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20ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ И ЛИТЕРАТУРОВЕДЕНИЕ
Выявление закономерностей в выражении объектных отношений в английском и крымскотатарском языках
Айвазова Эльвера Рустемовна,
кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков, ФГБОУ ВО «Российский государственный университет правосудия»
Разносистемные языки проявляют различия в выражении глагольно-объектных отношений, связанные с различиями в морфологической и синтаксической системах. В этом отношении английский и крымскотатарский языки занимают как бы два диаметрально противоположных положения. Если в английском языке полностью отсутствует выбор падежной формы зависимого слова, которое при выражении именем существительным может быть только в общем падеже, а при выражении личным местоимением только в объектном падеже, то в крымскотатарском языке при наличии падежной системы, объектный зависимый член может быть в форме винительного, дательного, исходного падежа. Если в английском языке главным средством выражения объектных отношений, является предлог, то в крымскотатарском языке уточняющим отношение глагола к зависимому слову является послелог служебная частица, следующая за именем или примыкающая к нему. Каждый язык использует форму согласно своим внутренним законам, и эти формы не адекватны в разных языках.
Ключевые слова: разносистемные языки, объектные связи, предлоги, падежная система, зависимый член, различия.
The study of the object relations of verbs in the English language, expressed through fixed prepositions and object relations of verbs in the Crimean Tatar language by the forms of the dative, accusative, initial case.
The study of this issue is of great practical importance, it is widely known to linguists, researchers and teachers of foreign languages and those who study languages, the national specificity of the language is clearly manifested in the rules of combining words by means of prepositions, that this specificity is most strongly manifested in the use of prepositions, which are, as it were, a simple morphological sign of verb control. When mastering the native language, and when learning a foreign language especially, the system of using prepositions after verbs presents the greatest difficulties. Fixed prepositions in modern English are prepositions used in one of the abstract meanings to convey mainly the object relations of certain lexical units of various categories of words, most often verbs, less often nouns, adjectives and adverbs [1].
The works of such scientists as Baskakov A.N. [3], Kunin A.V. [4,5], Sunik O.P. [10], Solntsev N.V. [11] and others are devoted to the problem of equivalence of languages, but despite this there are unresolved issues.
The purpose of the article is to identify patterns in the expression of object relations in the studied and native language, in English and Crimean Tatar.
A verb in one particular meaning can be propagated by one or more object dependent members, of which at least one is introduced by a preposition.
The object relation to the prepositional dependent member of a sentence is expressed by means of a certain preposition.
A group of verbs with prepositions can take:
1. one object dependent member: to listen to smb., to look at smb., to wait for smb., to rely on smb., to depend on smth..
2. such verbs that can take 2 dependent terms, to accuse smb. oа smth., to devote smth. to smb. to congratulate smb. of smth..
Verbs that would take 2 dependent terms and both of them would be introduced constantly by the same prepositions are very few;
3. Verbs that would take 2 dependent terms and both of them would be introduced by 2 prepositions, there are very few of them:
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to appeal to smb. for smth., to apply to smb. for smth., to differ from smb. in smth., to pay for smth. with smth., to depend on smb. for smth..
4. Verbs taking 3 dependent terms are rare: to pay smb. smth. for smth., to ask smb. smth. about smth..
The preposition about with the verb to ask is not fixed, since the verb to ask in the meaning of ask often appears without this preposition, and the same dependent member can also appear with other verbs: to read about smth., to write about smth., to think about smb.
The fixedness of the preposition is not related to the notion of the fixedness of the binding of the dependent member. With many verbs, in which the object dependent member usually appears with a certain preposition, the dependent member itself is not mandatory. For example, the verbs listen, look, want, congratulate, while retaining their meaning, can act without a dependent term and without a preposition introducing this term. However, every time a verb is used with a dependent member, a preposition also appears. So it is not important that the verb to ask can be used without a dependent member with the preposition about, but it is important that when this dependent member appears, it appears with the preposition about. "to ask" to read, write, think, "about" to read about children, to read for children, to read to children, to read a book with children.
With the verb to ask in the meaning of "to ask", such a variation of object relations with a dependent member is excluded.
Therefore, the verb to ask can be attributed to a group of verbs with fixed prepositions.
The group of verbs with fixed prepositions includes some verbs that express object relations through not one, but two or more prepositions, such as to complain of, to complain about, to care for, to care about.
In the field of fixed prepositions, as in other linguistic phenomena, there are historical shifts and differences associated with the presence of dialectal and stylistic features in the language, which cause variation in the field of fixed prepositions. To distinguish verbs with fixed prepositions from verbs with loose free prepositions, there is a limited choice of preposition, the unambiguity of the object relations expressed by prepositions. With the verb "to complain", the prepositions of and about express the same attitude. The same can be said about the prepositions for and about with the verb "to care" [9].
Diverse languages exhibit differences in the expression of verb-object relations associated with differences in morphological and syntactic systems.
In this respect, English and Crimean Tatar languages occupy two diametrically opposite positions. If the English language completely lacks the choice of the case form of the dependent word, which, when expressed by a noun, can only be in the general case, 5 and when expressed by a personal pronoun only in § the object case, then in the Crimean Tatar language, ^ if there is a case system, the object dependent mem° ber can be in the form of an accusative, dative, initial H case.
If in English the main means of expressing object relations is a preposition, then in the Crimean Tatar language, clarifying the relation of the verb to the dependent word is the postposition, the service particle following the name or adjacent to it. Each language uses a form according to its internal laws, and these forms are not adequate in different languages [10].
Verbs with a prepositional dependent member may correspond to glagolamas with a non-prepositional dependent member in other languages, for example, English to listen to smb., French ecouter + acc (moi), Russian listen + accusative case, German horen + akk, Crimean Tatar kimsege kulak asmak (dat. case) [11].
Sometimes the corresponding verbs are used in different languages with prepositions that do not coincide in their basic meanings, for example, English to depend on smth., French dependre de, Russian to depend on, German abhongen von, Crimean Tatar kim-sege bagly olmak (date case) [11].
The English preposition on-in its main meaning, being on the surface, does not coincide with the preposition from, von in it, and de in French.
Among the Crimean Tatar prepositions without a random element, equivalent in meaning to English verbs with fixed prepositions, most are combined with a dependent member without a service equivalent, but the dependent member appears in the form of an accusative or dative, or the initial case.
The most common form of the object dependent term in Crimean Tatar verbs - equivalent to English verbs with fixed prepositions is the form of the dative case, in English it is expressed by the preposition to, at, in, for, on, after.
A slightly smaller number of combinations with verbs, but quite common is the accusative form.
The smallest group of Crimean Tatar verbs combined with a non-prepositional dependent member and corresponding in English to verbs with fixed prepositions is a group of verbs that control the initial case.
They correspond to English verbs with the preposition of, on, with.
According to the method of distribution by one or two object dependent terms between English verbs with fixed prepositions and their equivalents in the Crimean Tatar language, there is mainly a correspondence, which means that English verbs requiring one object dependent term correspond in the Crimean Tatar language to verbs that also use one dependent term, and that English verbs, requiring two dependent members usually correspond in the Crimean Tatar language to verbs used with two dependent members. Sometimes a monobasic English verb corresponds in the Crimean Tatar language to a verb consisting of 2 components.
to listen - kulak osmak, dinlemek
to object - itiraz etmek
Syntactically, these complex verbs in the Crimean Tatar language form a two-term object phrase.
Ojagye kulak asmak, where ojag is an object, kulak asmak is a verb, kulak in this combination is not a syntactically subordinate word, as indicated by the form of
the common case; but is a component of lexical unity formed by the way of adjunction.
Turning to the consideration of verbs adjoining 2 object dependent terms in English and Crimean Tatar, we mean monobasic English verbs of the type to congratulate smb. on smth. and the corresponding monobasic complex Crimean Tatar verbs; requiring two object dependent words.
to take smb. for smb. - kimseni kimsege oshatmak English transitive verbs with a prepositional and prepositional dependent member with the preposition to correspond to Crimean Tatar verbs with dependent members in the accusative and dative cases.
In isolated cases, the form of the dative case expresses the relation conveyed in English by the prepositions for and on to the second dependent term.
English verbs taking two prepositional dependent terms in the Crimean Tatar language correspond to verbs taking 2 non-prepositional terms, one of which corresponds to an English verb with the preposition for appears in the accusative case, and the other corresponds to an English verb with the preposition to - in the original case.
The revealed general patterns can be summarized as follows:
1. The English dependent term with the preposition at in a two-term combination corresponds in Crimean Tatar to the dependent term in the dative case:
to laugh at smb. - kimsege kulmek to look at smb. - bir shige bakamaki to wonder at smth. - bir shige taajiplenmek
2. The English dependent term with the preposition to corresponds in the Crimean Tatar language to the dependent term in the dative case in binomial combinations:
to listen to smb. - kimsege kulak asmak to object to smth. - bir sheige itiraz etmek and in three-membered, where there is a direct complement:
to dedicate smth. to smb. - bir shayni kimsege bagyshlamak
to confine smth. to smb. - bir sheini kimsege tap-shyrmak, teslim etmek
If there is a second prepositional term in a three-term combination in English, the dependent term with the preposition to corresponds in Crimean Tatar to the dependent term in the original case to appeal to smb. to smth. - kimsege bir shei ichyun murajaat etmek.
The dependent term with for in all kinds of combinations usually corresponds in Crimean Tatar to the dependent term in the accusative case: to wait for smb. - bir kimseni beklemek. The dependent term with of corresponds to the dependent term in the original case:
to consist to smth. - bir scheiden ibaret almak. The dependent term with of corresponds to the dependent term in the absolute case:
to busy oneself with smth. - bir sheyman meshgul almak
The non-prepositional dependent term corresponds to the dependent term either in the accusative case or in the original case.
to ask smb. for smth. - kimseden bir shei soramak.
Verbs with postpositions (phrasal verbs) are a combination consisting of a verb (come, give, put) and a preposition (in, off, up), which constitutes semantic and syntactic unity. For example: give up (stop doing) - quit doing something, come across (find by chance) - accidentally encounter, find, put up with (tolerate) - be tolerant. It is generally recognized that the role of English phrasal verbs has grown in recent years. This is reflected in dictionaries, textbooks intended for the study of spoken English by foreign students. Now these phrasal verbs are used in official communications and in the mass media. Some of them displace traditional one-word synonyms. We must not only understand them when reading, but also use them in speech. The main difficulty in studying their diversity is the idiomatic nature of the meanings, a huge number of prepositions, a lot of slang expressions.
Based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn.
Diverse languages exhibit differences in the expression of verb-object relations associated with differences in morphological and syntactic systems.
In English, there is completely no choice of the case form of the dependent word, which, when expressed by a noun, can only be in the general case, and when expressed by a personal expression only in the object case, then in the Turkic languages, if there is a case system, the object dependent term can be in the form of accusative, dative, initial case as in free combinations, so phraseological units.
IDENTIFICATION OF PATTERNS IN THE EXPRESSION OF OBJECT RELATIONS IN ENGLISH AND CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGES
Ayvazova E.R.
The Russian State University of Justice
By "phrasal verb" we mean a combination of one-word verb (eg. come, give, put) and an adverbial or prepositional partical (eg. in, off, up) which constitutes a single semantic and syntactic unit (eg. give up (stop doing), to put up with (tolerate)). The role of English phrasal verbs has increased in recent years and they are used more and more widely, not only in colloquial English but in academic writing, in official reports, in fiction, in the mass media. Phrasal verbs have idiomatic nature of many meanings. The languages of different systems (eg. English and Turkic languages) express verb-object relations differently because of their morphological and syntactic systems. In English verb-object relations are expressed by prepositions. In Turkic languages by the words in cases key words: a combination of one-word verb and an adverbial or prepositional partical, constitutes a single semantic and syntactic unit, they are used not only in colloquial English but in official reports have idiomatic nature of meanings, express verbs-object relations differently.
Keywords: diverse languages, object relations, preposition, case system, dependent member, differences.
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