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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
УДК 821(091)
Surayya Salamat gizi Alizade
Post graduate student of Baku State University DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2022-14137-31-33 IBN TUFAIL'S LIFE AND ACTIVITY
Сурайя Саламат кызы Ализаде
Диссертант Бакинского Государственного Университета
ЖИЗНЬ И СРЕДА ИБН ТУФАИЛА
Abstract.
In the article it is said about the life and environment of Ibn Tufail who was one of the representatives of the Arab-Spanish philosophical school. Ibn Tufail, known in Europe as Abubaser, was known not only in Andalusia, but also in the whole Arabic world. In this article it is also mentioned about his acquaintance with Ibn Rushd and his work in prestigious positions in the palace. In the article it is also said about his lifestyle, education and friendship with the rulers. The author tries to give information about the work "Hayy ibn Yaqzan" ("Alive, son of Awake"), which is a source of inspiration for many works by Ibn Tufail.
Аннотация
В статье исследуется жизнь и окружение Ибн Туфайла, представителя арабо-испанской философской школы. Ибн Туфайль, известный в Европе как Абубасир, был известен не только в Андалусии, но и во всем арабском мире. В этой статье также упоминается его знакомство с Ибн Рушдом и его деятельность на важных должностях во дворце. В статье также приводятся сведения о его образе жизни, образовании и дружбе с правителями. Также упоминается «Хай ибн Якзан» Ибн Туфайля, который является источником вдохновения для многих произведений.
Keywords: Arabic, Spanish, prose, palace, Ibn Tufail
Ключевые слова: арабский, испанский, проза, дворец, Ибн Туфайль
The history of Arab-Muslim philosophy can be divided into two periods. The first period (IX-XI centuries) was connected with the activities of philosophers of the Eastern territories of the caliphate. This period includes Arab Al-Kindi from Basra (died in Baghdad in 873), Middle Asian Al-Farabi (died in Damascus in 950), Ibn Sina from Khorasan (Avisienna 980-1037 Hamadan), as well as encyclopedic researches from the group li^l jlj^l "Safa brothers" Khorasan ("Ikhvan as-Safa during the 10th - 11th centuries). The second period covers the 12th-13th centuries. The philosophers of Muslim Spain belong to this period. The scientists such as Ibn Baja (died in 1139), Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (11261198), Ibn Tufail (died in 1185) are included to this period.
As we mentioned above, the second period of the history of Arab-Muslim philosophy - Andalusia period begins from the 12th century. Though philosophy in Andalusia developed relatively late in the 12th century, Andalusia philosophy school brought up strong philosophers. The scientists such as Ibn Baja known in Europe as Avempace, Ibn Tufail known with the name Abubaser, Ibn Rushd, known as Averroes belong to that group. The works of the above-mentioned philosophers had a significant influence on the development of medieval European philosophy and the works of ancient philosophers, especially by Aristotle, contributed to the popularity in Andalusia. The ethical problems occupy the main place in the works of Andalusia philosophers.
For example, personality in the society, human happiness, ideal society and perfect human problems can be shown as an example. In the works by philosophers of Andalusia the ideas of Farabi, Ibn Sina and other Eastern philosophers are investigated widely.
It was dangerous to study philosophy in Andalusia. The barber judges, especially the caliphs of the Murabituns (Almoravids), opposed philosophy, the atheist books about philosophy. As a result, the works of famous philosophers were burned before the people and they were dungeon into prison.
In Andalusia previously the philosophers had studied only exact sciences such as mathematics and geometry previously and they were satisfied with it. In the real sense as for philosophy they began to pay attention to it only after the booklet "Ikhvanu-s-Safa" came to Andalusia. In fact, Hakam ibn An-Nasir, one of the rulers of Andalus Amavi, had brought a lot of philosophical books from the East previously. Anda-lusian philosophers began to show and develop themselves only after these works-booklets.
The famous philosopher Abu Bakr ibn Baje, known as Ibn Saig (died in 533), was one of the great philosophers of this period. The works such as "Tadbir al-Mutavahhid" (14), "Kitab el-Nafs" (13) belong to his activity. Ibn Rushd (he is the author of famous works called "Kitab al-Kulliyyat" (15), "Telxisu kitebu nefs" (16) and Ibn Tufail are also the great philosophers of Andalusia. Their works created the foundation of European philosophy, Renaissance and reform (7, 139).
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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES / «<g©LL©(MUM~J©U®MaL» #MH137)), 2022
One of the famous philosophers of the Murabitun era is Ibn Tufail. Ibn Tufail was the second Muslim philosopher known in the West after Ibn Baja. His name is Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abdulmelik ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Tufail el-Qeysi el-Andalusi
He was from the tribe Qeys (7, 135). He is an Andalusia philosopher and doctor. In the sources it is mentioned that he was born about 53 km of Granada in Valley-Al - Ashd (Quadix), a small town in the North-East (18,1491). There are different opinions about his birth date. In the sources it is noted that he was born during 1100-1110 years. But some authors noted that he lived among 1105-1185 years. His father was a scientist from the Marchedan settlement of Seville. His life surrounds the reign years of the barbarian tribes Al-Murabituns (Almoravids) and Al-Muvahhiduns (Al-Mohads) in Spain. He was known in Europe with the name Abu-baser. Professor Aida Gasimova explains giving this name to him as the following: "One can explain some considerations here. May be the name of one of the sons of Ibn Tufail was Basir and he was known as Abu Basir in some sources unknown to us. As the word "Basir" means "far-sighted", it is possible to describe Ibn Tufail with such epithet. The Arabs sometimes named ironically "Abu Basir", those who did not see well (for example, Bashshar ibn Burda). But there is no information about the short-sighted of Ibn Tufail" (1, 546).
There is no exact information about Ibn Tufail's youth and education years. It is believed that he studied in Seville and Cordova - two important science centers in Andalusia at that time.
It is also believed that Lisaniddin Ibn Khatib named him as "Islamic jurisprudential man" along with philosopher and physician, because he also studied religious sciences. In the sources it is written that he also studied medicine and philosophy. It is mentioned especially that he got his medical education in Granada (10, 49).
The works by Ibn Baja have an important place among the books he read in the field of philosophy. Giving information about Ibn Tufail's life and work Abdulvalid al-Marrakushi said that though he had got education from Ibn Baja and other philosophers, he hadn't met Ibn Tufail (10, 49). Giving information about Ibn Tufayl's life and work, Abdulwalid al-Marra-kushi said that he learned from Ibn Baja and other philosophers, but Ibn Tufayl did not meet him. Speaking about Ibn Tufail many authors mention about his medical practice primarily. In 1147, when he went to Morocco for work, it is said that he was one of way companions with Ibn Milhan, who was the ruler of the Vadi Ash. This fact shows that Ibn Tufail had always been close to the representatives of the ruling class (6, 28). Being a good doctor and surgeon, Ibn Tufail began to perform his work in Granada and thanks to his fame in this field he served in the palace of Abu Yaqub Yusif, the judge of Muvahid, who was the governor of Granada and later the secretary of many governors (19). His service in the palace was a turning point in Ibn Tufail's life. Caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur who had a great interest in philosophy, took him under his protection. Perhaps the main reason for this relationship
was that they were from the same tribe. Some scientists also mention that Ibn Tufail was a vizier (5, 419).
Ibn Tufail was more lonely than spending time with people and loved to read. He had spent most of his time in Abu Yaqub's large library. It is said that this library was as large as al-Hakam's library (10, 15).
Once the Caliph asked to bring several philosophers to the palace to study the explanation of Aristotle's works. Ibn Tufail advised Ibn Rushd for that work (2, 250; 3, 112). It is believed that Ibn Tufail met Ibn Rushd in 1169 (564) when he was 60 years old. Thus, Ibn Tufail introduced Ibn Rushd, a famous philosopher who was younger than him, to the ruler and gave him advice (4, 10). It reflects not only the nobility of the philosopher's soul, but also his faith in his science. Because a weak scientist will never recommend another scientist to his protector.
In 1182 Ibn Tufail resigned from the post of court physician due to his old age and Ibn Rushd was taken to that post (9, 13).
Ibn Tufail's ability in the art of poetry has also been connected from time to time with his position as a physician and the occupation of the vizier. After the conquest of the city of Kafsa by Abu Yaqub the conquest works were sent to all parts of the country. Among those conquest works there was the poem by Ibn Tufail. Ten years before that poem was written, when Abu Yaqub called for jihad against the Christians, he asked Ibn Tufail to write a poem to ensure the majority of the Arabs of the tribe Qeys to join the army and the philosopher had accepted that wish (5, 419).
Ibn Tufail was also distinguished by his medical knowledge. It is also said that he had written many books on medicine. Ibn Tufail had written the longest verse of his genre in Islamic medical literature. In addition to his achievements as a chief physician of the palace in the field of medicine, which was an important part of his scientific personality, his research on theoretical issues of medicine was also mentioned in the different sources. Thus, it is noted that the philosopher had also many discussions about the work "Al-Kulliyyat fi-t-Tibb" M^JI ^UKJI with Ibn Rushd. On the other hand, the historians have argued that Ibn Tufail's knowledge about astronomy was superior to medicine.
After the death of Abu Yaqub Yusuf in 1184 (580) his son Abu Yusuf al-Mansur came to power. He also had taken care of Ibn Tufail. Ibn Tufail died in Morocco in 1185, a year after the death of Abu Yusuf (8, 97).
Having encyclopedic knowledge Ibn Tufail had carried out the extensive research in the literature-study and had showed great literary beauties and artistic qualities in writing. Some researches mentioned that he had resembled al-Ghazali in the sweetness of his style and the charm of his diction.
Ibn Ishaq Bitruji, Ibn Tufail's student and an astronomer, mentioned that he had discovered a new system to explain the motion of celestial bodies and that system was different and superior to Ptolemy's idea. But al-Marakkushi had mentioned that he had seen several books about mathematics, philosophy, physics, etc. by him (10, 53).
In 1181 Ibn Tufayl wrote a book called ( jj^J) "Urjuze fi tibb". There was only one copy of the
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work. This copy is in the library of the University of al-Qarawiyyin (Al-Karaouine) in Morocco. The work consists of 7 parts, 7700 verses and is about many diseases, their causes and methods of treatment. This work was introduced to the science world by Mahmud al-Haj Qasim Muhammad.
Ibn Tufail's other work is about the encouragement of the Arabs to jihad. That work was the Muwah-hid Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusufs request, he asked the philosopher to write in that theme. The work consists of 44 couplets. The poem was in the book named "Al-Man bi-l-Imame" by Ibn Sahib as-Salatin and it was translated into the Spanish by Emilio Garcia Gomez ("Una qasida inedita de Ibn Tufayl", Revista del Institute Egipto de Estudios Islamicos, Madrid 1953).
The work "Hayy ibn Yaqzan" ("Alive, son of Awake") is the main idea of all of Ibn Tufail's ideas. It is believed that that work was written among 11691179 years (12, 10). The work has been translated into many Eastern and Western languages and is considered one of the first works of Islamic philosophy to be translated from Latin into English in 1674 and from Arabic into English in 1708.
The work "Hayy ibn Yaqzan" is one of the most interesting poetry works written in the Middle Ages, not only in Muslim Spain, but also in the Eastern world (11).
The works by Ibn Tufail had a significant influence on the Western literature. This influence began with the translation of the work "Hayy ibn Yaqzan" ("Alive, son of Awake") into the Hebrew language in 1349 by Moise de Narbonne. The work based on the translation from the Hebrew language was also translated into the Latin language by Pico Della Mirandola in the 15th century. Later, in 1671, the work was retranslated from Arabic into Latin under the title "Philosophus Autodidactus". At the same time the work had been translated into many Western languages. That is why the work "Hayy ibn Yaqzan" ("Alive, son of Awake") had become famous in the world of western philosophy.
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