CC BY
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УДК 613.63:632.952 :63(477)
https://doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2019.04.013
УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ МОН1ТОРИНГУ У НАВКОЛИШНЬОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩ1 ПЕСТИЦИД1В, ЯК1 ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ЩИТОПОД1БНУ ЗАЛОЗУ
Антоненко А.М., Вавршевич О.П., Омельчук С.Т., Шпак Б.1., Коршун М.М.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF PESTICIDES AFFECTING THYROID GLAND
1ANTONENKO A.M., 1VAVRINEVYCH O.P., 2OMELCHUK S.T., 3SHPAK B.I., 'KORSHUN M.M., 1Bohomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine 2Hygiene and Ecology Institute Bohomolets of National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine 3«Syngenta» LLC, Kyiv, Ukraine
Pesticides are among the chemicals most studied in terms of adverse effects on the thyroid gland (DDT, amitrol, carbamate and dithiocarbamate class compounds, including manzoceb metabolite ethylenethiourea etc.) [1, 2]. It has been found that the effect of background concentrations of the tested compounds does not have a negative effect on the thyroid gland, while the effect on higher levels, professional or accidental, can lead to changes in thyroid gland [1, 3].
However, to date, agriculture in most countries, especially developing ones, is heavily reliant on pesticide application, which prevents or reduces losses from pests and thus increases yields and product quality, even in terms
of external attractiveness, which is often important for consumers [4, 5]. From this point of view, pesticides are an economical, labor-saving and effective mean for the control of pests, diseases and weeds in agriculture [5].
Same time pathology of the endocrine system takes one of the leading places in the structure of the general morbidity of the population of Ukraine and the world. Among endocrine diseases in Ukraine, the main place takes pathology of the thyroid gland (about 44%, in the endemic western regions - 70%).
Despite their popularity and widespread use, pesticides pose a serious risk to human health: farmers (professional contingents) when mixing and applying pesticides or working in cultivated
УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ МОН1ТОРИНГУ УДОВК1ЛЛ1ПЕСТИЦИД1В, ЯК1 ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ЩИТОПОД1БНУ ЗАЛОЗУ 1 Антоненко А.М., 1Ваврневич О.П., 2Омельчук С. Т., 3Шпак Б.1., 1 Коршун М. М., 1 Нащональний медичний унверситет iM. О.О. Богомольця, м. Ки)в, Украна 21нститут ппени та екологИ Нащонального медичного унверситету iM. О.О. Богомольця, м. Ки)в, Украна
3ООО «Сингента», м. Ки)в, Украна
Пестициди належать до хiмiчних речовин, най-бльш досл '1джених у планi негативного впливу на щитоподбну залозу. Однак сльське господарст-во бльшост кра/'н, особливо тих, що розви-ваються, значно залежить вд застосування пестицидв, що дозволяе запоб'\гти або зменши-ти втрати в 'щ шкдниюв i таким чином пдвищити врожайнсть та яксть продукцп, навть з точки зору зювнiшньюi привабливосл, що часто е важ-ливим для споживач 'в.
Мета - гiгiенiчне обфунтування критерпв выбору пестицидов, як впливають на щитоподбну залозу для ix монторингу у дювкiллi. Матер!али i методи дослджень. Нами вико-ристано методи лабораторного та натурного гiгiенiчнюгю експериментiв, фiзикю-xiмiчнi (хро-матюграфiчнi), юрганюлептичнi, фiзичнi методи, методи математичного моделювання та статис-тичного анал'\зу.
Результати та обговорення. При вирiшеннi питання про неюбxiднiсть проведення монто-рингу в Укра]'н '1 для пестициду, який впливае на
щитопод'1бну залозу, оц '\нюють кожен iз запро-понованих показниюв у балах та знаходять )хню загальну суму. Якщо препарати на основi дослджуваноi сполуки застосовують на рiзниx культурах або у рiзниx Грунтово-кл 'шатичних умовах, то для юцiнки беруть найбльше зна-чення пер'юду нап'(вруйнування. П'\сля дода-вання усх отриманих бал'1в неюбxiднiсть проведення монторингу ошнюють таким чином: якщо загальна сума становить 11-16 бал'1в, проведення монторингу необов'язкове; 17-27 бал '1в - монторинг проводити бажано; 28-38 бал '1в - монторинг проводити обов 'язково; 3944 бали - використання пестициду необхдно заборонити.
Висновок. Таким чином, нами було удосконале-но систему монторингу пестицидв, як можуть впливати на функщонування щитопо^бно)' зало-зи, а саме: було запропоновано бальну ощнку критерпв вдбору для проведення монторинго-вих досл '1джень, а також додатков '1 (iндекс потен-шйного забруднення фунтових та поверхневих вод (LЕАСН), '¡нтегральний показник небезпеч-ност у раз '1 потрапляння у воду, '¡нтегральний показник небезпечност споживання продуЫв (1ПНВП) та специфiчнi критерп (вплив на щито-пюдiбну залозу як юрган-мiшень, вираженсть тирозинемп, iндукюванюi пестицидом (рiвень тирозину у плазмi крови, нмоль/мл).
Ключов! слова: пестициди, критерИ' вдбору, клас небезпеки, спйюсть в об'ектах довклля, ризик для непрофесйних контингент'ш, мошторинг.
© Антоненко А.М., Ваврневич О.П., Омельчук С.Т., Шпак Б.1., Коршун М.М. СТАТТЯ, 2019.
13 Environment & Health № 4 2019
fields; for non-professional contingents (bystanders) in the consumption of food and water containing pesticide residues [5].
That is why monitoring the risk of pesticides, which can affect the thyroid gland, when pesticides with water and foodstuffs enter the human body is very important to control the health of the population [6].
Objective. Wesubstantiationthe criteria for selection of pesticides that affect the thyroid gland for their monitoring in the environment.
Materials and methods: The
most widely used fungicides and herbicides as the compounds most commonly affecting the functioning of the thyroid gland, and insecticides as the most toxic to warm-blooded animals and humans, have been selected to analyze and identify possible selection criteria for monitoring.
We used methods of laboratory and field hygiene experiments, physico-chemical (chromatographic), organoleptic, physical methods, methods of mathematical modeling and statistical analysis. Statistical processing of the results was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics Base v. 22 statistical software package. Descriptive statistics were used in the statistical analysis of the obtained data; the comparison of the mean values of the variables was carried out using parametric methods (Student's t-test) with the normal distribution of the features expressed in the interval scale. Differences with a significance level greater than 95% (p<0.05) were considered significant. Compliance with the law of normal distribution of features was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk method.
Results and discussion. A risk assessment for population when consuming food containing pesticide residues is mandatory in the US and European countries [7-10]. In Ukraine, when carrying out state tests of new pesticide formulations, a risk assessment for agricultural producers (professional contingents) is carried out with possible inhalation and dermal penetration of pesticide compounds. There is no assessment of any risk to non-professional contingents in the oral ingestion of pesticide active substances with food and water, risk monitoring for the population
when using contaminated products and water is not carried out.
In Ukraine, monitoring of xeno-biotics is currently governed by Article 33 of the Law of Ukraine «On ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population», namely the Procedure for Conducting State Social and Hygienic Monitoring (Decree № 182 of February 22, 2006); Resolution of March 30, 1998 № 391 «On Approval of the Regulation On the State Environmental Monitoring System» (as last amended № 797 dated October 18, 2017); Resolution №758 of September 19, 2018 «On Approval of the Procedure for State Water Monitoring». In 2017 Vavrinevych O.P. and the co-authors developed and substantiated the mechanism of improvement and developed the scheme of functioning of the system of state social-hygienic monitoring of fungicides in environmental objects [11].
The environmental monitoring models that exist in Ukraine today [10, 11] provide for observations of the state of the environment (air, land waters, coastal waters, soil), and the level of its pollution. The implementation of these functions is entrusted to the Ministry of Environment and other central executive organizations, which are the subjects of the state environmental monitoring system, as well as enterprises, institutions and organizations whose activities lead to or may cause environmental denatura-tion [12]. In addition, a scheme for the functioning of the system of social and hygienic monitoring and prevention of the negative impact of plant protection chemicals on population health has been proposed [12].
However, none of the monitoring systems provides for a risk assessment for non-professional contingents whose organism is predominantly orally administered with drinking water and foodstuffs and pesticides may be released. In addition, they do not contain specific criteria for monitoring of pesticide that affect the thyroid gland, which, as seen above, is extremely relevant to our country today.
The results of the toxicological and hygienic evaluation and study of the mechanisms of action of the investigated pesticides [2] allowed to distinguish in
addition to previously justified toxicological selection criteria for monitoring (hazard class and the allowable daily dose value), two more specific indices: impact on the thyroid gland as target organ and severity of tyrosinemia induced by pesticide (plasma tyrosine level, nmol/ml).
It has been established that in soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine the risk of soil water contamination with all investigated fungicides (isopyrazam, pen-tiopyrad, sedaxan, fluxapiroxad) and most herbicides (acetochlor, dimethachlor, propizochlor, pro-pizolachlor, S-metolachlor, thi-enecarbazone-methyl, isoxaflu-tol, mesotrione, glyphosate) is low and maximum possible concentrations in groundwater are low and much lower than permissible. Which is due to low rates of herbicide consumption and a small percentage of active substances in the formulations and indicates the relative safety of human health in the use of water contaminated with compounds [13, 14].
Based on the obtained data, an additional criteria for the assessment of the environmental hazards of the pesticide for monitoring system - the Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution Index (LEACH); indices of the hazard of entry into the human body (integral index of contaminated water consumption hazard (IICWCH) and the integral index of contaminated food consumption hazard (IICFCH) - were proposed.
The analysis of toxicity, mechanisms of action, risk to the environment and the human body of the investigated pesticides affecting the thyroid gland [2, 1315], allowed to substantiate the scheme of functioning of the monitoring system for monitoring pesticides - risk factors for the development of thyroid disease as a methodic basis of of prevention (fig.).
Hygienic monitoring of pesticides that affect the thyroid gland requires, first of all, areas with intensive agriculture, such as Vinnytsia, Cherkasy, Poltava, Kherson, Odesa, Mykolaiv regions. However, in other areas such monitoring is desirable as chemical plant protection products are being actively introduced into Ukrainian agriculture, including privately owned farms
that are mostly unchecked, which complicates the determination of pesticide application volumes [6].
When deciding on the need for monitoring in Ukraine for a pesticide that affects the thyroid gland, each of the proposed indicators have to be evaluated in points (table) and their total value have to be estimated. If formulations based on the test compound are used on different crops or in different soil and climatic conditions, the maximum values of the half-life periods should be taken for the assessment.
After adding all points received, the need for monitoring is evaluated as follows: for a total of 11-16 points - monitoring is
not required; 17-27 points -monitoring is desirable; 28-38 -monitoring is obligatory; 39-44 -pesticide use should be prohibited.
Conclusion. We have improved the monitoring system of pesticide that may affect the functioning of the thyroid gland, namely: it offered a point evaluation of the selection criteria for monitoring studies, proposed additional (the Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution Index (LEACH); indices of the hazard of entry into the human body (integral index of contaminated water consumption hazard (IICWCH) and the integral index of contaminated food consumption hazard (IICFCH)) and specific criteria (effect on thyroid gland as target
organ, severity of pesticide induced tyrosinemia (plasma tyrosine level, nmol/ml). .niTEPATyPA
1. Sarne D. Effects of the environment, chemicals and drugs on thyroid function. Thyroid Disease Manager. 2010. 54 p. URL:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b ooks/NBK285560/
2. Antonenko A.M., Blagaia A.V., Vavrinevych O.P., Omelchuk S.T., Korshun M.M., Milokhov D.S., Pelio I.M., Bodjar I. Mechanism of action of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor herbicide on homoterm animals and humans. Journal of Preclinical and Clinical Research. 2015. Vol. 9. № 2.
P. 148-153.
Figure
Scheme of functioning of the system of hygienic monitoring and prevention of negative effects of pesticides that affect the thyroid gland
It
4
Notes:
CIPP - the coefficient of inhalation poisoning possibility;
CSA - the coefficient of selectivity of action; IICWCH - integral index of contaminated water consumption hazard;
IICFCH - the integral index of contaminated food consumption hazard;
LEACH - the Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution Index;
SCI-GROW - screening of maximum pesticide
concentration in groundwater;
GUS - Groundwater Ubiquity Score;
i4-HPPD - 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
dioxygenase inhibitors;
iSDH - succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF PESTICIDES AFFECTING THYROIDGLAND 1Antonenko A.M., 1 Vavrinevych O.P., 2Omelchuk S.T., 3Shpak B.I., 1Korshun M.M.,
1Bohomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
2Hygiene and Ecology Institute of Bohomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine 3«Syngenta» LLC, Kyiv, Ukraine
Pesticides are among the chemicals most studied in terms of adverse effects on the thyroid gland. However, agriculture in most countries, especially developing ones, is heavily reliant on pesticide application, which prevents or reduces losses from pests and thus increases yields and product quality, even in terms of external attractiveness, which is often important for consumers. Objective: The aim of the study is a hygienic substantiation of the selection criteria for monitoring and assessment of the human health risk of pesticides that may affect the thyroid gland. Materials and methods: We used methods of laboratory and field hygiene experiments, physico-chemical (chromatographic), organoleptic, physical methods, methods of mathematical modeling and statistical analysis. Results and discussion: When deciding^ on the need for monitoring in Ukraine for a pesticide
that affects the thyroid gland, each of the proposed indicators have to be evaluated in points and their total value have to be estimated. If formulations based on the test compound are used on different crops or in different soil and climatic conditions, the maximum values of the half-life periods should be taken for the assessment.After adding all points received, the need for monitoring is evaluated as follows: for a total of 11-16 points - monitoring is not required; 17-27 points - monitoring is desirable; 28-38 - monitoring is obligatory; 39-44 - pesticide use should be prohibited. Conclusion: Thus, we have improved the monitoring system of pesticide that may affect the functioning of the thyroid gland, namely: it offered a point evaluation of the selection criteria for monitoring studies, proposed additional ( the Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution Index (LEACH); indices of the hazard of entry into the human body (integral index of contaminated water consumption hazard (IICWCH) and the integral index of contaminated food consumption hazard (IICFCH)) and specific criteria (effect on thyroid gland as target organ, severity of pesticide induced tyrosinemia (plasma tyrosine level, nmol/ml).
Keywords: pesticides, selection criteria, hazard class, environmental persistency, risk for bystanders, monitoring.
3. Brucker-Davis F. Effects of Environmental Synthetic Chemicals on Thyroid Function. Thyroid. 2009. Vol. 8. № 9. URL
pesticide use: An assessment from acute poisoning in Brazil. Ecolological Economics. 2009. № 68. P. 2721-2728.
Table
Selection criteria for hygienic monitoring of pesticides that affect the thyroid gland
:https://www.liebertpub.com/doi /abs/10.1089/thy. 1998.8.827.
4. Soares W.L., Porto M.F.D. Estimating the social cost of
«
Criteria Score in points, depending on the index value
1 2 3 4
Toxicological criteria
Allowable daily dose (ADD), mg/kg >0,02 0,0051-0,02 0,0021-0,005 0,002
Class of hazard according to State Standards 8.8.1.002-98 4 3 2 1
Impact on the thyroid gland as a target organ Does not affect Weak effect in animal experiments The pronounced effect in animal experiments is likely to be realized in humans It is proved that it is realized in humans
The severity of pesticide-induced tyrosinemia (plasma tyrosine levels, nmol/ml) <300 300-1000 1001-1500 >1500
The hazard to environmental objects
Half-life period (DT50)in soil, day <11 11-30 31-120 >120
Half-life period (DT50) in water, day <5 5-10 11-30 >30
Half-life period (DT50)in plants, day <5 5-14 15-30 >30
the Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution Index (LEACH), units <0,01 0,01-0,1 0,11-1,0 >1,0
Screening of maximum pesticide concentration in groundwater (SCI-GROW), Mg/l <1,0x10-3 1,0x10-3 - 1,0x10-2 1,1x10-2 - 1,0x10-1 >1,0x10-1
The hazard to humans
Integral index of contaminated water consumption hazard (IICWCH), points 4 5-6 7-8 9
Integral index of contaminated food consumption hazard (IICFCH), points 4 5-6 7-8 9
5. DamalasCh.A., Eleftherohorinos I.G. Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators. International Journal of Enviromental Research and Public Health. 2011. № 8 (5). P. 1402-1419.
6. Antonenko A.M., Vavrinevych O.P., Korshun M.M., Omelchuk S.T. Hygienic assessment of the effects of pesticides application on adult population morbidity with thyroid gland diseases. Wiadomosci Lekarskie. 2018. T. LXXI. № 2 (cz. II).
P. 353-357.
7. US EPA. Overview of Risk Assessment in the Pesticide Program. URL:
https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesti-cide-risks/overview-risk-assess-ment-pesticide-program (date of access: 05.09.2019).
8. European Food Safety Authority. Exposure to pesticides data for residents and bystanders, and for environmental risk assessment. URL: https://data.europa.eu/euodp/d ata/dataset/exposure-to-pesti-cides-data-for-residents-and-bystanders-and-for-environ-mental-risk-assessment (date of acceptance: 05.09.2019).
9. Regulating Pesticides through Risk Assessment. National Pesticide Information Center. URL:
http://npic.orst.edu/reg/risk.ht ml (date of access: 05.09.2019).
10. Guidance of EFSA: Guidance on the assessment of exposure of operators, workers, residents and bystanders in risk assessment for plant protection products. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Journal. 2014. № 12 (10). P. 3874-3924.
11. Vavrynevych O.P. Hygienic substantiation of scientific bases of state social-hygienic monitoring at application of fungicides in the agro-prescriptive complex of Ukraine: Author's abstract of doctor of sciences thesis : 14.02.01 / Bogomolets National Medical University. Kyiv, 2017. 42 p.
12. Ecological monitoring of the environment. The official portal of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. URL:
https://menr.gov.ua/content/ek ologichniy-monitoring-dovkillya.html (date of access: 29.08.2019).
13. Vavrinevych O.P., Antonenko A.M., Omelchuk S.T., Korshun M.M., Bardov V.G. Prediction of soil and ground water contamination with fungicides of different classes according to soil and climate conditions in Ukraine and other European countries. Georgian Medical News. 2015. № 5 (242). C. 73-84.
14. Antonenko A.M., Vavrinevych O.P., Omelchuk S.T., Korshun M.M. Comparative hygienic risk assessment of groundwater contamination by herbicides of different chemical classes and hazard prediction for human after consumption of contaminated water. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. Poland. 2016. № 9. P. 873-882.
15. Novohatska O.O., Stav-nichenko P.V., Kondratiuk M.V., Antonenko A.M., Vavrinevich O.P., Omelchuk S.T., Bardov V.G. Comparative hygienic evaluation of behavior of different pesticides groups in soil, prediction of risk of ground water contamination and its danger for human health in areas with irrigation farming. Rawal Medical Journal. 2018. Vol. 43. № 1.
P. 129-136.
REFERENCES
1. Sarne D. Thyroid Disease Manager. 2010 : 54 p. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b ooks/NBK285560/
2. Antonenko A.M., Blagaia A.V., Vavrinevych O.P., Omelchuk S.T., Korshun M.M., Milokhov D.S., Pelio I.M. and Bodjar I. Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research. 2015 ; 9 (2) : 148-153.
3. Brucker-Davis F Thyroid. 2009 ; 8 (9). URL : https://www.liebertpub.com/doi /abs/10.1089/thy. 1998.8.827.
4. Soares W.L. and Porto M.FD. Ecolological Economics. 2009 ; 68 : 2721-2728.
5. Damalas Ch.A. and Eleftherohorinos I.G. International Journal of Enviromental Research and Public Health. 2011 ; 8 (5) :1402-1419.
6. Antonenko A.M., Vavrinevych O.P., Korshun M.M. and Omelchuk S.T. Wiadomos'ci Lekarskie. 2018 ; LXXI ; № 2 (cz. II) : 353-357.
7. US EPA. Overview of Risk Assessment in the Pesticide Program. URL:
https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-
science-and-assessing-pesti-cide-risks/overview-risk-assess-ment-pesticide-program (date of access: 05.09.2019).
8. European Food Safety Authority. Exposure to Pesticides Data for Residents and Bystanders, and for Environmental Risk Assessment. URL:
https://data.europa.eu/euodp/d ata/dataset/exposure-to-pesti-cides-data-for-residents-and-bystanders-and-for-environ-mental-risk-assessment (date of acceptance: 05.09.2019).
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http://npic.orst.edu/reg/risk.ht ml (date of access: 05.09.2019).
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11. Vavrynevych O.P. Hygienic Substantiation of Scientific Bases of State Social-Hygienic Monitoring at Application of Fungicides in the Agro-Prescriptive Complex of Ukraine : Author's Abstract of Doctor of Sciences Thesis / Bogomolets National Medical University. Kyiv; 2017 : 42 p.
12. Ecological Monitoring of the Environment. The Official Portal of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. URL:
https://menr.gov.ua/content/ek ologichniy-monitoring-dovkillya.html.(date of access: 29.08.2019).
13. Vavrinevych O.P., Antonenko A.M., Omelchuk S.T., Korshun M.M. and Bardov V.G. Georgian Medical News. 2015 ; 5(242) : 73-84.
14. Antonenko A.M., Vavrinevych O.P., Omelchuk S.T. and Korshun M.M. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016 ; 6(9) : 873-882. http://doi.org/10.5281/zeno-do.161844
15. Novohatska O.O., Stavni-chenko P.V., Kondratiuk M.V., Antonenko A.M., Vavrinevich O.P., Omelchuk S.T. and Bardov V.G. Rawal Medical Journal. 2018 ; 43 (1) : 129-136.
Hafliüwna go pega^H 18.08.2019
