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15SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 3 I ISSUE 10 I 2022 _ISSN: 2181-1601
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF 2022=5.016) Passport: http://sjifactor.com/passport.php?id=22257
HISTORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
Dildorakhon Sanjarbek qizi Eshmurodova
Student of Economics and Management Faculty of ICT in Tashkent University of Information Technologies
Jahongir Sodirjon o'g'li Abduqahhorov
Student of Economics and Management Faculty of ICT in Tashkent University of Information Technologies
ABSTRACT:
This article provides information on the history of economic development in Uzbekistan, economic forms, economic sectors, economic growth, economic history and economic growth of Uzbekistan in 30 years and compared with other European countries.
Keywords: Economy, information, finance, Property, private sectors, Antiquity, service, large industry, construction, forecasting .
Economy ( ancient Greek : olkos "house, house" + nómos "noun, territory under management") is a set of relations that develop in the economic activity of society , as well as in the system of production, distribution , exchange and consumption .
For the first time, the word "economy" was used in scientific work in the IV century. From Xenophon BC , he calls it "natural science". Aristotle contrasted economics with chrematistics, which he considered to be a field of human activity related to profit. In modern philosophy , the economy is considered as a system of social relations viewed from the point of view of the concept of value . The main task of the economy is the continuous creation of such benefits that are necessary for human life and without which society cannot develop. Economics is a branch of industry that helps meet human needs in a world of limited resources. Economic sectors
• The primary sector of the economy combines agriculture , fishing, forestry , hunting and extractive industries.
• The secondary branch of the economy is production and construction .
• The third sector of the economy is called the service sector. It is often separated from the third sector of the economy
• The fourth sector of the economy is information technology , education , research, global marketing, banking , financial services, and other services related not to production, but to its planning and organization.
State and private sectors are divided according to the form of ownership .
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 3 I ISSUE 10 I 2022 _ISSN: 2181-1601
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF 2022=5.016) Passport: http://sjifactor.com/passport.php?id=22257
Depending on the specific types of economic activity, the economy is divided into the real sector, non-production, and financial sectors. Forms of economy
• market
• planned
• traditional
• mixed up
Economic growth
Economic growth means the growth of real production in the national economy in a certain period of time (month, quarter, year). Unlike economic development, economic growth is a quantitative indicator. Real output is usually understood as real (ie, adjusted for inflation) gross domestic product (GDP), less commonly real gross national product (GDP), net national product (GNP), or national income (ND). Economic growth is closely related to the growth of general well-being: it is characterized by an increase in life expectancy, the quality of medical care, the level of education, a reduction in the length of the working day, etc.
History of economics
The level of economic development was low in the primitive society. At first, primitive people made a living by hunting and gathering, but as a result of the Neolithic revolution, agriculture and animal husbandry appeared . The development of society led to the division of labor - farming and herding tribes were distinguished , craftsmen were distinguished, the first of which were blacksmiths . Different classes like social inequality, social classes and the state emerged. Slavery also began to appear during colonial times.
Gradually, the exchange of goods developed, which was initially carried out in the form of barter , but with the appearance of money began to turn into trade . Nevertheless, the societies of the ancient world and the Middle Ages were dominated by a kind of agriculture. In many regions of the Ancient Antiquity, there was a so-called palace economy based on a combination of a planned economy and a specific economy.
Crusades , Europeans rediscovered spices, silks , and other products that were rare in Europe during the Middle Ages . As a result of this discovery, it began to lead to the expansion of trade and increased trade competition with the countries of the East.
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 3 I ISSUE 10 I 2022 _ISSN: 2181-1601
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF 2022=5.016) Passport: http://sjifactor.com/passport.php?id=222ff7
From the end of the 15th century, the period of discoveries began, which led to the formation of the world economy and the beginning of the primitive accumulation period.
industrial revolution began in the last quarter of the 18th century , which led to the fact that in the most developed countries by the end of the 19th century, the majority of the population was employed in industry rather than in agriculture . Capitalism became the dominant economic system.
Administrative-command in a number of countries in the 20th century a socialist economy was created. Capitalism has developed in other countries. In the second half of the 20th century, a scientific and technical revolution began, as a result of which the industrial society in the most developed countries began to turn into a post-industrial society.
Economy of Uzbekistan - Uzbekistan ranks 14th in the world in terms of gas demand, third in terms of exports and sixth in terms of exports, seventh in the world in terms of uranium supply (4% of the world's uranium reserves), and fourth in the world in terms of total uranium supply. In 1991-2017, the structure of the economy changed dramatically: the share of domestic debt in GDP decreased from 37% to 19.2%.
It is estimated that growth of 5.6 percent in 2021 and 6 percent in 2022 can be achieved through the main sectors of the economy.
In its report under the heading "Regional Economic Prospects", the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development predicts that the economy of Uzbekistan will grow by 5.6 percent in 2021 and 6 percent in 2022 with the participation of the driver sectors. This was reported in the report of the organization.
Also, the amount of personal consumption and investment is expected to increase in the following years.
According to the data, the main sectors of the economy: services, large-scale industry, construction and agriculture will record positive indicators this year. At the same time, despite the pandemic, it is very important to continue the privatization of state-owned enterprises and market reforms.
On a regional scale, it is forecasted that the economies of the countries may register a growth of 4.5 percent in 2021-2022 due to the increase in raw material prices and, through this, positive indicators in the export sector, as well as the recovery of remittances.
The outlook for the international tourism sector remains uncertain amid widespread restrictions around the world. After that, countries whose main economic benefits come from tourism are still feeling the pinch. If we look at the GDP of former Soviet Union countries for 30 years ;
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 3 I ISSUE 10 I 2022 _ISSN: 2181-1601
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF 2022=5.016) Passport: http://sjifactor.com/passport.php?id=222ff7
For 30 years, the total GDP of the countries of the former Soviet Union has more than tripled. In 2020, the real GDP of Uzbekistan increased by 3.4 times compared to 1991, the GDP per capita increased by 2.9%. The share of cotton raw materials in the country's exports has sharply decreased, and gold has become the leading export product.
In particular, in 1990, the size of the economy of the Soviet Union was estimated by the UN at 791 billion dollars at the prices of that time. In 2021, the total GDP of the 15 republics of the former union was 2.5 trillion dollars.
According to UN estimates, in 1990, 4.6 percent of the world's GDP was contributed by the Soviet Union, while the total GDP of the fifteen former Soviet Union countries is about 2.6 percent of the world's GDP. percent. At the moment, the International Monetary Fund estimates the share of GDP of all countries of the former Soviet Union in the world economy as higher - 4.7 percent, based on purchasing power parity (PPP).
GDP per capita in Uzbekistan increased by 2.9% and amounted to 7,000 dollars. For comparison, in Kazakhstan, this figure has more than doubled and reached 26,400 dollars. In Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, it decreased to 5300 and 3400 dollars, respectively.
It should be noted that the rate of population growth or decline also played an important role in the dynamics of GDP per capita formation. In particular, the population of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan has grown dramatically over the past period.
Experts from the University of Groningen's Madison Project Database have calculated the estimated GDP per capita for the republics of the former Soviet Union. According to him, before the breakup in 1990, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were among the top three countries in terms of GDP per capita in the former union with a significant difference. Also, Russia, Georgia, neighboring Kazakhstan and Belarus had GDP per capita above the Union average. The lowest indicators were observed in the countries of Central Asia (except Kazakhstan), in particular, in Uzbekistan, this indicator was 6800 dollars.
By 2019, the Baltic states and Russia retained the leadership. Kazakhstan, Belarus and Turkmenistan have overtaken Georgia. In particular, Turkmenistan has achieved a threefold increase in GDP per capita.
According to the World Bank, GDP per capita in most post-Soviet countries showed a downward trend between 1996 and 1999. In 2009, due to the global financial crisis, the economy of all countries simultaneously declined or slowed down. In 20152016, the GDP per capita decreased in the oil-dependent countries of the region, such as
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 3 I ISSUE 10 I 2022 _ISSN: 2181-1601
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF 2022=5.016) Passport: http://sjifactor.com/passport.php?id=222ff7
Russia, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan. To date, the last simultaneous decline occurred in 2020 - during the coronavirus pandemic.
Currently, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia have the highest GDP per capita among the countries of the former Soviet Union. GDP per capita in these countries has been growing almost since 1995. Also, since 2004, these Baltic states have been members of the European Union.
At the same time, due to the establishment of local processing of cotton in Uzbekistan, cotton fiber, which has a large share in the country's export to Russia, has replaced cotton yarn.
CONCLUSION. In conclusion, it should be said that there have been great changes and growth in the economy of Uzbekistan in the past 30 years. In this article, we have compared it to other European Unions.
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