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17Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 8 |August, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-8-4-9
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY UNIFORMS STYLE
Gayrat Madiyarovich Madaminov
The head of the front-line and financial support cycle of the UzMU military training
center
ABSTRACT
The article mainly presents information on the history and development of military uniforms in Europe, Russia and the former Soviet Union.
Keywords: Military uniform, hats, decorations, scarves, Guard, guards, military personnel, dragoon regiments, artillerymen, Russian military uniform.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье в основном представлены сведения об истории и развитии военной формы одежды в Европе, России и странах бывшего Советского Союза.
Ключевые слова: Военная форма, шапки, украшения, шарфы, Гвардия, гвардия, военнослужащие, драгунские полки, артиллеристы, Русская военная форма.
INTRODUCTION
A military uniform is a set of articles of clothing and, in some cases, equipment, prescribed by special decrees, orders and regulations, that all military personnel of the Army and Navy must wear. Military uniforms are introduced in the troops in order to better organize them, to increase military discipline and order, to distinguish military personnel, types of troops (weapons), service positions and military ranks. The military uniform determines the belonging of military personnel to the armed forces of a particular country, includes the heraldic elements of the state or royal house, and performs the function of preserving the combat traditions of the armed forces, as well as being part of it. In addition, clothing has purely military functions, and it should be made of protective colored fabrics. Military clothing should include devices for carrying weapons and equipment and create comfortable conditions for military personnel during military operations.
High-quality military uniforms are the key to the high combat effectiveness of the army. Military uniforms are divided into three main types:
• front - used in ceremonial events (parades, military holidays, military award
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 8 |August, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-8-4-9
ceremonies, etc.);
• field - used during military operations, providing services, providing assistance to civilians during natural disasters, etc.;
• Office - used in cases not related to the first two categories.
Different climatic conditions and some elements of uniforms have a protective purpose. A monotonous military uniform in the modern sense appeared in the European armies in the second half of the 17th century, but attempts were made to introduce common elements into the uniforms and equipment of soldiers to distinguish them from the soldiers of the opposing side. Throughout European military history, the Ancient Roman army traditionally dressed its legionnaires in red woolen cloaks and white uniforms, coming closest to introducing monotonous uniforms at the beginning of the new era.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
It must be said that the principles of organization, internal order, subordination and military heraldry were transferred from the Roman legions to modern armies. Later, as military affairs developed, the organizational structure of troops became more complex, and the concept of battle formations appeared, the need arose for military leaders to visually distinguish their troops on the battlefield to enable them to quickly control troops. .
During the battle, elements of military uniform common to the entire army and even a separate battle were solved by introducing specific headgear decorations, scarves, ribbons of the same color, etc. With the emergence of mass armies and the development of factories that could meet the needs of the troops for clothing and leather goods, it became possible to introduce a completely uniform uniform in terms of clothing, colors and insignia for all armed forces, or was determined, first of all, by the factors of the state economy. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) in Europe, divisions began to appear in the armies of the opposing countries with uniforms of the same color, but of different cut and design. Most often, the production of such clothes was carried out at the initiative of the heads and commanders of certain units, their wearing was not regulated at the state level and therefore was not mandatory, but in the units that honor their flags on the battlefield, uniforms of a certain color are stable began to become a military tradition.
Around the same time in Russia, according to foreign authors (Kamfer, Palmquist), uniform uniforms appeared in the Moscow archery regiments.
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 8 |August, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-8-4-9
For the first time, the uniform military uniform that was regulated was introduced in the French army in 1672 by royal decree, and the royal guards received blue caftans with red fabric, army infantry - gray, cavalry - red.
Until the end of the 17th century, all the most advanced armies of European countries were provided with military uniforms.
The introduction of regulated military uniforms in Russia is associated with the military reforms of Peter the Great. From 1699, military uniforms and rules for wearing them were established, first for the guards regiments, and later for the newly formed infantry and dragoon regiments. In 1712, artillerymen also received their uniforms. By the end of the Northern War, the Russian military uniform was finally formed. Guards and army infantry wore dark green kaftans, dragoons - blue, artillery - red. Since that time, the military uniform of the Russian army has been developed and improved in the tradition of pan-European trends. Later, during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, uniforms were approved for the Cavalry Life Regiment (Horse Guard) and the newly formed trophy regiments. In connection with the formation of light cavalry units - hussar regiments under the leadership of Yelizaveta Petrovna, a special form was approved for them, which was distinguished by its color among the regiments. At the beginning of the reign of Catherine the Great, the military uniform did not undergo significant changes. The innovations introduced during the short reign of her husband Peter III were canceled. In 1786, as part of the military reform carried out by Field Marshal G. Potemkin, a military uniform was introduced that was completely different from the European models of that time.
It had the same cut for all types of weapons and differed only in color. As a uniform, a comfortable short shirt, instead of tight pants, wide trousers covered with leather up to the middle of the pants, instead of a felt hat, which was uncomfortable for walking and fighting, the soldiers received a spherical helmet. The new form was introduced only in army regiments.
The guards put on their old clothes. The innovation was certainly progressive and several decades ahead of its time. With the accession of the son of Catherine the Great - Paul I, military uniform was immediately introduced into the army, which basically copied the form of the Prussian royal army. The colors of the uniforms kept the shades traditional for the Russian army, with the exception of the artillery, which received the dark green uniforms of infantrymen with black cloth and red piping, which later became traditional for this type of troops. Each infantry and cavalry regiment received its own colors of equipment. Historians unanimously criticized
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 8 |August, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-8-4-9
Paul for introducing a new, allegedly "uncomfortable" uniform, although it fully corresponded to modern European trends, forgetting that under it, instead of a winter woolen coat, the army received a new type of clothing - shins. During the coup d'état After the tragic death of Pavel I, his son Alexander I succeeded to the throne. Under his leadership and personal participation, new military uniforms and field equipment were developed and introduced. The army adopted a coat-type uniform in traditional colors. Shako was adopted as a combat headgear, heavy cavalry and horse artillery received leather helmets. A uniform was developed for a new type of light cavalry -regiments.
For the first time, a military uniform was established for the Don Cossacks, Ural and Black Sea troops. The famous cap was introduced as a non-combat headgear. In various variants, this form has existed for more than fifty years. In 1844, during the reign of Nicholas I, a leather helmet was introduced instead of a shako as a combat headgear. Infantrymen of the Caucasian Corps receive a special uniform "Caucasus". Military ranks of military personnel began to be marked on epaulettes and shoulder belts.
After the end of the Crimean War under Alexander II, the need for general military reform was acutely felt. Military reforms have also led to significant changes in military uniforms. The tailcoat uniform has also been replaced. HALF caftan, a new type of shako instead of a helmet, and later a cap appeared. Wearing high boots and a white shirt with the marching uniform was established. In 1882, another reform began under Alexander III. This time it is aimed at simplifying the forms and reducing the cost. Army and hussar regiments were stripped of their bright uniforms and converted into dragoon regiments. As a basic set of clothing for all branches of the military, a uniform made of dark green fabric is fastened with hooks, loose pants of the same material, worn with high boots with any outfit. A hat made of black sheepskin becomes a military (ceremonial) headdress. Although the reform was carried out under the slogan "the people", the real reason for the changes, I think, was mobilization, the need to prepare a large number of clothes in case of mobilization. The last reign is characterized primarily by the introduction of camouflage uniforms for all military personnel in 1907 and a return to traditional parade and plain clothes. In 1918, the history of the glorious Russian army ends, and the history of its successor, the Red Army, and later the Soviet Army, begins. In order to move away from the traditions of the "bloody" tsarist system, the Soviet military leaders, ignoring the experience of the Russo-Japanese and world wars, introduced a strange
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 8 |August, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-8-4-9
uniform generously decorated with bright color elements to the Red Army. The traditional badges of military personnel, epaulettes and belts, were abolished.
CONCLUSION
The unsatisfactory state of the country's economy, the impossibility of organizing mass production of new-style clothing during the civil war saved the Red Army from additional and already significant losses from enemy bullets. The white and red formations used clothing stocks left over from the old army. Before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, there was a gradual return to the traditions of the Russian army. In 1922, their traditional black color with red edges was returned to the artillerymen (in 1919, the orange color of the instrument was introduced for artillery) and the old-style overcoat was replaced by the "caftan" of the protective clothing. In 1924, the wearing of colored caps on the chest, sleeves and collar of the uniform was abolished. In 1935, personal military titles and corresponding insignia were introduced for middle and senior officers. In 1936, the Cossack cavalry was formed and a traditional uniform was established for them.
In 1940, the Budyonovka, the brightest symbol of the Red Army, was abolished. In the same year, personal titles were restored for junior and senior officers. Uniforms for all categories of military personnel have been introduced. The final return to the national tradition of military uniform occurred in 1943. After that, the uniform of the Soviet Army developed within the framework of the long-standing traditions of the Russian army. Another notable uniform reform took place in 1969. Instead of the popular tunic, the field tunic was introduced as a field uniform. Uniforms for the crews of armored vehicles, field insulated jackets for officers are accepted for delivery to the troops. In 1988, the troops received a new combined winter and summer field uniform.
The development of military uniforms in the last decade of the 20th century is characterized by the rejection of Soviet and Russian traditions.
Introduced in 1994, the new full dress and casual uniform is very similar to the American uniform. The wearing of buttons of colored bands on caps has been abolished. In the design of the caps, the distorted concepts of the military beauty of the "Arbat" generals are clearly visible. However, for the main part of the military, this was not of great importance due to the fact that the troops were very poorly supplied with clothing. In conclusion, it should be noted that throughout the history of the Russian state, its leaders attached great importance to the development and
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 8 |August, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-8-4-9
production of uniforms for military personnel, as a result of which the Russian and Soviet troops were equipped with high-quality and modern uniforms in sufficient quantities. mined.
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