CC BY
2HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS OF JAPAN'S FOREIGN
POLITICAL STRATEGIES
Makhamadjonova Diyora
Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies 2 nd year graduate student of the Faculty of Eastern civilization and philosophy
Annotation: Japan's foreign political strategies are deeply intertwined with its historical trajectory—from isolation and imperialism to post-war pacifism—and are further shaped by cultural values of harmony, respect, and non-aggression. Japan's international engagements reflect a blend of pragmatism and a desire to maintain peace and stability, both regionally and globally.
Key words: historical factors, cultural factors, foreign political strategies, Isolationism, Meiji Restoration, Imperial expansion, Confucianism, Group Harmony (Wa), Bushido, National identity.
INTRODUCTION
Japan's foreign political strategies are deeply rooted in its unique historical and cultural experiences. The nation's approach to diplomacy and international relations has evolved significantly, shaped by periods of isolation, conflict, and modernization.
Historically, Japan's foreign policy was characterized by isolationism, most notably during the Edo period (1603-1868), when the Tokugawa shogunate implemented the sakoku (closed country) policy. This isolation ended with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853, leading to the Meiji Restoration (1868), when Japan rapidly modernized and embraced Western-style diplomacy, shifting from isolation to imperial expansion. The impact of these events set the foundation for Japan's later international engagements, including its aggressive expansion in the early 20th century and eventual defeat in World War II.
Culturally, Japan's political strategies are influenced by Confucianism, which emphasizes hierarchy, harmony, and collective well-being. This focus on order and group cohesion has shaped Japan's diplomatic behavior, fostering a preference for consensus-building and multilateral cooperation. Post-World War II, Japan's foreign policy was marked by pacifism, enshrined in its constitution, and a focus on economic growth through trade, often referred to as "economic diplomacy."
Thus, Japan's modern foreign political strategies reflect a balance between its traditional values of restraint and cooperation, alongside a pragmatic approach to navigating global political dynamics, particularly through alliances like the U.S.Japan security partnership and participation in international organizations like the
United Nations. Understanding these historical and cultural factors is crucial to comprehending Japan's current foreign relations.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF JAPAN'S FOREIGN RELATIONS
Isolationism (Sakoku Period, 1603-1853): The Sakoku period (1603-1853) refers to Japan's policy of isolationism during the Tokugawa shogunate (Edo period), marked by restricted foreign relations and trade. It was a response to both internal stability concerns and external pressures, particularly the threat of European colonialism and Christianity.
After the unification of Japan under the Tokugawa clan in 1603, the country experienced a long period of peace, known as the Edo period. The Tokugawa shogunate sought to maintain control and stability within Japan through strict governance, which included controlling external influences.
Reasons for Isolationism
1. Fear of Colonial Influence: European powers, particularly Spain and Portugal, had begun to expand into Asia during the 16th century. They often combined missionary activities with commercial and military expansion, as seen in other parts of the world.
2. Christianity as a Threat: Jesuit missionaries, particularly from Portugal, were active in Japan from the mid-16th century. Initially welcomed, Christianity soon became viewed as a potential destabilizing force, as many converts prioritized their loyalty to the Church over the shogunate. This led to the suppression of Christianity and the expulsion of missionaries.
3. Unification and Stability: The Tokugawa shogunate prioritized internal control and political stability over engagement with foreign nations. They believed that external influences might destabilize the rigid class structure and governance system they had established.
In 1639, the shogunate issued the Sakoku edict, severely limiting Japan's interactions with foreign powers. Japanese citizens were forbidden from traveling abroad, and those who had left were barred from returning. Foreigners were also largely restricted from entering Japan. The Portuguese were banned entirely after conflicts related to missionary work, while limited trade was permitted with the Dutch, who operated under strict conditions from a single trading post on Dejima island in Nagasaki. The Dutch refrained from proselytizing and maintained a purely commercial relationship. Trade was also maintained with China and Korea on a similarly restricted basis, and relations with the Ryukyu Kingdom (now Okinawa) were allowed, as it was a semi-independent vassal of Japan.
The Sakoku policy began to unravel in the mid-19th century when Western powers, especially the United States, began to press for the opening of Japan to international trade. In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy arrived in
Japan with a fleet of warships, demanding that Japan open its ports. Faced with superior Western military technology, the shogunate had little choice but to comply, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, which opened Japan to the West and marked the end of the Sakoku period.
The Sakoku period left a lasting impact on Japan. While the nation rapidly modernized following its reopening, adopting Western technology and systems during the Meiji Restoration (1868), the sense of caution toward foreign influence remained a key feature of Japan's foreign policy for years.
Meiji Restoration and Opening to the West: The Meiji Restoration (1868) marked a turning point in Japan's foreign relations, characterized by its rapid modernization and the end of its isolationist policies. Before this period, Japan had maintained strict isolation under the Tokugawa shogunate through the Sakoku (closed country) policy, limiting trade and diplomacy primarily to the Dutch, Chinese, and Koreans.
With the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry from the United States in 1853 and the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, Japan was forced to open several ports to foreign trade. This paved the way for the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868.
Under the Meiji leadership, Japan pursued a policy of rapid industrialization, military reform, and Westernization, inspired by European and American models. The country signed unequal treaties with Western powers, which imposed extraterritorial rights and limited Japanese sovereignty. However, Japan also began to assert itself by renegotiating these treaties and expanding its influence, as seen in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), which established Japan as a rising imperial power in Asia.
Thus, the Meiji period was a crucial phase in Japan's transformation from a feudal society into a modern state, with a proactive approach to international diplomacy and military expansion.
Imperial Expansion (Late 19th to mid-20th Century): Japan's foreign relations during its period of imperial expansion were marked by a shift from isolation to aggressive expansionism. This era began after the Meiji Restoration, when Japan transformed from a feudal society into a modernized, militarized state. Eager to secure resources, assert regional dominance, and prevent Western colonization, Japan adopted an imperialist policy.
Key events included:
1. First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): Japan defeated China and gained control over Taiwan, asserting its dominance in East Asia.
2. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): Japan's victory over Russia established it as a great power and secured influence over Korea and parts of Manchuria.
3. Annexation of Korea (1910): Japan formally annexed Korea, intensifying its empire-building.
4. Expansion during World War I: Japan took over German colonies in the Pacific and expanded its sphere of influence in China.
5. Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945): Japan's full-scale invasion of China marked the beginning of its broader imperial ambitions in Asia.
6. World War II and the Pacific War (1941-1945): Japan expanded further into Southeast Asia and the Pacific, leading to conflict with Western powers, notably the United States.
Japan's imperial expansion ended with its defeat in World War II, followed by occupation and the renunciation of its colonies.
CULTURAL FACTORS SHAPING FOREIGN POLICY
Confucianism and Group Harmony (Wa): The influence of cultural factors, particularly Confucianism and the concept of group harmony (Wa), on foreign policy is significant in many East Asian countries, especially China, South Korea, and Japan.
Confucianism emphasizes a hierarchical worldview where relationships are based on respect and authority. This affects how states perceive one another, often leading to a more deferential approach in international relations, especially towards countries that are seen as more powerful or culturally significant. Confucian thought advocates for moral governance, where leaders are expected to act ethically and with benevolence. This can influence foreign policy decisions, pushing leaders to prioritize diplomacy and negotiation over conflict. Confucianism promotes the idea of collective identity over individualism. This can result in foreign policies that prioritize national unity and stability, often leading to cautious and consensus-driven approaches in international dealings.
The concept of Wa, or harmony, is central to Japanese and Korean culture. In foreign policy, this translates to a preference for consensus-building and cooperative strategies rather than confrontation. Diplomatic efforts are often aimed at maintaining harmony with neighboring countries. Nations that prioritize Wa may avoid aggressive foreign policy measures that could disrupt harmony, preferring to engage in dialogue and compromise. This can manifest in a reluctance to engage in military alliances that may be seen as provocative. Group harmony fosters an environment conducive to regional cooperation. Countries may engage in multilateral agreements and organizations to promote stability and mutual benefits, reflecting the collective approach to international relations.
Nations influenced by Confucianism and group harmony often employ soft power strategies, such as cultural diplomacy, to enhance their global image and foster positive relationships. Confucianism and the value of group harmony significantly
shape the foreign policies of East Asian nations, promoting diplomatic engagement, consensus-building, and ethical leadership in international relations.
Bushido and National Identity: Bushido, meaning "the way of the warrior," is a code of conduct associated with the samurai class in feudal Japan. It encompasses a set of principles that guide ethical behavior, emphasizing values such as loyalty, honor, courage, discipline and respect.
Bushido has played a significant role in shaping Japanese national identity. As a historical narrative, Bushido is a source of pride for many Japanese. It represents an idealized vision of the samurai as noble warriors who exemplified virtue and loyalty, contributing to a shared cultural heritage. The values of Bushido resonate with the Japanese notion of resilience, particularly following historical events like the Meiji Restoration, World War II, and natural disasters. The spirit of perseverance and unity reflected in Bushido reinforces a national identity rooted in strength and recovery. While Japan has undergone significant modernization and transformation, elements of Bushido continue to manifest in contemporary society. Concepts such as respect for authority, a strong work ethic, and group harmony are often traced back to the samurai ethos.
In modern Japan, Bushido influences various aspects of society and national identity. The principles of Bushido are sometimes incorporated into educational curricula, promoting values like discipline, respect, and teamwork among students. This contributes to a sense of collective identity and social responsibility.
Bushido is celebrated in literature, film, and popular culture, portraying samurai as archetypes of honor and virtue. These representations foster a sense of cultural pride and continuity. Some nationalist movements in Japan draw on Bushido to evoke a sense of historical continuity and cultural pride, framing Japan as a nation rooted in a rich warrior tradition.
The relationship between Bushido and national identity in Japan is complex and multifaceted. While Bushido provides a framework of values that contribute to a sense of pride and unity, its interpretation and relevance continue to evolve in the context of modern challenges. Understanding this relationship is essential for grasping how historical narratives and cultural values shape contemporary Japan's identity and global interactions.
Non-Aggression and Consensus-Seeking: Non-aggression and consensus-seeking are core principles that significantly influence Japan's diplomatic strategies, particularly within multilateral organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Japan's post-World War II constitution, particularly Article 9, renounces war and prohibits Japan from maintaining armed forces for warfare. This has led Japan to adopt a non-aggressive foreign policy focused on diplomacy and peaceful conflict
resolution. Japan has positioned itself as a mediator in international disputes, emphasizing dialogue over military solutions. This principle aligns with its aim to promote regional stability and security.
Consensus-based decision-making reflects Japan's cultural and social norms, where harmony and collective agreement are valued. This is evident in Japan's approach to policymaking, both domestically and in international diplomacy. Japan actively seeks consensus in organizations like the UN and ASEAN, advocating for collaborative approaches to issues such as climate change, disaster management, and regional security.
Japan is a strong supporter of the UN's principles and often promotes initiatives that align with non-aggression and consensus-seeking. It has been involved in peacekeeping missions and humanitarian assistance, emphasizing conflict resolution through dialogue and cooperation. Japan advocates for reforms in the UN Security Council to enhance its role and reflect contemporary geopolitical realities, emphasizing the importance of consensus among member states.
Within ASEAN, Japan promotes economic collaboration and cultural exchange while respecting the principles of non-interference and consensus in decision-making. Japan has established various frameworks for cooperation, such as the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership, which emphasizes mutual benefits and consensus-driven approaches to regional challenges.
Japan's non-aggressive and consensus-seeking stance contributes to regional stability in East Asia. By fostering diplomatic relations and encouraging dialogue among nations, Japan plays a crucial role in mitigating tensions and promoting peace in the region. Its emphasis on consensus also resonates with ASEAN's principles of collective decision-making, further solidifying its relationships within the region. Japan's non-aggression and consensus-seeking principles are fundamental to its foreign policy. These values influence its strategies in multilateral organizations, allowing it to play a constructive role in international diplomacy, promote regional stability, and enhance cooperation among nations.
CONCLUSION
Japan's foreign political strategies are shaped by a unique interplay of historical experiences and cultural values. Historically, Japan's isolationist policies during the Edo period fostered a strong sense of national identity and self-sufficiency. The trauma of World War II and subsequent U.S. occupation laid the groundwork for Japan's post-war pacifism and reliance on the U.S. for security. This has led to a diplomatic approach focused on multilateralism, economic cooperation, and soft power, emphasizing cultural diplomacy and international aid.
Culturally, values such as harmony (wa), respect for tradition, and consensus-building play crucial roles in Japan's foreign policy. These cultural traits manifest in
Japan's preference for negotiation and collaboration over confrontation. In recent years, Japan has also sought to redefine its role on the global stage, balancing its pacifist constitution with a need for security and proactive engagement, particularly in response to regional threats such as North Korea and China's assertiveness.
In summary, Japan's foreign political strategies reflect a blend of its historical context, particularly its experiences of conflict and reconstruction, and its cultural values that prioritize harmony and cooperation. This combination continues to guide Japan's diplomatic efforts and its evolving role in the international community.
REFERENCES:
1. Morley, James William. (2002). Japanese Foreign Policy Since 1868. Westport, CT: Praeger.
2. Yoshikawa, H. (2010). International Relations of Asia: Japan's Foreign Policy. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
3. Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. (2013). "Japan's Foreign Policy: A Cultural Analysis." Asian Journal of Political Science, 21(2), 183-200.
4. Yoneyama, Akira. (2008). "Japan's Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics." International Politics Review, 9(4), 432-450.
5. Takeishi, Yosuke. (2011). "Japan's Foreign Policy Making Process: From Policy Planning to Policy Implementation." Japan Review, 23, 12-27.
6. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA), https : //www.mofa.go.jp/
7. Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, https://apjjf.org/
