CC BY
9
МЕДИЧН1ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ / MEDICNIPERSPEKTIVI
UDC 613:632.95:633/635(048.8)
https://doi.org/rn.26641/2307-0404.202L3.241913
А. А. Borysenko 1,
A.М. Antonenko 1,
B.I. Shpak 2,
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF THE MOST COMMON METHODS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS TREATMENT WITH CHEMICAL PROTECTION PRODUCTS
S.T. Omelchuk1, V.G. Bardov1
1
(literature review)
Bogomolets National Medical University Hygiene and ecology institute1 Peremohy av., 34, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine «Syngenta» LCC 2
Kozatska str., 120/4, Kyiv, 02000, Ukraine
Ea^onanbnuu Medmnuu ynieepcumem iM. O. O. Eогомомbцм
iHcmumym гiгieнu ma eкоnогii1
np. Премоги, 34, Kuie, 03057, YKpaina
OOO «Cumenma»2
eyn. Kозaцbкa, 120/4, 02000, Kuie, YKpaina e-mail: andrey-b.07@ukr.net
Цитування: Медичт перспективы. 2021. Т. 26, № 3. С. 19-25 Cited: Medicni perspektivi. 2021;26(3):19-25
Key words: pesticides, working conditions, occupational risk, type of spraying, ecotoxicological risk, dispersion, biological efficiency
Ключовi слова: пестициди, умови працг, професшний ризик, вид обприскування, екотоксикологгчний ризик, дисперстсть, б1олог1чна ефективтсть
Ключевые слова: пестициды, условия труда, профессиональный риск, вид опрыскивания, экотоксикологический риск, дисперсность, биологическая эффективность
Abstract. Hygienic evaluation of the most common methods of agricultural crops treatment with chemical protection products (literature review). Borysenko А.А., Antonenko А.М., Shpak B.I., Omelchuk S.T., Bardov V.G. Global strategies, including application of chemical plant protection products, are important in the cultivation of safe corps and preservation of human health. A promising area of preventive medicine, agronomy, agroecology and agroengineering is the optimization of methods of pesticide formulations application. The aim of the work was a hygienic assessment of the most common and latest methods of crops treatment with chemical pesticides. Results. The biological effectiveness of different types of pesticides is achieved by different application rates of the working solution. The most common method of pesticide application is spraying, which ensures the application of pesticides in the drop-liquid state and is characterized by low consumption of active substance per unit area, variable-controlled distribution on the treatment surface, provides good adhesion and retention on facilities, allows the use of combined formulations. One of the most effective ways to minimize the negative impact of chemical plant protection products and achieve economic success is a rational approach to the choice of pesticide application, as it takes into account the hazard class of pesticides, the presence of water protection zones, the sensitivity of target crops, etc. Conclusion. Rational application of pesticides includes minimizing the overall effect of pesticides on human health and the environment and achieving high-targeted biological efficiency. Adherence to the methodology of choosing the type ofpesticide application and selection of the type of spray is a key point in optimizing the rational use of chemical plant protection products, which requires a detailed study from the standpoint of both efficiency and safety. Control over compliance with the recommendations should be included in sanitary-hygienic and sanitary-ecological monitoring.
Реферат. Ппешчна ощнка найбшьш поширених cnoco6iB обробки сшьськогосподарських культур хiмiчними засобами захисту (огляд лггератури). Борисенко А.А., Антоненко А.М., Шпак Б.1., Омельчук С.Т., Бардов В.Г. Св1тов1 стратеги, включаючи використання хгмгчних засоб1в захисту рослин, мають важливе значення у сферах вирощування безпечно'1' рослинно'1' продукци та здоров'я людини. Перспективним напрямком роботи проф1лактично'{ медицини, агронома, агроекологи та агрогнженерИ е оптимгзацгя методгв i'x використання. Метою роботи була ггггенгчна оц1нка найбшьш поширених та найновгших методгв обробки сшьськогосподарських культур хгмгчними засобами захисту. Бюлоггчна ефективтсть ргзних вид1в пестицидгв досягаеться разними нормами витрат робочого розчину. Найбшьш поширеним способом застосування пестицидгв е обприскування, що забезпечуе внесення пестицидгв у краплинно-ргдкому стан та характеризуется малою витратою дiючоi речовини на одиницю площг,
21/ Том XXVI/ 3
19
варiабельно-контрольованим и розподшом на оброблювальнт поверхт, забезпечуе добре прилипания та утримання на объектах, дозволяе застосування комбтованих препаратiв. Одним з найбшьш дieвих способiв мiнiмiзацii негативного впливу хiмiчних засобiв захисту рослин та досягнення економiчноi успшностi е рацюнальний пiдхiд до вибору способу застосування пестицидiв, осюльки враховуеться клас небезпеки пестицидiв, наявтсть водоохоронних зон, чутливiсть цшьових об'ектiв та т. Рацюнальне використання пестицидiв включае в себе мiнiмiзацiю сумарного ефекту впливу пестицидiв на здоров 'я людини i навколишне середовище та досягнення високо1 цшьово'1 бiологiчноi ефективностi. Дотримання методологП вибору виду внесення пестицидiв та пiдбору типу розпилювача е ключовим моментом в оптим1зацИ рацюнального використання хiмiчних засобiв захисту рослин, що потребуе детального вивчення як з позицп ефективностi, так i безпечностi. Контроль за дотриманням рекомендацт необхiдно включити до санiтарно-гiгiенiчного та санiтарно-екологiчного монторингу.
Global strategies, including the application of chemical plant protection products, are important in the cultivation of safe crops and preserving human health. Reasonable use of pesticides, on the one hand, can mean minimizing and prudent use of them in agriculture, but it can also be interpreted as the complete elimination of their application. Unfortunately, current trends in the development of the agro-industrial sector indicate the impossibility of complete abandonment of chemical plant protection products (ChPPP) [3, 20, 21, 23, 27]. Due to its versatility, relative technological simplicity and high efficiency, chemical method of plant protection is used worldwide and currently has no alternative.
Therefore, a promising area of preventive medicine, agronomy, agroecology and agroengineering is not only the improvement or development of new pesticides, but also the optimization of methods of their application [4, 6, 11, 14, 15, 18, 27, 30].
That is why the aim of our work was a hygienic assessment of the most common and latest methods of crops treatment with chemical plant protection products.
The interaction between the needs of agriculture, environmental protection and human health is a complex and rational use of pesticides, which involves the development of integrated methods of pest control, is a way to optimize it (Fig.) [3, 14, 21, 23, 29].
General scheme of rational use of pesticides
Improving of ChPPP, applied technologies and their integration with chemical, physical and biological knowledge will truly optimize pesticides
application without compromising the quality and efficiency of agriculture or the protection of consumers and the environment.
Choosing the right method of pesticide application is an integral part of achieving success in the protection of plant products and the economic justification for the use of a particular ChPPP, providing a minimal risk of adverse effects of the chemical compound on human health. The main factors that are taken into account when choosing a method of application are the formulation, the type of pest and plant, as well as safety for the environment and human health [6, 14, 15, 23].
The most common method of pesticide application is spraying, which ensures the application of pesticides in the drop-liquid state and is characterized by low consumption of active substance
per unit area, variable-controlled distribution on the treatment surface, provides good adhesion and retention on facilities, allows the use of combined formulations [21, 22, 29]. Spraying with pesticides is carried out with the help of special ground machines - sprayers or aircrafts, which are installed on airplanes, helicopters and other aircrafts. In small areas of private agricultural plots, in gardens, in country areas for spraying hydraulic panels and knapsack sprayers of various modifications are used [1, 17, 19].
According to the amount of working fluid applied per unit area, spraying is divided into three main types: multi-volume, full-volume, small-volume and ultra-small-volume (Table) [6].
Types of spraying by the amount of working solution
Type of spraying
Application rates of the working solution, l/ha
Multi-volume Full-volume Small-volume Ultra-small-volume
>300 150-300 50-150 <50
More than 300 200-300 75-200 up to 25*
Note. * - Ultra-small-volume application of pesticides does not involve the preparation of a working solution; the formulation is applied in its pure form.
Multi-volume application is not very popular among farmers, as it is characterized by low productivity of units due to frequent stops of the sprayer for filling with working solution. As a result, the utilization rate of working time changes in production conditions is sometimes less than 0.5. It also results in long-term exposure of workers involved in pesticide application procedure, which can significantly increase the risk of adverse health effects. Another disadvantage of this type is the contamination of soils with chemicals, the excess of which flows from the plant when applied in the above way. This in turn can lead to contamination of underground water supply sources and greater negative impact on non-professional contingents of the population [1, 6, 16, 19].
The appearance of this type of application, due to a number of ChPPP with a phytotoxic effect in high concentrations of the working solution, have only a contact effect and to obtain maximum efficiency it requires good wetting of plants [6]. Since this type of spraying involves the introduction of fairly large volumes of working solution (more than 300 l/ha), the most widely used are nozzles that form large droplets [11, 27, 30]. The working solution wear zone, due to the formation of large droplets, is
minimal. The gravity force prevails over the air resistance force, which causes movement of the droplets of the working solution with acceleration. This is a positive side of this type of treatment in terms of hygienic regulations, as the wear zone does not require the establishment of large sanitary protection zones and there is less risk of transfer to neighboring fields [13, 17, 25, 28].
Full-volume treatment is currently the most widely used, because the consumption of working solution of 200-300 l/ha achieves a fairly high quality of the process, and therefore high technical and economic efficiency compared to multi-volume spraying [6, 9]. From a hygienic point of view, this type of formulations application has a number of advantages over multi-volume, as it reduces the time spent by workers on the treated area, and therefore reduces the amount of occupational risk. Due to the formation of medium-sized droplets, a smaller volume of working solution makes it possible to achieve a similar effect, but reduces the load on the soil, ecotoxicological risk and the risk of groundwater contamination [16, 19, 30]. The wear zone of the working solution is medium, medium-sized drops are formed. The gravity force prevails over the air resistance force, the deposition of droplets of the
21/ TOM XXVI/ 3
21
working solution occurs without acceleration, which poses a low risk to the environment and the population living around [2, 13, 23, 24, 25].
A promising direction in the development of spraying technology is low-volume and ultra-low-volume application of formulations, which allows to reduce consumption rates and the size of the drops of the working solution while increasing their number [5, 6, 9, 15, 28]. The advantages of low-volume and ultra-low-volume spraying over multivolume spraying are increased mobility, biological and economic efficiency. The productivity of devices increases and costs for carrying out spraying decrease. Improvement and development of new types of sprayers and pesticide formulations lead to the widespread use of low-volume spraying method [5, 6, 21]. It should be noted that this type of treatment has advantages in terms of exposure time of workers involved in pesticide work, relatively low risks of contamination of groundwater, soil and ecotoxicological risk [8, 23, 24].
But at the same time, with reducing the size of the droplets, the rate of their settling decreases and the rate of evaporation increases, which increases the risks of irritating, sensitizing, inhalation, percutaneous effects on workers involved in the treatment. The wear zone of the working solution is large, due to the predominance of drops of small size. The gravity force is balanced with the air resistance force; the deposition of droplets of the working solution is due to the pressure created by the sprayer. As a result, neighboring crops may be damaged and surface water bodies contaminated. This poses a threat to humans and animals, contaminates other field crops, and changes the application values of the formulations [11, 13, 25, 28, 30]. When carrying out treatments with low-volume application, additional preventive measures are required: additional individual means of skin and respiratory protection (or state-of-the-art standard ones), increase of sanitary
protection zones around the cultivated field, control of crops in neighboring fields, etc. [2, 7].
According to [9, 23, 24], the biological effectiveness of different types of pesticides is achieved by different application rates of the working solution. For example, reducing the application rate of the working solution of the fungicide to 200 l/ha when treated against plant diseases, significantly reduces its biological effectiveness. Therefore, from the standpoint of biological efficiency, the recommended values of fungicide application rates are on average 200-400 l/ha. It is better to work with herbicides on vegetable crops at a rate of up to 50 l/ha, and on cereals - up to 100 l/ha. The application rate of insecticides is in the range of 100-150 l/ha. In this regard, for the effective and safe ChPPP application it is necessary to have at least three sizes of sprayers.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The rational pesticides application includes minimizing their cumulative effect on human health and the environment and achieving high-targeted biological efficiencies.
2. One of the most effective ways to minimize the negative impact of chemical plant protection products and achieve economic success is a rational approach to the choice of pesticide application, as it takes into account the hazard class of pesticides, the presence of water protection zones, sensitivity of target crops, etc.
3. Adherence to the methodology of choosing the type of pesticide application and selection of the spray type is a key point in optimizing the rational use of chemical plant protection products, which requires detailed study from the standpoint of both efficiency and safety. Control over compliance with the recommendations should be included in sanitary-hygienic and sanitary-ecological monitoring.
Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
1. Bublyk LI, Vasechko GI, Vasyliev VP. [Handbook of plant protection]. Editor MP Lisovyi. Kyiv: Urozhai; 1999. p. 744. Ukrainian.
2. Vavrinevych O. [Hygienic estimation of potential combined risk of mixed fungicide harmful effects on workers]. Ukrainian journal of occupational health, [Internet]. 2015;1(42):58-66. Ukrainian.
doi: https://doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2015.01.058
3. Antonenko AM, Vavrinevych OP, Korshun MM, Omelchuk ST, Stavnichenko PV. [Hygienic substantiation of the model of human hazard prediction when using agricultural products contaminated with pesticides (on the
example of pyrazolecarboxamide class fungicides)]. Informaciinyi lyst pro novovvedennia v sferi okhorony zdorovia. 2018;29:4. Ukrainian.
4. Omelchuk ST, Stecenko OV, Gyrenko TV, Borysenko AA, Aleksiichuk VD. [Hygienic assessment of working conditions when using pesticides on soybeans]. Ukrayinskyi zhurnal z problem medycyny praci. 2019;15(3):240-6. Ukrainian.
doi: https://doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2019.03.240
5. Lysov AK, Kornilov TV, Naumova NI, et al. [New ultra low volume spraying equipment in cabbage pest control, environmental and economic benefits].
Tekhnologii i tekhnicheskie sredstva mekhanizirovannogo proizvodstva produktsii rastenievodstva i zhivotno-vodstva. 2019;1(98):115-24. Russian.
6. Markevich AYe, Nemirovets YuN. [Fundamentals of effective use of pesticides: a handbook of questions and answers on mechanization and quality control of pesticides in agriculture]. Gorki: educational institution "Mogilev state educational center for training, advanced training, retraining, consulting and agrarian reform"; 2004. p. 60. Russian.
7. [Methodical guidelines on study, estimation and reduction of risk of pesticides inhalation and dermal effects on the workers or by standerds during and after its application for plants and other objects chemical protection: 324/13.05.2009.]; 2009. p. 29. Ukrainian.
8. [On approvals by the Ministry of Health of plans for the implementation of certain acts of EU law: Order: No. 1141-p. from 26.11.2014]. [Internet]. Ukrainian. Available from:
http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1141-2014-p
9. Revyakin YeL, Krakhovetskiy NN [Machines for chemical protection of plants in innovative technologies: scientific. analyte. review]. Moskva: FGNU «Rosinfor-magrotekh»; 2010. p. 124. Russian.
10. Selivanov NI, Chepelev NI, Matyushev VV [Theoretical aspects of improving the safety of technological processes of agricultural enterprises]. Vestnik Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. 2016;2:151-5. Russian.
11. Sidorenko V. [Current technological solutions for the effective use of pesticides]. [Internet]. Agronom; 2020. Russian. Available from: https://www.agronom.com.ua/aktualni-tehnologichni-rishennya-dlya-efektyvnogo-zastosuvannya-pestytsydiv/
12. Agricultural Spray Nozzles and Accessories. Catalogue Lechler. EN; 2012. p. 65.
13. Andrew Storrie. Reducing herbicide spray drift. NSW Department of Primary Industries. [Internet]. Available from:
https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/weeds/weed-control/herbicides/spray-drift
14. Fargnoli M, Lombardi M, Puri D, et al. A Risk Assessment Procedure for the Enhancement of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(3):310.
doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030310
15. Directive 2009/127/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 Amending Directive 2006/42/EC with Regard to Machinery for Pesticide Application. [Internet]. Available from: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/127/oj
16. Novohatska OO, Stavnichenko PV, Kondra-tiuk MV, et al. Comparative hygienic evaluation of behavior of different pesticides groups in soil, prediction of risk of ground water contamination and its danger for human health in areas with irrigation farming. Rawal Medical Journal. 2018;43(1):129-36.
17. Li Y, Li Y, Pan X, et al. Comparison of a new airassisted sprayer and two conventional sprayers in terms of deposition, loss to the soil and residue of azoxystrobin
and tebuconazole applied to sunlit greenhouse tomato and field cucumber. Pest Manag Sci. 2018;74(2):448-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4728
18. Antonenko AM, Shpak BI, Vavrinevych OP, Bo-rysenko AA, Omelchuk ST. Forecasting of the hazard for human health of the consumption of vegetables grown with the application of abamectin-based insecticide formulations. Medical sciences: history, the present time, the future, EU experience: international scientific and practical conference. Poland: Wroclawek; 2019. Sep 27-28. p. 224-6.
19. Grella M, Gallart M, Marucco P, et al. Ground deposition and airborne spray drift assessment in vineyard and orchard: The influence of environmental variables and sprayer settings. Sustainability. 2017;9:728 doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050728
20. Machado SC, Martins I. Risk assessment of occupational pesticide exposure: Use of endpoints and surrogates. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2018;276-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.08.008
21. Michael F. Wilson Optimising pesticide use. Application technologies. UK, 2003;1-6.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/0470871792
22. Nasr GG, Yule AJ, Bendig L Agricultural Sprays. Industrial Sprays and Atomization Design, Analysis and Applications. UK. 2002;185-208.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3816-7_5
23. Omelchuk ST, Vavrinevych OP, Antonenko AM, Bardov VG. Forecastins the risk of bifenthrin-based insecticides for human health when consuming agricultural products grown after their application. One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine. 2019;1(50):28-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2019-50-1-28-33
24. Overview of Risk Assessment in the Pesticide Program. US EPA. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/overview-risk-assessment-pesticide-program
25. Paul E. Sumner. ReducingSpray Drift. The University of Georgia and Ft. Valley State College, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Counties of the state Cooperating. Available from:
https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/34 969/reducing.pdf?sequence=1
26. Recommendations for spraying technology for field crops. Available from:
https://www.syngenta.kz/rekomendacii-po-tehnologii-opryskivaniya-polevyh-kultur
27. Reducing Spray Drift (AE1210, Reviewed June 2017). Available from:
https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/reducing-spray-drift
28. Robert E. Wolf. Strategiesto Reduce Spray Drift. Kansas State University. Available from: http://cotton.tamu.edu/Weeds/Spray%20Drift%20Strat.pdf
29. Llop J, Gil E, Gallart M, et al. Spray distribution evaluation of different settings of a hand-held-trolley sprayer used in greenhouse tomato crops. Pest Management Science. 2015;72:505-16.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4014
30. TeeJet Technologies. A Spraying Systems Company. Wheaton; 2007. p. 192.
21/ TOM XXVI/ 3
23
СПИСОК ЛIТЕPAТУPИ
1. Бублик Л. I., Васечко Г. I., Васильев В. П. До-вщник i3 захисту рослин / за ред. М.П. Люового. Кшв: Урожай, 1999. 744 с.
2. Вавршевич О. П. Ппешчна оцiнка потенцш-ного комбiнованого ризику небезпечного впливу сумшевих фунгiцидiв для працюючих. Укратсъкий журнал з проблем медицини працг. 2015. Т. 42, № 1. С. .58-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2015.01.058
3. Ппешчне обгрунтування моделi прогнозу-вання небезпеки для людини при вживанн сшьсько-господарських продуктiв, контамiнованих пестицидами (на приклащ фунгiцидiв класу шразолкарбокса-мiдiв) / А. М. Антоненко та iн. 1нформ. лист про но-вовведення в сфер1 охорони здоров 'я. 2018. № 29. 4 с.
4. Ппешчна оцшка умов пращ при застосуванш пестицидiв на со! / С. Т. Омельчук та ш. Укр. журнал з проблем медицини працг. 2019. Т. 15. № 3. С. 240246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2019.03.240
5. Лысов А. К., Корнилов Т. В., Наумова Н. И., Гончаров Н. Р. Новое оборудование для ультрамало-объемного опрыскивания в борьбе с вредителями капусты, экологические и экономические преимущества. Технологии и технические средства механизированного производства продукции растениеводства и животноводства. 2019. Т. 98, № 1. С. 115-124.
6. Маркевич А. Е., Немировец Ю. Н. Основы эффективного применения пестицидов: справочник в вопросах и ответах по механизации и контролю качества применения пестицидов в сельском хозяйстве. Горки: учреждение образования "Моги-левский государственный учебный центр подготовки, повышения квалификации, переподготовки кадров, консультирования и аграрной реформы", 2004. 60 с.
7. Методичш рекомендаций з вивчення, оцшки i зменшення ризику шгаляцшного i перкутанного впливу пестицидiв на оаб, яш працюють з ними або можуть зазнавати впливу тд час i пiсля хiмiчного захисту рослин та шших об'ектiв. 324/13.05.2009. 29 с.
8. Про схвалення розроблених Мшютерством охорони здоров'я планiв iмплементацil деяких актiв законодавства £С: наказ ввд 26.11.2014. № 1141-р. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1141-2014-р (дата звернення 05.09.2019).
9. Ревякин Е. Л., Краховецкий Н. Н. Машины для химической защиты растений в инновационных технологиях: науч. аналит. обзор. Москва: ФГНУ «Рос-инфор-магротех», 2010. 124 с.
10. Селиванов Н. И., Чепелев Н. И., Матюшев В. В. Теоретические аспекты повышения безопасности технологических процессов сельскохозяйственных предприятий. Вест. Алтайского гос. аг-рарного университета. 2016. № 2. С. 151-155.
11. Сидоренко В. Актуальш технолопчш ргшення для ефективного застосування пестицидов. Агроном. 2020. URL: https://www.agronom.com.ua/aktualni-tehnolo-gichni-rishennya-dlya-efektyvnogo-zastosuvannya-pestytsydiv/ (дата звернення: 10.09.2020).
12. Agricultural Spray Nozzles and Accessories. Catalogue Lechler. EN, 2012. 65 p.
13. Andrew Storrie. Reducing herbicide spray drift. NSW Department of Primary Industries. URL: https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/weeds/weed-control/herbicides/spray-drift (Date of access: 03 September 2020).
14. A Risk Assessment Procedure for the Enhancement of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Management / M. Fargnoli et al. Inter. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019. Vol. 16, No. 3. P. 310.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030310
15. Directive 2009/127/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 Amending Directive 2006/42/EC with Regard to Machinery for Pesticide Application. URL: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/127/oj (Date of access: 28 September 2019).
16. Comparative hygienic evaluation of behavior of different pesticides groups in soil, prediction of risk of ground water contamination and its danger for human health in areas with irrigation farming / O. O. Novohatska et al. Rawal Medical Journal. 2018. Vol. 43, No. 1. P. 129-136.
17. Comparison of a new air-assisted sprayer and two conventional sprayers in terms of deposition, loss to the soil and residue of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole applied to sunlit greenhouse tomato and field cucumber / Y. Li et al. Pest Manag Sci. 2018. Vol. 74, No. 2. P. 448-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4728
18. Forecasting of the hazard for human health of the consumption of vegetables grown with the application of abamectin-based insecticide formulations. Medical sciences: history, the present time, the future, EU experience / A. M. Antonenko et al. International scientific and practical conference. Wroclawek, Poland. 27-28 September, 2019. P. 224-226.
19. Ground deposition and airborne spray drift assessment in vineyard and orchard: The influence of environmental variables and sprayer settings / M. Grella et al. Sustainability. 2017. No. 9. P. 728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050728
20. Machado S. C., Martins I. Risk assessment of occupational pesticide exposure: Use of endpoints and surrogates. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2018. P. 276-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.yrtph.2018.08.008
21. Michael F. Wilson Optimising pesticide use. Application technologies. UK, 2003. P. 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0470871792
22. Nasr G. G., Yule A. J., Bendig L. Agricultural Sprays. Industrial Sprays and Atomization Design, Analysis and Applications. UK, 2002. P. 185-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3816-7_5
23. Omelchuk S. T., Vavrinevych O.P., Antonenko A.M., Bardov V.G. Forecastins the risk of bifenthrin-based insecticides for human health when consuming agricultural products grown after their application. One
МЕДИЧН1ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ / MEDICNIPERSPEKTIVI
Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine. 2019. Vol. 50, No. 1. P. 28-33.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2019-50-1-28-33
24. Overview of Risk Assessment in the Pesticide Program. US EPA. [Internet]. URL: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/overview-risk-assessment-pesticide-program (cited 05.09.2019).
25. Paul E. Sumner. Reducing Spray Drift. The University of Georgia and Ft. Valley State College, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Counties of the state Cooperating. URL: https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/-bitstream/handle/10724/34969/reducing.pdf?sequence=1 (Date of access: 28 September 2019).
26. Recommendations for spraying technology for field crops. URL: https://www.syngenta.kz/rekomendacii-
po-tehnologii-opryskivaniya-polevyh-kultur (Date of access: 10.09.2020).
27. Reducing Spray Drift (AE1210, Reviewed June 2017). URL:
https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/reducing-spray-drift (дата звернення: 10.09.2020).
28. Robert E. Wolf. Strategiesto Reduce Spray Drift. Kansas State University. URL: https://www.epa.gov/pesti-cide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/overview-risk-assessment-pesticide-program (cited 02.09.2020).
29. Spray distribution evaluation of different settings of a hand-held-trolley sprayer used in greenhouse tomato crops / J. Llop et al. Pest Management Science. 2015. Vol. 72. Р. 505-51б. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4014
30. TeeJet Technologies. A Spraying Systems Company. Wheaton, 2007. 192 p.
Стаття надшшла до редакцп 05.10.2020
♦
21/ Том XXVI/ 3
25
