43НАУЧНЫЕ МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ УДК 622.276
Чифилёв Сергей Михайлович Chifilev Sergey Michaelovich
Студент Student
Тюменский индустриальный университет, г. Нижневартовск
Tymen Industrial University
ГИДРОРАЗРЫВ ПЛАСТА В НЕФТЕГАЗОВОЙ ОТРАСЛИ HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN OIL INDUSTRY
Аннотация: В данной статье рассматривается технология гидроразрыва пласта в нефтегазовой отрасли. Описан процесс гидроразрыва пласта, а также его история и особенности. Большое внимание уделено рискам использования данной технологии.
Abstract: This article deals with hydraulic fracturing technology in oil industry. It is spoken in detail about the process of hydraulic fracturing. Article considers the history and features of this technology. Much attention is given to risks of using the hydraulic fracturing.
Ключевые слова: Гидроразрыв пласта, фрэкинг, перфорация, раствор гидроразрыва пласта, загрязнение воды.
Key words: Hydraulic fracturing, fracking, perforation, fracking fluid, water contamination.
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid. Today it is the most popular method of increasing the flow of oil and gas from a well. However, this technology has many issues and features. Not all wells fit with this technology. The reason is effectiveness, ecology and economy. This article considers the invention history and features of hydraulic fracturing for smarter application of this technology.
The first usage of fracking to stimulate oil and natural gas wells was done in the United States over 60 years ago. Haliburton Oil Well Cementing Company was issued a patent for the procedure in 1949. The method successfully increased well production rates and the practice quickly spread. Later in 1953 hydraulic fracturing was used in USSR. Soviet scientists Khristianovich S. A. and Zheltov Yu. P.
Международная научно-практическая конференция developed the theoretical foundations of the method. Their researches highly improved the hydraulic fracturing technology [1].
Earlier, hydraulic fracturing was an unpopular technology. It was unnecessary to stimulate wells. Fields were fresh. Draw-down of reservoirs was good enough to keep the desired level of oil and gas recovery. But now many wellbores are exhausted and need a stimulation.
Now fracking is used throughout the world in thousands of wells every year.
The process of hydraulic fracturing divided into three steps
1. The deformation of fracture surfaces;
2. The fluid flow within the fracture;
3. The fracture propagation.
After the drilling case is released, the fracking begins. It begins with the installation of a valve at the surface. Then a water and gel mixture is used to clean up the wellbore with a bit via a completion rig and tubing in preparation for the perforating run. Then the perforating guns are lowered into the horizontal section of the casing via tubing and fired at a predetermined depth. Guns perf tunnels that are approximately 0,7 meters long and 1 centimeter in diameter. The perforation guns are then removed in preparation for the next step. Next, pump trucks are used to send a fracking fluid (mixture of water, proppant and chemicals) deep into the wellbore and out into the perf tunnels. This process fractures the rock (fractures typically grow 60 to 120 meters) and the fractures are filled with proppant in the fluid to prop the fractures open when pressure is relieved. This provides the trapped oil or natural gas a conductive flow path into the wellbore. Sand is the proppant most commonly used today. The fracking fluid chemicals perform various tasks: they condense the water, kill off bacteria and dissolve minerals. Next, the majority of the fracking fluid is pumped out. And now the natural gas and oil can be recovered. As a rule, the fracking fluid is pumped back into deep underground layers and sealed in there.
However, hydraulic fracturing is associated with several risks. The primary risk is the contamination of drinking water sources. Fracking not only consumes large quantities of fresh water, but in addition the water is subsequently
НАУЧНЫЕ МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ contaminated and is highly toxic. The contamination is so severe that the water cannot be cleaned in a treatment plant [2]. No one yet knows how the enclosed water will behave in the future, since there have not yet been any long-term studies on the subject. The chemicals used in fracking vary from the hazardous to the extremely toxic and carcinogenic, such as benzol or formic acid. Another risk is the release of greenhouse gases. The natural gas recovered by fracking consists largely of methane, a greenhouse gas which is 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Part of the recovered gas is lost in the extraction and escapes into the atmosphere.
In terms of economy, it is beneficial to apply fracking at unconventional reservoirs (reservoirs with very low permeability, complicated geological settings). This makes the hydraulic fracturing process a challenging task. Due to the complexity of unconventional reservoirs, it is challenging to predict the initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures [3]. For example, the existence of arbitrary pre-existing interfaces may diversify or arrest hydraulic fractures; the temperature effect; the fluid loss and transport of proppant; the competition between hydraulic fractures, and its recession and closure. Thus, it is crucial to explore how hydraulic fracturing process will happen in complex geological settings.
Hydraulic fracturing is a significant well stimulation method in oil industry. Fracking is a very expensive technology and the benefits from better understanding and controlling this technology are obvious. Under complex geological settings, it is important but hard to predict how the hydraulic fracturing will evolve and it should be controlled with caution. Undesirable hydraulic fracturing results will not only cause economic loss but also lead to environment pollution, such as water contaminant, which is harmful for ecosystem. Thus, when properly employed, this technique offers one way in the short to medium term for meeting our demand for lower-cost oil and gas recovery and lower-cost energy. But the long-term consequences of fracking is unforeseeable and the risk to our drinking water should not be underestimated.
Международная научно-практическая конференция Библиографический список:
1. Hydraulic fracturing [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic fracturing (Дата обращения: 8.04.2020).
2. Hagstrom E.L. Hydraulic fracturing: identifying and managing the risks / E.L. Hagstrom, J.M. Adams. - Environ. Claims J., 2012. - 115 p.
3. Lange T.L. Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional gas reservoirs: risks in the geological system / T.L. Lange, M. Sauter, M. Heitfeld. - Environ. Earth Sci., 2013. - 70 p.
УДК 62
Казымов Интегам Рамиз оглы Kazimov Integam Ramiz ogly
аспирант graduate student Сургутский государственный университет Surgut State University
ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ПРОПУСКНОЙ СПОСОБНОСТИ В СЛОЖНЫХ СЕТЯХ
INCREASE THROUGHPUT IN COMPLEX NETWORKS
Аннотация: в настоящее время проявляется тенденция роста интереса к беспроводным системам передачи информации (сложная сеть). Данная тенденция роста происходит из-за следующих факторов: увеличение количества беспровдных устройств; высокая плотность беспровдных устройств; быстрый рост объема беспровдного трафика; рост спроса на мультимедийные услуги; появление новых устройств и соединений; развитие различных видов коммуникаций. Все перечисленные факторы приведут к перенасыщению существующей сети. Основное направление беспроводных сетей нового поколения эта улучшение мобильной связи, которая должна стать беспроводным компонентом для перехода к сверхплотной (сложной) сети. Поэтому встает вопрос о повышении пропускной способности, не снижающем качества предоставляемых услуг связи. Для увеличения производительности беспроводной сети все известные методы
