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HYPONYMIC CONNECTIONS OF WORDS IN THE TEXT
Samiyeva Z.I.
Samiyeva Zukhra Ilkhomovna- Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEGRATED SKILLS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGES, FACULTY OF JUNIOR COURSES, UZBEKISTAN STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article is devoted to the problem of the implementation of hyponymic connections of words in the text. Options for this implementation are considered on the basis of texts of Russian literary prose and modern media. Accounting for modifications of hyponyms in the text will more accurately determine their composition in a language, as well as identify opportunities to expand the boundaries of hyponymy in speech. Keywords: hyponym, hyperonym, synonym, generic meaning, species meaning, hyponymic relationship.
Functional lexicology is a relatively new direction in modern linguistics; its main task is to analyze the real speech use of words and lexical groups in texts of different functional style. In this case, both the main functions typical for the implementation of this meaning or the lexicosemantic paradigm, as well as additional, bringing together related linguistic phenomena in speech, are revealed. For example, such semantic connections of words as hyponymy and synonymy have not yet been adequately described in linguistics in a comparative aspect, from the point of view of characterizing the textual conditions of their autonomous implementation or the possibility of moving from one category to another. In speech, the nonrigidity of the boundaries between the phenomena of hyponymy and synonymy as lexico-semantic categories, similar in terms of their properties, is manifested even more vividly. In particular, hyponyms may use functions similar to synonyms, be considered as speech synonyms in a neutralizing context - a series of homogeneous sentence members with enumeration relations [1]. Hyponyms are an important means of cognitive information processing, categorization of vocabulary, one of the most important processes in human cognitive activity. The main function of a hyperonym, a word with a generic meaning, is usually recognized as a function of generalization, generalization. And the hyponym (species word), replacing the generic word in neutralizing contexts, implements a metalanguage function of refinement, concretization, allocation of additional information, as well as a stylistic renaming function. Additional text functions include various synonymous transformations as a result of the recategorization of hyponyms in speech. A hyperonym turns out to be more appropriate even when the naming of an object by its own name can be perceived as pretentiousness, a desire to attract attention to itself. The use of a hyperonym instead of a hyponym in certain conditions of communication gives communication a stylistic, emotional coloring, for example, in a comic situation it gives the narrative a humorous connotation" [2]. In scientific texts, an explanation of the meaning of a word is usually closer to a usual definition, and in fiction texts, in journalism and colloquial speech, author's motivation is more often interpretative, explanatory, evaluative in nature, especially if the text uses hyponym-occasionalism {shopping). In speech, there may be a number of modifications associated with the use of hyponyms. A textual analysis of such situations made it possible to distinguish three main types of modifications of hyponyms when used together, namely [3]:
I. Incomplete implementation of the composition of the hyponymic group in speech; II. Functional hyponymy, which is understood by us as an extension of the composition of hyponyms in speech, is the result of functional rapprochement of words along the line "gender-type"; III. Functional synonymy - recategorization, rapprochement of hyponyms by synonymic type.
I. The reason for the incomplete implementation of the composition of groups is explained by the fact that some hyponyms are infrequent words (terms, obsolete words, substandard vocabulary, etc.). For example, from the group "perceive with sense organs (feel)", speech more often uses hyponyms to see and hear, but less often to sense verbs, smell as more special vocabulary. Or in a group to dance, the hyperonym itself is more often used as a frequency word and a hyponym to waltz (other members of this group relate to passive vocabulary - polish, cancan, rap, break, twist, shake). And the hand group is the right hand is practically not used in modern speech, because her hyponyms are outdated. More commonly used hyponyms can be called speech prototypes - "best", "representative", "typical" category members within the given culture, i.e. a hyponymic group designated by one or another hyperonym [4].
II. Hyponymic connections of verbs in the text have dual motivation. The textual connection of verbs with generic and specific meanings can be based on paradigm, on the presence of hyponymic connections in the systemic organization of vocabulary. These connections can be created in the text, arise as a functional property in verbs that do not have these semantic relationships. Moreover, in the conditions of the text there is a convergence of words that are not hyponyms in the language system, according to the hierarchical type of inclusion.
References
1. Bridge A.D. Hyperonyms of a class and property hyperonyms // Language and cognitive activity. M., 1989. S. 32.
2. Kottsov E.E. Verbal hyponymy: lexical-semantic space // Slovo. Semantics. Text: Sat scientific tr., ded. the anniversary of prof. V.V. Stepanova. St. Petersburg, 2002. S. 29-34.
3. Kottsov E.E. Verbal hyponymy from the standpoint of the prototypical approach II Vestn. Tambov University. Ser. "Humanity. science". 2007. Issue. 6 (50). S. 226-229.
4. Lysyakova M.V. The syntagmatic potential of Russian synonyms and hyponyms II Vestn. Grew up. University of friendship of peoples. Ser. "Linguistics", 2004. № 6. S. 144.
