In April 2009 Doku Umarov announced the renovation of the "jamaat "Riyadus-Salihin" ("Gardens of righteous") - a special unit of suicide-terrorists, which had been set up by Shamil Basayev. The ideologist of the resurrected jamaat was Said Buryatsky, alias Aleksandr Tikhomirov, Russian Islamist from the city of Ulan-Ude in East Siberia. During several months the suicide-terrorists killed many policemen and peaceful citizens. For example, on August 17, 2009, the building of the local department of the Ministry for the Interior in Nazran was
completely demolished, twenty-five people were killed and more than 260 wounded.
At about that time a video address of Doku Umarov was circulated in which he approved and justified the terrorist acts against peaceful citizens, who, in his words, by paying taxes and keeping silent, supported the government, army and police.7
In June 2009, the "Imarat" militants took responsibility upon themselves for the murder of the Minister for the Interior of the Republic of Daghestan Adilgirei Magomedtagirov, the Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Court of Ingushetia Aza Gazgireyeva, and the former Vice Premier of Ingushetia Bashir Aushev. In July 2009 the militants took upon themselves responsibility for the attempt on the life of the President of Ingushetia Yunus-Bek Evkurov. And in August of 2009 they announced that it was they who committed an act of terror on the Sayano-Shushenskaya power plant in Siberia, which shook the entire country. True, the special criminal investigation disproved this version.8
In December 2009 the militants took upon themselves responsibility for the murder of the Orthodox Christian priest Daniil Sysoyev. It was then that they claimed the explosion of the passenger train "Nevsky Express" on November 27, 2009, in which 28 people died and more than 90 were wounded.
On March 31, 2010, Doku Umarov issued a video address, in which he said that the act of terror in the Moscow underground on March 29 was committed on his order.9
On January 24, 2011, a terrorist act was committed in Domodedovo Airport in Moscow which took a toll of 27 dead and over 150 wounded. At that time Umarov said: "Let Russia know that it is at war with the Caucasian Muslims and we deal blows at strategic objects, which we shall continue to make. A war is a war and it is waged with its own methods, whether good or bad."10
By the fifth anniversary of the creation of the "Imarat Kavkaz" it made, directly or indirectly, more than 2,200 acts of violence, as a result of which about 1,800 people died; 2,600
policemen, servicemen and officials were wounded. More than 450 peaceful citizens were killed and 1,200 were wounded.11
In January 2012 the investigation established that the explosion on the passenger train "Sapsan" from Moscow to St. Petersburg prevented by the Federal Special Services in the summer of 2011 was planned by Doku Umarov. The organizer of the crime Gasan Abdulayev, the leader of the South Daghestani sector of militants fled and was adjudged to be tried.
On January 16, 2014 the YouTube issued a recording of the Sharia judge of the "Imarat" Ali Abu-Muhammad Kebekov, in which he reported the death of the leader of the organization Doku Umarov. He also suggested that the "Imarat Kavkaz" should be headed by "Brother Aslambek" (that is, Aslambek Vadalov).
Speaking of the problem of searching for a new leader, the well-known expert on the Caucasus M. Roshchin expressed the view that the "Imarat Kavkaz" movement was now fragmented too much and is in decline "The point is that nobody wished to take the post of its leader. The strategy of an underground struggle and the broad use of suicide-bombers mean, among other things, a reduction of the number of people taking part in underground activity. This shows a decline of the entire project."12
The head of the Republic of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov also reported Umarov's death. In his words, Umarov was killed in one of the operations, but his body was not found.
On March 18, 2014 the "Imarat" command officially announced that Ali Abu-Muhammad was elected new head of the organization.
On June 28, 2014, YouTube showed a reel in which the new head of the "Imarat" said that inflicting harm to the life and property of the civilian population is inacceptable. In his words, the main aims of the actions of the militants are men of the special services. He also called on his people, especially women, to refrain from suicide acts.
On April 19-20, 2015, during a special operation in the suburb of the Daghestani city of Buinaksk five people were killed. A little later it was reported that among them were the leader of the "Imarat Kakaz" Aliashab Kebekov and four leaders of the Daghestani smash-hits, including two women. This special operation of the national anti-terrorist forces destroyed the top of the bandit underground in the North Caucasus.
However, in July 2015 the news came that Magomed Suleimanov, also known as Abu-Usman Gimrinsky, was proclaimed the new amir of the "Imarat Kavkaz." He was the "Qadi" of Daghestan" and continued the policy of his predecessor Kebekov. According to certain inhabitants of Daghestan, under Kebekov and Sulaimanov the level of violence and racket with regard to peaceful citizens (including men of the special forces) has gone down considerably, which displeased many field commanders.13 However, he was soon killed by the Russian special forces.14
Magomed Abdullayev, also known as Abu-Dujana Gimrinsky, was proclaimed the new amir. However, he stayed at the post for five days only and was killed during another operation.15
Zalim Shebzukhov, a Kabardian, was proclaimed the last amir of the "Imarat." It can now be said that the center of the "Imarat" has moved to the West.
Zalim Shebzukhov has prepared several terrorist acts against civilian population and representatives of the official authorities and especially during the May Day holidays in 2015. He was very active in recruiting new fighters for the armed conflict in Syria. On August 12, 2015, Zalim Shebzukhov came out with a video recording in which he called on all fighters to do everything in their power to spred the faith of Allah.16 On August 17, 2016, in St. Petersburg a special force unit apprehended a group of fighters from the North Caucasus. During the operation four of the fighters were killed. One of them turned to be Zalim Shebzukhov. He stayed in the city, apparently, for preparing a
terrorist act. According to some sources, he was going to quit terrorist activity and flee to Finland.17
Experts believed that another possible leader of the "Imarat Kavkaz" was Aslambek Vadalov, who was once a field commander, and in 2010 even the acting head of the "Imarat." One of his most notorious crimes was the murder of ten policemen in his native village in Chechnya in April 2004. In fighting at the time three peaceful village inhabitants were killed and several houses burned. On October 27, 2016, it became known that Vadalov and two former Chechen field commanders were captured by the Turkish special forces at the Syrian border. The head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov demanded their extradition to Russia.18
Since the liquidation of Shebzukhov and the arrest of Vadalov there has been no information about the election of a new leader of the "Imarat." Certain experts think that it has ceased to exist as a single whole. According to the head of the Republic of Daghestan Ramazan Abdulatipov, all terrorist groups in the republic have been smashed.19 Similar statements have been made by the head of Ingushetia Yunus-Bek Evkurov20, as well as the Ministry for the Interior of Kabardino-Balkaria.21 Why has the "Imarat Kavkaz" grouping actually ceased to exist? It can be supposed that the decisive reason was some "external factor," namely, the weakening of "Al-Qaeda" and the emergence and strengthening of the ISIS.
Speaking of the external relations of the "Imarat," it should be noted that the Islamist underground in the North Caucasus poses a serious threat to security not only of Russia, but also of Europe and the United States. Although it is powerless to take the North Caucasus under its control and create an Islamic state there, nevertheless the "Imarat Kavkaz" can perpetrate major acts of violence and deal serious damage at Russia and the entire world. Among the serious factors of the situation connected with the "Imarat" mention should be made of its spreading long-term ties with the "Al-Qaeda" and global jihad, as well as the presence
of the terrorist network of the "Imarat Kavkaz" as an organized political and military force engaged in jihad in the region with the solid backing from abroad.
Indeed, the "Imarat" maintained active ties with various Islamist forces abroad, as well as with representatives of the Persian Gulf monarchies. True, its official mission was closed in August 2010.
At the same time the "Imarat" has established close contacts with the ISIS recently. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has recognized it as a terrorist international organization and banned its activity in Russia.
According to the data of the Federal Security Service of Russia, there were from 800 to 1,700 Russian citizens fighting in the ranks of the ISIS military units.22 Sometime later this figure was increased to 2,000.23 On February 23, 2017, President Putin said at a meeting with officers of the Northern Fleet of Russia that 4,000 Russian citizens are fighting in the ISIS ranks.24 The National Anti-terrorist Committee of Russia has reported that representatives of the "Imarat Kavkaz" and supporters of the Islamist "Khizb ut-Tahrir" movement, whose cells are functioning in the Russian Federation, were fighting in the ranks of the ISIS units.
In early September 2014 the ISIS fighters published a video in the Internet which contained threats to unleash a war in the Russian Federation One of the Islamists stated to President Putin that the ISIS intended "to free" Chechnya and the Caucasus and create an "Islamic Caliphate" there.
From that moment onward one can speak of the beginning of a confrontation of the local organization of the ISIS (so-called "Velayata Kavkaz") and the "Imarat." The ISIS with its activities has caused a split among the fighters of the North Caucasus In the autumn of 2014 Suleiman Zainalabidov, one of the commanders of the Daghestani fighters, gave the oath of loyalty to the leader of the ISIS Abu Bakr al-Bagdadi. This caused a split
and embroilment in the ranks of the Islamist underground in Daghestan and Chechnya.
YouTube published a reaction of the Sharia judge (Qadi) recorded on a video, in which he took the side of Zainalabidov, calling him the real amir and pronouncing not guilty of a split.
Following this, on December 19, 2014, the YouTube service distributed an address of Abu-Muhammad, the amir of Daghestan, who also gave the oath of loyalty to the ISIS leader. He was joined by Abu Muhammad Agachaulsky, one of the commander of the fighters operating in the sector which included Makhachkala, capital of Daghestan. From the statement of Abu-Muhammad followed that he stopped subordination to the "Imarat Kavkaz" and asked other fighters to follow suit. The statement of Abu-Muhammad increased the rift in the ranks of the fighters of the North Caucasus.
On December 28, 2014, the YouTube service published an address of Kebekov, in which he accused the amir of Daghestan Abu-Muhammad of treachery and split. He said that Abu-Muhammad should leave for the territory controlled by the ISIS and appointed Said Arakansky the amir of Daghestan. His address demanded that the supporters of the "Imarat Kavkaz" should not cooperate with and assist the fighters who gave the oath of loyalty to the ISIS.25 However, after the death of Kebekov, as some experts noted, the "Imarat Kavkaz" began to lose its positions in Daghestan.26 On June 21, 2015, the YouTube reported about the oath of allegiance given by all fighters of the "Imarat Kavkaz" to the ISIS leader Abu-Bakr al-Bagdadi. All fighters of several vilayats were unanimous in this.27
On October 22, 2015 it became known that the Investigation Committee of Russia started an action on the criminal case of the supposed organizers of and participants in the organization "Vilayat Daghestan of the Islamic State" - an affiliate body of the amirate. According to the version of the investigation, it was created by Rustam Aselderov, alias Abu Muhammad, and Gasan Abdullayev, alias Abu Yaser) for "changing the foundations of
the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, violating its territorial integrity, and gaining financial and other material benefits." In all, 19 persons were being investigated.28
On October 24, 2015, in the settlement of Gimry in Daghestan during a counter-terrorist operations shooting began as a result of which a presumed member of the armed underground was killed. He was identified as Abdula Nustafayev. He was an active member of the Gimri group of fighters, which was long and firmly attached to the "Imarat." However, as official sources had it, Nustafaayev gave the oath of allegiance to the ISIS.29
Summing up, one can say with assurance that the ISIS bodies have now replaced the "Imarat Kavkaz" bodies. Although the "Imarat" was connected with "Al-Qaeda," it was actually a local organization whose activity was confined to the territory of Russia, whereas the ISIS has proclaimed itself a "worldwide caliphate." Besides, after the death of Osama bin Laden, "Al-Qaeda" has been living through hard times, being unable to render any real help to the "Imarat," while the local sources of financing proved negligible.30 At the same time the ISIS has already had considerable means and possibilities to refill its treasury through robbing banks, control over the enterprising activity on territories in Syria and Iraq under their occupation, and trade in oil on the black market. Moreover, it was the "Vilayat Kavkaz" as an affiliation of the ISIS that was financed through Georgia, but now this financing goes directly through Qatar and Saudi charity foundations.31 It should also be noted that the ISIS has broader opportunities to use propaganda means, and also the quality of propaganda of the ISIS is considerably better than that of the "Imarat." Besides, the epoch of bright, charismatic leaders on which the "Imarat" relied has now ended never to return. Today, any member of an armed group can become a leader, and this is due to the coming to the region of the ISIS which does not stake on bright charismatic figures. It is quite possible that the armed groups of the North Caucasian fighters
have common leaders, but recently they have become more secretive and conceal their real names. The "Imarat" members may spread all over Russia, having preserved their connections, which is rather dangerous for the country where there is no strict control over the movement of its citizens.
In any case, with the emergence and strengthening of the ISIS positions in the North Caucasus, the command of the special forces of the Russian Federation is now faced with a qualitatively different enemy. On the one hand, there has been a big outflow of members of the Islamist underground to Syria and Iraq, and the Russian special forces tried to do everything possible to bar their re-entry to the Russian Federation and make them stay in the Middle East. On the other hand, the ISIS is using a completely different tactic and their acts of terror are more unpredictable and even "old-fashioned." Apart from "traditional" explosions, shootings, and hostage taking, they now use car accidents among a big crowd of people, as were the cases in Nice (2015), London (2017) and Stockholm (2017). In Russia the ISIS took responsibility on itself for shooting at people in Derbent (2015), where one man was killed and 11 were wounded32, an attack on policemen near Moscow, when two men were wounded (2016)33, an attack on policemen in Nizhny Novgorod where two people were wounded (2016)34, an attack on a military unit of the Russian Guard in Chechnya with six men dead35, an attack on policemen and guardsmen in Astrakhan where two men were killed (2017).36
It is still unconfirmed whether militants of the ISIS took part in the terrorist act in St. Petersburg's Metro on April 3, 2017, in which 15 people lost their life and several dozen were wounded. It was perpetrated by the suicide-bomber Akborjon Jalilov of Uzbek-Kyrgyz origin, who had a passport of Russian citizen On April 5, 2017, eight ISIS recruiters were arrested in St. Petersburg - citizens of Central Asian republics.37 On April 6, 2017, six men in St. Petersburg and two in Moscow were arrested -all of them were of Central Asian origin.38 Their places of
residence were full of fire arms, explosives, and extremist and propaganda material of the ISIS. The ISIS leadership praised the men who prepared and carried out these terrorist acts, but did not take responsibility for them on itself.39
An ever greater danger, especially for Russian young people, is presented by the ideological influence of the ISIS propaganda. It should be admitted that at present there is a well-organized and well-hidden network of recruiters effectively working in the North Caucasus. They are actively using the Internet, especially social networks and messengers, such as WhatsApp, Viber, Telegram, etc. in their activity.40
Recruiters carry on monitoring work among people, preferably those being in a spiritual quest, as to their trade or profession, preference is given to medical and oil workers. The former are needed for helping the wounded fighters, and also for transplanting human organs and their subsequent sale abroad. This is one of the financial sources of the revenue section of the ISIS budget, along with the sale of Syrian and Iraqi oil.41
This article shows that the continuing activity of the Islamist organizations in the North Caucasus is fraught with new risks and threats to the security of Russia and should not be taken off the agenda. Despite certain successes of the Russian special forces, it requires still greater efforts. It would be wrong to suppose that the Wahhabis will give up their specific sociopolitical activity not only in the North Caucasus, but also in other regions of the Russian Federation.
Notes
I. Dobayev, A. Dobayev, V. Nemchina. Geopolitika i terrorism epokhi postmoderna [Geopolitics and Terrorism in Post-modern Epoch]. Rostov-on-DonYuFU Publishers, 20015, P. 325-326.
URL.: https://freecaucasus.worldpress.com/2009/05/11/omra_o_vilayate_iriston/ I. Dobayev. Radikalizatsiya islama v sovremennoi Rossii [Radicalization of Islam in Modern Russia]. Moscow - Rostov-on-Don "Sotsialno-gumanitarniye znaniya" Publishers. 2014, 240 p.
1
4 S. Markedonov. Severokavkazsky terrorizm: vyzov i poisk adekvatnogo otveta [North-Caucasian Terrorism: Challenge and Search for an Adequate Answer] // Argumenty nedeli. 2011, No 273, January 26.
5 Organizations recognized as terrorist by decisions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. URL.: http://www.cisats.org/134/160/208.
6 The new leader of "Imarat Kavkaz" will not be loyal to the ISIS. URL.: http://www.magas.ru/content/novyi-lider-imarata-kavkaz-budet-loyalen-islamskomu-gosudarstvu.
7 S. Davydov. Imarat Kavkaz na puti ot Yemena k Alzhiru [Imarat Kavkaz on the Way from Yemen to Algeria]. URL.: http://www.watchdog.cz/?show= 000000-000024-00004-0000004&lang=2.
8 URL.: http://rapsinews.ru/incident_publication/20120627/26397059.html.
9 Doku Abu Usman: Attack in Moscow Metro was retribution for massacre in Arshty. URL.: http://www.kavkazcenter.com/russ//content/2010/03/31/ 71502.shtml.
10 Umarov explained why he ordered to explode Domodedovo. URL.: http://kavkasia.net/Russia/2011/1299369696.php.
11 A. Shitov. Ugroza boevikov iz "Kavkazskogo Emirata" stamovitsya globalnoi [Threats of Militants from "Caucasian Emirate" Becomes Global]. URL.: http://web.archive.org/web/20130920224254/http://www.itar-tass.com/ c11/57/443_print.html.
12 Mikhail Roshchin. Proekt "Imarat Kavkaz" prodolzhayetsya, a Doku Umarov skoree myortv ["Imarat Kavkaz" Project Continues, but Doku Umarov Is Rather Dead Than Alive]. URL.: http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/239311.
13 Inhabitants of Daghestan fear the return of fighters to terrorist acts against peaceful citizens. URL.: http://http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/ 267398.
14 URL.: http://www.bbc.com/russin/rolling_news/2015/08/150811_m_suleimanov_ death_confirmed.
15 One of the dead in Gimry was identified as the amir of the mountain sector. URL.: http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/2667331/
16 URL.: https://www.liveleak.com/view?i=d5b_1439413239 Experts admitted dispersion of Caucasian fighters over Russia. URL.: http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/287791
Those who have attacked Kadyrov's residence have been seized in Turkey. URL.: https://vz.ru/society/2016/11/5/841998html.
19 Abdulatipov has announced that all subversive-terrorist groups in Daghestan have been smashed. URL.: https://ria.ru/defense.safety/ 20170207/1487310587.html.
20 Evkurov: terrorism in Ingushetia has been conquered. URL.: http://www.tvc.ru/news/show/id/68439.
17
18
21 Ministry for the Interior has announced that there are no fighters in Kabardino-Balkaria any longer. URL.: http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/ 288638.
22 The head of the Federal Security Service of Russia has spoken at the summit on terrorism in Washington. URL.: http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/ rolling_news/2015/02/150219_m_bortnikov_iraq
23 URL.: http://tass.ru/proisshestviva/2501424.
24 Putin has mentioned the figure of 9,000 fighters from Russia in the ISIS. URL.: http://izvestia.ru/news/666884.
25 URL.: http://kavkazcenter.com/russ/content/2014/12/28/107502.shtml.
26 URL.: http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/263143.
27 URL.: http://kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/264409.
28 URL.: http://kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/271101.
29 URL.: http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/2712014.
30 For more details see: I. Dobayev, A. Dobayev. "Novy terrorizm": globalizatsiya i sotsialno-ekonomicheskoye rassloyenuiye ["New Terrorism": Globalization and Socio-Economic Stratification"]. World Economy and International Relations. 2009. No 5 pp. 114-120.
31 31 URL.: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3052959.
32 URL.: http://www.rbk.ru/politics/31/12/2015/5684f8e59a79476eb63f060a
33 URL.: https: / / meduza. io/ news/2016/08/18/ig-vzyalo-na-sebya-otvetstvennost-za-napadenie-na-post-dps.
34 URL.: http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/1680942.
35 URL.: https:// lenta.ru/news/2017/03/24/isis_chechnya
36 URL.: http://www.interfax.ru/russia/557237.
37 URL.: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3262952.
38 URL.: http://sledcom.ru/news/item/1114189/
39 St. Petersburg attacked: "ISIS" celebrates explosions that killed 10 people. // "The Independent". URL.: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ world/europe/st-petersburg-attacks-isis-bombings-celebrate-islamic-state-response-a766456.html.
40 A. Shamayev. Informatsionnoye obespecheniye antiterroristicheskoi deyatelnosti [Information Backing of Anti-terrorist Activity] // Istoricheskaya i sotsialno-obrazovatelnaya mysl. Vol. 7, No 5-2. 2015. P. 181-184.
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