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Hemocyte proteome of the Lake Baikal endemic Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) sheds light on immune-related proteins
Elena Zolotovskaya1, Anna Nazarova1, Alexandra Saranchina1, Andrei Mutin1, Polina Drozdova12, Yulia Lubyaga12, and Maxim Timofeyev12
1Irkutsk State University, ul. Karla Marksa, 1, Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation 2Baikal Research Centre, ul. Lenina, 21, Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation
Address correspondence and requests for materials to Maxim Timofeyev, m.a.timofeyev@gmail.com
Citation: Zolotovskaya, E., Nazarova, A., Saranchina, A., Mutin, A., Drozdova, P., Lubyaga, Yu., and Timofeyev, M. 2021. Hemocyte proteome of the Lake Baikal endemic Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) sheds light on immune-related proteins. Bio. Comm. 66(4): 290-301. https://doi.org/10.21638/ spbu03.2021.402
Authors' information: Elena Zolotovskaya, Junior Researcher, orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-4224; Anna Nazarova, Junior Researcher, orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-2559; Alexandra Saranchina, Researcher, orcid. org/0000-0002-5756-1525; Andrei Mutin, Junior Researcher, orcid.org/0000-0002-3092-5376; Polina Drozdova, PhD, Leading Researcher, orcid.org/0000-0003-3955-6105; Yulia Lubyaga, PhD, Leading Researcher, orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-8723; Maxim Timofeyev, Dr. of Sci. in Biology, Professor, Director of Institute, orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-6818
Manuscript Editor: Anton Nizhnikov, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Received: February 18, 2021;
Revised: May 15, 2021;
Accepted: May 26, 2021.
Copyright: © 2021 Zolotovskaya et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution, and self-archiving free of charge.
Funding: The reported study was funded by RFBR and the Government of the Irkutsk Region, project number 20-44-383007.
Ethics statement: The studied species are highly abundant and not endangered or protected. All applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. The research was approved by the Animal Subjects Research Committee of the Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University (ASRC Protocol No. 2018-3).
Supplementary information:
Supplemental material to the article is available at https://doi.org/10.21638/ spbu03.2021.402. Supplementary files are published as submitted by the authors, and are not copyedited.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abstract
Hemocytes are cells circulating in the hemolymph and playing an important role in crustacean immunity. These cells not only function as phagocytes but also express immune compounds to the hemolymph. Here we obtained hemocyte proteome of the endemic amphipod (Amphipoda, Crustacea) Eulimnogammarus verrucosus from Lake Baikal, the first hemocyte proteome of an amphipod, using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 1152 unique proteins were discovered with LC-MS/MS. We discovered both proteins directly involved in the immune response, such as pattern recognition proteins (C-type lectins), and compounds with antimicrobial activity (ctenidin and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor/scygonadin). Moreover, hemocyanins which may act as a phenoloxidase and C-type lectins were among the most diverse protein groups in the hemocyte proteome. The obtained data can be useful for further studies of immune components and mechanisms in Baikal amphipods. Keywords: hemocytes, LC-MS/MS, proteome, Lake Baikal, crustacean, amphipod, innate immunity, antimicrobial peptide, lectin
Introduction
Crustaceans are a species-rich and diverse group of the phylum Arthropoda, represented by a large number of species inhabiting both aquatic and terrestrial environments. The members of this group play a significant role in the planetary ecosystem and also in aquaculture (Watling and Thiel, 2013). In aquatic ecosystems crustaceans participate in food webs, acting as a food source for fish, and play a role as detritivores, contributing to the removal of organic debris. In aquaculture crustaceans are among the most important objects and an essential source of aquatic food protein (Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2012).
An important aspect in any natural or artificial ecosystem is protection against pathogen or parasite invasion, which is ensured by the immune system. The immunity status can influence the efficiency of aquaculture production, and it also affects the resistance of invertebrates to a variety of stressors in natural ecosystems. However, functioning of the immune system is still an understudied topic in the physiology of aquatic invertebrates.
Crustaceans, like most invertebrates, possess innate immunity. In the internal environments of crustaceans, the immune response is mostly executed by he-mocytes (cellular immunity) and effector molecules circulating in hemolymph plasma (humoral immunity). (Cerenius, Jiravanichpaisal, Liu and Soderhall, 2010). These components are closely connected to each other; e.g., compounds
involved in the humoral immune response can be synthesized and secreted by hemocytes in response to a foreign body.
Defense against pathogens in crustaceans depends on various pattern recognition proteins (PRPs), which are molecular receptors that circulate in hemolymph plasma or are carried on the hemocyte surface. The function of these receptors is to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate signaling cascades, as well as cellular and humoral mechanisms necessary to eliminate pathogens (Mydlarz, Jones and Harvell, 2006). PRPs are one of the most important building blocks of innate immunity since foreign object recognition is the starting point of the immune response.
Pathogen recognition activates various defense mechanisms. Some of them are involved in the humoral immune response, including the activation of the pheno-loxidase cascade leading to melanin formation. PAMPs also activate hemocytes by interacting with PRPs on the cellular surface. Depending on the nature of the foreign object, hemocytes perform different immune functions (Chang and Thiel, 2015). These cells engulf or encapsulate foreign objects and can also secrete some components of humoral immunity into the hemolymph. Mostly (but not always) crustaceans are reported to have three types of hemocytes. These types are plasmocytes (hya-linocytes), semigranulocytes (small granulocytes) and granulocytes. These morphological features reflect their different functions like encapsulation (plasmocytes) or phagocytosis (plasmocytes and semigranulocytes) of foreign objects; degranulation and activation of the mel-anization process including activation of the phenoloxi-dase cascade (semigranulocytes, granulocytes); and also antimicrobial peptide synthesis (granulocytes) (Rowley, 2016). However, the molecular processes behind these functions are largely unstudied.
Amphipods are a large order of crustaceans that play an important role in aquatic ecosystems around the world, including in continental waters. One impressive hotspot of amphipod speciation is Lake Baikal; to date, more than 350 species and subspecies are known in this ancient lake (Sket, Morino, Takhteev and Rogers, 2019). Baikal amphipods are characterized by the high diversity of their ecological niches, which leads to a variety of physiological characteristics (Axenov-Gribanov et al., 2016; Drozdova et al., 2019). Reported parasites of Baikal amphipods include microsporidia (Madyarova et al., 2015; Dimova et al., 2018; Ironside and Wilkinson, 2018), acanthocephalans (Amin et al., 2015) and leeches (Kaygorodova and Natyaganova, 2012); in addition, symbiotic bacteria are also found (Protasov et al., 2017).
However, there is no information on the functional diversity of the immune system that could evolve during evolutionary specialization of Baikal amphipods to various habitats and conditions within the lake. The
only available study on functional properties of immune response of a Baikal amphipod demonstrated a pronounced reaction of hemocytes to foreign bodies in the primary culture in vitro without the humoral factors of hemolymph (Shchapova et al., 2019). This observation directly indicates the presence of PRPs in the membranes of amphipod hemocytes and highlights the role of these cells in initiation of the immune response.
Thus, our research was aimed at obtaining data about hemocyte protein composition of the Baikal endemic amphipod Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (Gerst-feldt, 1858) (Fig. 1A) to obtain the first insight into the molecular mechanisms of immunity in Baikal amphi-pods. This species of amphipods inhabits the littoral part of the lake and is widespread throughout Lake Baikal, being a dominant species in the littoral communities (Kravtsova et al., 2004); in addition, it has a relatively large size in comparison with other littoral amphipods. In this work, we characterized the hemocyte proteome of E. verrucosus by liquid chromatography-mass spec-trometry (LC-MS/MS).
Materials and methods
Experimental animals
The species of Baikal endemic amphipod Eulimnogam-marus verrucosus (Gerstfeldt, 1858) is a typical inhabitant of littoral communities in Lake Baikal (Fig. 1A). These crustaceans are widespread in the lake and live under stones at depths from a few centimeters to 15 meters. Adult individuals have a body size of about 2-4 cm (Bazikalova, 1945). This species is phytophagous (Ka-maltynov, 1999). These crustaceans are stenothermal and cold-loving; reproduction occurs at 0-6 °C. The first females with eggs appear in the second half of October. The massive exit of young crustaceans begins in the end of May and finishes in the second half of July. The species has a high growth rate and reaches a significant size in the first year, reaching maturity in the second year. Lifespan is over two years (Bazikalova, 1945). Various literature sources report parasites, such as microsporidia belonging to the Enterocytospora-like clade (Madyarova et al., 2015) and the genus Nosema (Dimova et al., 2018), acanthocephalans of the Echinorhynchidae family (Amin et al., 2015), and leeches of the species Baicalob-della torquata (Kaygorodova and Natyaganova, 2012) in Baikal amphipods E. verrucosus. Besides, symbiotic bacteria are present in various amphipods (Protasov et al., 2017), but their role in host-symbiont relationships is still unclear.
The amphipods were collected with a hand net in the littoral zone of Lake Baikal near the bay in Listvy-anka (51°52'05.5'N 104°49'47.1'E). The amphipods were caught in July 2020. After sampling, the animals were
Fig. 1. Representative photo of the research object and its hemocytes. (A) Photo of amphipod E. verrucosus. Photo by K.Vereshchagina. (B) Hemocytes in the brightfield channel mixed 1:1 with anticoagulant solution in 96-well plate and (C) in phase contrast.
transferred to the laboratory. The acclimation of amphi-pods was carried out for 3-4 days at the temperature of 6-10 °C in well-aerated 2.5 L aquaria with Baikal water. The temperature of acclimation matches the average annual temperature of the Baikal littoral zone. The water was changed every 2 days. The amphipods were fed with a dried and ground mixture of algae and macroinverte-brates from their habitat.
Hemolymph collection and hemocyte isolation
For hemolymph sampling, we used adult individuals of E. verrucosus with body size from 2.5 cm. The hemolymph volume of these individuals was at least 70 |iL. Before extraction, we sterilized the dorsal side of the pereon with 70 % ethanol. The hemolymph was collected from the central blood vessel between the 6th and 7th me-sosome segments using a sterile glass capillary.
We used 18-20 amphipods (containing at least 70 |L of hemolymph per animal) to obtain one sample. The sampled hemolymph was mixed on ice with an anticoagulant solution (150 mM NaCl, 5 mM Na2HPO4, 10 mM EDTA, 30 mM sodium citrate, pH 8.0) in a 1:1 ratio (Shchapova et al., 2019). The cell mixture was centrifuged to separate cells from the hemolymph plasma (100 g for 5 min at 4 °C) (George and Dhar, 2010). Half of the upper fraction with hemolymph plasma was discarded, and the cell pellet was mixed with a buffer solution (150 mM
NaCl, 5 mM N2HPO4, pH 8.0). The samples with hemocytes were centrifuged twice under the same conditions for complete hemolymph plasma removal. The supernatant was discarded carefully, and the pure hemocyte fraction mixed with a small amount of buffer was stored at -80 °C. Thus, two samples of purified hemocytes were obtained for protein isolation in different ways.
Hemocytes were visualized in hemolymph mixed 1:1 with the anticoagulant solution in a 96-well plate using a Celena S Digital imaging system (Logos Biosystems, South Korea) in brightfield with a 10x objective (Fig. 1B) and in phase contrast with a 40x objective (Fig. 1C).
Protein extraction from hemocytes
Protein isolation was performed as described by Bedu-lina et al. (2016) with some modifications. We added 20 % phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) to the purified hemocyte fraction in the final concentration of 1 % of the sample volume. Protein purification buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 % protease inhibitor cocktail) was added to the sample further in a 1:1 ratio. For more efficient isolation of hemocyte membrane proteins, 0.2 % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was added to one of two samples. The mixture was centrifuged (6058 g for 15 min at 4 °C) to remove cell debris. Protein concentration in the samples was measured with the Bradford procedure (Bradford, 1976). The samples with at least 100 mg of protein were mixed with 10 % trichloroacetic acid and centrifuged
(14171 g for 15 min at 4 °C) to precipitate the proteins. The pellet was washed twice with cold 80 % ethanol. Pure hemocyte protein was resuspended in the protein purification buffer, mixed with cold acetone, and incubated for 30 min at -24 °C. The samples were dried at room temperature. This dry pellet was directly shipped for LC-MS/MS analysis. Thus, two samples containing hemocyte proteins with and without the addition of SDS were obtained.
Mass spectrometry and data analysis
Proteomic analysis of E. verrucosus hemocyte proteins was performed at the Advanced Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (Skoltech, Moscow). Preparation of the two obtained samples (with and without SDS) included protein digestion with trypsin, ZipTip desalting, and LC-MS/ MS analysis in three analytical repeats (gradient up to 120 min) with a Q Exactive Orbitrap mass-spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Data analysis was carried out using SearchGUI v3.3.17 and Peptide Shaker v1.16.44 software (Vaudel, Burkhart and Zahedi, 2015). The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE (Perez-Riverol, et al. 2019) partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD023514 and 10.6019/PXD023514.
Protein identification was conducted using a database, which consisted of the proteins predicted in the E. verrucosus transcriptome assembly GHHK01 (Drozdo-va et al., 2019) predicted with TransDecoder v5.5.0 (Haas et al., 2013) and protein contaminants database CRAP (ftp://ftp.thegpm.org/fasta/cRAP; version of March 4, 2019). Peptide search was performed with the following options: trypsin as the digesting enzyme, precursor m/z tolerance 10.0 ppm; fragment m/z tolerance 0.5 Da; two missed cleavage sites possible, false-positive frequency of occurrence for peptides and proteins less than 1 %. Cyste-ine carbamidomethylation (carbamidomethylation of C) and methionine oxidation (oxidation of M) were set as fixed and variable modifications, respectively. Transcript annotation in assembly was carried out with the diamond algorithm v0.9.23.124 (Buchfink, Xie and Huson, 2014) and nr database from March 20, 2020.
The SignalP-5.0 server and standalone versions (Armenteros et al., 2019) were used to predict and trim signal sequences. The presence of transmembrane domains was analysed with TMHMM (Krogh, Larsson, Von Heijne and Sonnhammer, 2001) v2.0. TreeGrafter (Tang, Finn and Thomas, 2019) v1.01 was used to annotate the found proteins with the Panther (Mi et al., 2019) protein classes, while the eggNOG-mapper v2 was employed for the functional annotation of the protein sequences with Gene Ontology (GO) terms, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) using eggNOG v5.0 clusters and phylogenies (Huerta-Cepas et al., 2017, 2019).
The results of protein identification were united with the R software (R Development Core Team, 2019) using the seqinr (Charif and Lobry, 2007) package and visualized with ggplot2 (Wickham, 2016). Reproducible code for data analysis is available from https://git.io/JLh5C.
Results
To provide the first characteristic of the hemocyte pro-teome of E. verrucosus, we analyzed two proteome samples with LC-MS/MS. One of the samples was prepared with 0.2 % SDS in the extraction buffer, while in the other SDS was not added. This detergent may increase the extraction efficiency of membrane proteins, but at the same time may interfere with mass spectrometry identification (Sun, Wang and Li, 2012). Each sample was analyzed in three technical replicates.
The overall count of identified proteins ranged from 697 to 878 per sample; 1152 proteins were identified in at least one replicate, and 431 proteins were identified in all six replicates (Fig. 2A; Table S1). The number of proteins with predicted transmembrane domains was about two times higher in the sample extracted with SDS (78-81 vs. 38-41). The total number of identified proteins was also higher in the SDS-containing sample. Figure 2B shows the overlap of the protein sequence set between three technical repeats in the sample with the addition of SDS and without the addition of SDS. In samples with SDS and without SDS, 609 and 584 protein sequences were found, which were identified in each of the three repeats. Of all proteins identified in at least one replicate, 731 (63.5 %) were found both in the sample with SDS and in the sample without it (Fig. 2C); 472 proteins were found in SDS and SDS-free samples, which amounts to 65.5 % of all proteins consistently identified in three technical replicates (Fig. 2D).
To represent the diversity of proteins in the resulting hemocyte proteome, we annotated the found proteins according to the Panther database. Figure 2E shows the 15 Panther families, to each of which at least five identified proteins were assigned. These families were found in hemocyte proteome in the greatest amounts.
First, we analyzed the diversity of protein families within SDS-specific proteins (i.e., those found only in the sample with SDS). A total of 290 SDS-specific proteins were found. Among the proteins found in the SDS-treated sample, there were sequences belonging to the families of both immune and non-immune proteins, according to the Panther database annotation. The number of sequences annotated in this database was about 74 % of all proteins found in the sample with SDS. We found some sequences from the protein families most represented in hemocyte proteome (Fig. 2E). There were two sequences belonging to the superfamily of C-type lec-tins, and none of them contained a transmembrane domain. Three proteins belonged to the actin family, while
Fig. 2. Protein diversity in hemocyte proteome of E. verrucosus. (A) Overall count of identified proteins in each of 6 replicates. Venn diagram presenting: the overlap between technical replicas of samples (B) with additional SDS and without SDS; the overlap of samples with SDS and without SDS to each other for (C) all detected proteins in general and (D) proteins found in all six replicates. All diagrams made with maintaining proportions while overlapping subset areas. (E) Major protein groups in the hemocyte proteome. Each rectangle corresponds to one predicted protein; the width of the rectangle is proportional to its intensity.
two more sequences belonged to the proteasome subunit family. Moreover, SDS-specific proteins contained one serine protease inhibitor, heat shock protein 70 kDa, RNA helicase, and glutathione S-transferase. In addition, seven sequences of the histone H1 family and three proteins of the 26S protease regulatory subunit family were found. Overall, 19.7 % of all SDS-specific proteins had a transmembrane domain in their sequences.
Second, we analyzed the diversity of protein families within the whole set of 1152 proteins. The larval storage protein / phenol oxidase family (PTHR11511) (about 13.6 % of the total intensity of all replicates) was represented in the hemocyte proteome in the greatest amount. None of the protein sequences of this family that we discovered were SDS-specific and found in the sample with SDS only. Also, all these sequences lacked a transmembrane domain.
The third major group (1.7 % of the total intensity) comprised the proteins belonging to the C-type lectin superfamily (PTHR22802), which are probably involved in the molecular pattern recognition during immune response. In addition to lectins, we also found other pro-
teins involved in the immune response, namely integ-rins, superoxide dismutase (SOD), scavenger receptors, and antimicrobial peptides.
In particular, we identified 17 proteins belonging to the PTHR22802 family and most of them contained C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) and carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) typical for lectins. In this family we found proteins similar to various lectins including galectin-4-like protein, galactose-specific lectin natectin-like and soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D-like from am-phipod Hyalella azteca, and partial mannose receptor from deep-sea shrimp Rimicaris exoculata (Table 1).
Many discovered proteins of the C-type lectin super-family (PTHR22802) were found in both SDS and SDS-free samples, and only two sequences turned out to be SDS-specific. Despite the fact that C-type lectins belong to proteins with a transmembrane domain, none of them was found in all sequences of this family. A possible reason for the lack of the transmembrane domain is related to incomplete sequences (lack of N- or / and C-terminus).
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Table 1. Characteristic of some proteins found in E.verrucosus hemocyte proteome
№ Protein ID Total quantity, ppm Short NCBI annotation Panther annotation SDS / SDS-free TM domain SP
Immune related
1 GHHK01014723.1|: 331-801 5220.9 - PTHR22802 C-type lectin superfamily member 3/3 - +
2 GHHK01013999.1|: 131-757 3874.0 soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D-like (Hyalella azteca) PTHR22802 C-type lectin superfamily member 3/3 - +
3 GHHK01010725.1 |: 2-352 4631.2 soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D-like (H. azteca) - 3/3 - -
4 GHHK01013801.1|: 59-421 137.2 - PTHR22802 C-type lectin superfamily member 1/0 - +
5 GHHK01007980.1|: 182-973 138.4 galectin-4-like isoform X2 (H. azteca) PTHR1134 Galectin 0/1 - +
6 GHHK01019889.1|:2-307 5948.9 galactose-specific lectin nattectin-like (H. azteca) PTHR22802 C-type lectin superfamily member 3/3 - -
7 GHHK01029332.1|:1-306 9306.3 aggrecan core protein (Parambassis ranga) PTHR22804 Aggrecan / Versican proteoglycan 3/3 - -
8 GHHK01027419.1|:3-476 1285.7 mannose receptor, partial (Rimicaris exoculata) PTHR22802 C-type lectin superfamily member 3/3 - -
9 GHHK01005065.1 | : 1-1008 740.2 beta-1,3-glucan-binding proteinlike (H. azteca) PTHR10963 Glycosyl hydrolase-related 3/3 - -
10 GHHK01013649.1|: 81-2966 182.5 protein argonaute-2-like (H. azteca) PTHR22891 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C 2/3 - +
11 GHHK01013084.1|: 303-1385 88.6 RISC-loading complex subunit tarbp2-like (H. azteca) PTHR10910 Eukaryote specific dsRNA binding protein 2/0 - +
12 GHHK01001227.1|: 125-1570 1402.8 DNA-binding protein 43 (Armadillidium nasatum) - 3/3 - +
13 GHHK01013454.1|: 32-1759 292.3 RNA-binding protein Nova-1 (A. nasatum) PTHR10288 KH domain containing RNA-binding protein 3/3 - +
14 GHHK01012262.1|: 159-4715 90357.4 dual oxidase-like (H. azteca) PTHR11972 NADPH oxidase 1/0 - +
15 GHHK01017338.1|:2-469 1359.4 lysozyme c-1-like (H. azteca) PTHR11407 Lysozyme C 2/3 - -
16 GHHK01015013.1|:1-621 22806.1 ctenidin-1-like (H. azteca) PTHR19441 Whey acidic protein WAP 3/3 - -
17 GHHK01007931.1|:2-619 179.3 anti-lipopolysaccharide factor/ Scygonadin (Trinorchestia longiramus) - 3/0 - -
18 GHHK01006680.1|: 273-647 1447.8 anti-lipopolysaccharide factor/ Scygonadin (T. longiramus) - 3/3 - +
19 GHHK01004504.1|: 610-4926 1857.6 alpha-2-macroglobulin-like isoform X7 (H. azteca) PTHR11412 Macroglobulin / complement 3/3 - +
20 GHHK01018203.1|:3-533 893.8 alpha-2-macroglobulin-like isoform X2 (H. azteca) PTHR11412 Macroglobulin / complement 0/3 - -
21 GHHK01016178.1|:1-447 6099.1 alpha-2-macroglobulin-like isoform X9 (H. azteca) SF:PTHR11412 Macroglobulin / complement 3/3 - -
Housekeeping
1 GHHK01030119.1 | : 100-819 3829.2 alpha-tubulin, partial (Macrobrachium nipponense) PTHR11588 Tubulin 3/3 - +
№ Protein ID Total quantity, ppm Short NCBI annotation Panther annotation SDS / SDS-free TM domain SP
2 GHHK01008410.1 |: 2-805 3765.5 tubulin beta-1 chain-like (H. azteca) PTHR11588 Tubulin 3/3 - -
3 GHHK01029289.1 |: 90-419 3157.3 tubulin alpha-1A chain-like (Siphaflava) PTHR11588 Tubulin 3/3 - +
4 GHHK01029314.1 |: 60-1040 2149.2 actin (Amphibalanus amphitrite) PTHR11937 Actin 2/3 - +
5 GHHK01006379.1 |: 166-1422 1344.5 actin-related protein 3-like (H. azteca) PTHR11937 Actin 3/3 - +
6 GHHK01009336.1 |: 139-864 1612.8 proteasome subunit alpha type-5-like (H. azteca) PTHR11599 Proteasome subunit alpha / beta 3/3 - +
7 GHHK01004999.1 |: 114-791 1210.2 proteasome subunit beta type-6-like (H. azteca) PTHR11599 Proteasome subunit alpha / beta 3/3 - +
TM — domain, transmembrane domain. SP — signal peptide. ppm — part per million.
The column "Short NCBI annotation" shows the description of proteins, which were the best match in the nr NCBI database for E. verrucosus hemocyte sequences. More detailed information about homolog ID and gene ontology from Panther database are provided in Table S1.
From the other immune molecules, we identified proteins similar to PRP beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like from H. azteca; proteins belonging to the RNA interference (RNAi)-based antiviral immune system, argonaute-2-like and RISC-loading complex subunit tarbp2-like from H. azteca, trans-activating response DNA-binding protein 43 and RNA-binding protein Nova-1 from the woodlouse Armadillidium nasatum.
We also found proteins that demonstrate antimicrobial activity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in hemocytes and play essential roles in crustacean antimicrobial immunity. In hemolymph, ROS are produced by dual oxidase (Yang et al., 2020), and we indeed found a protein similar to a dual oxidase-like from H. azteca in E. verrucosus hemocytes. Lysozyme is another enzyme involved in crustacean antimicrobial activity, which we identified in hemocyte proteome. Besides, we identified proteins for which the best match was ctenidin-1-like from H. azteca and anti-lipopolysac-charide factor/Scygonadin from Trinorchestia longira-mus. In addition, three proteins we found were similar to the a2-macroglobulin glycoprotein from H. azteca and containing domains typical for this protein.
In addition to the immune-related proteins, we found a large number of protein products of housekeeping genes. Some of them are presented in Table 1. According to the PANTHER database, these proteins, which are present in the hemocyte proteome in the greatest amount, belong to various families such as PTHR11588 (tubulin), PTHR11937 (actin), PTHR11599 (proteasome subunit alpha / beta), etc. The cytoskeleton proteins tubulin and actin were second and fourth in number and accounted for 2.0 % and 1.6 % of the total intensity, respectively.
Discussion
Today, the study of the crustacean immune system is of great interest. Hemocytes, one of the main components of cellular immunity performing various functions during the immune response, are of particular interest. In this work, we present the first overview of an amphipod hemocyte proteome using the Baikal endemic species E. verrucosus as a model. We evaluated the proteome using a highly efficient LC-MS/MS system. Since we did not separate hemocytes according to their potential types, this work presents a general proteome of all functionally different types of hemocytes.
To date, no published studies analyzed hemocyte proteomes in amphipods. Nevertheless, there are several studies of hemocyte proteomes in other crustaceans (Meng et al., 2014; Hou et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2018; Hernández-Pérez et al., 2019; Söderhäll and Junkunlo, 2019). Unfortunately, the comparison of the proteome obtained in this work with the proteomes of other crustaceans directly, i.e., at the level of amino acid sequences, is difficult or impossible, because these articles do not contain references to protein lists with human-readable annotation or sequences required to generate annotations compatible with our data. As the main hemocyte function is the immune response, we focus on the immune components and the most abundant proteins of hemocytes, comparing it with the available information about hemocyte proteomes of other invertebrates.
One of the proteins that are found in large quantities in the humoral fraction of hemolymph is hemocya-nin, which is usually involved in oxygen transfer. Despite
the fact that hemocyanin circulates in the hemolymph plasma, we found a number of its isoforms in the hemo-cytes of E. verrucosus. We cannot rule out the possibility that it is due to insufficient washing of hemocytes from the humoral fraction. However, Chongsatja et al. (2007) and Hou et al. (2016) also found hemocyanin in the hemocyte proteomes of such crustaceans as the white shrimp Litopenaeus (Penaeus) vannamei and freshwater prawn Macrobrachium (Chongsatja et al., 2007; Hou et al., 2016). Hemocyanins belong to the PTHR11511 (larval storage protein/ phenoloxidase) family according to the Panther database, which is the most diverse group of identified proteins in E. verrucosus hemocytes (Fig. 2B). These proteins are not only involved in oxygen transfer, but may also perform immune functions. Since hemo-cyanins are phylogenetically closely related to phenol oxidases, these hemocyanins may act as phenol oxidases and participate in the melanization process (Terwil-liger, 2015; Coates and Costa-Paiva, 2020). The works of Adachi et al. (2001, 2003) also demonstrated the pheno-loxidase function of hemocyanin in vitro under certain conditions (Adachi, Hirata, Nagai and Sakaguchi, 2001; Adachi, Hirata, Nishioka and Sakaguchi, 2003).
Also, some of the biggest protein families in the hemocyte proteome of E. verrucosus according to the Panther classification was the C-type lectin superfam-ily (PTHR22802). C-type lectins belong to PRPs, which are involved in the recognition of foreign particles and activate signaling cascades (Mydlarz, Jones and Harvell, 2006). Recognition occurs due to binding to the membrane surface of microorganisms through the carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD-domain), which is responsible for binding to saccharides (Zelensky and Gready, 2005). These proteins were found in the studies by Xu et al. (2018) and Hernández-Pérez et al. (2019) devoted to the hemocyte proteomes of other crustaceans. The proteins we found were similar to various lectins. Three sequences were similar to lectins with signal pep-tides, which are involved in the recognition of PAMP and may activate the immune response of hemocytes. Another sequence without a signal peptide was similar to galectin, which can circulate in hemolymph plasma and in the intracellular space (Hou et al., 2015).
We also found the mannose receptor, which is among the best-characterized C-type lectins. It binds mannosyl or glycoconjugate ligands on many bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites to mediate subsequent responses (Rich et al., 2008). Granular hemocytes of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus were released from the vesicles with a mannose receptor under treatment of Ca2+ ionophore (Sricharoen, Kim, Tunkijjanukij and Soderhall, 2005).
Other PRPs have also been found in the proteome of E. verrucosus hemocytes. These are ^-1,3-glucan binding protein (BGBP), and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) pro-
teins. BGBP specifically binds to such components of the fungi cell walls as ß-1,3-glucan in the shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (Du, Zhao and Wang, 2007; Lai et al., 2011; Sivakamavalli and Vaseeharan, 2013). Studies in two Brazilian shrimp species (Farfantepenaeus paulensis and Litopenaeus schmitti) showed that their BGBPs induce the agglutination reaction with yeasts (Goncalves et al., 2012). The presence of this protein in the hemocytes of E. verrucosus may explain the response of hemocytes to yeast cells shown earlier (Shchapova et al., 2019).
A2-macroglobulin (a2-M) is an important innate immunity-related protein found in the hemolymph plasma of all major metazoan taxa. It binds to secreted proteases of invading pathogens to deactivate them (Armstrong, 2010). At least one of the three a2-M proteins we discovered clearly lacks a signal peptide (the other two sequences are incomplete), which indicates that it is not synthesized outward on its own and may enter the hemolymph plasma during hemocyte degranulation. a2-M was found in the proteome of not only various crustaceans (Meng et al., 2014; Hou et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2018) but also mollusks. For example, in the works published by Collins et al. (2012) and Lepretre et al. (2019), a2-M was identified in the hemocyte proteome of the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and zebra mussel Dreis-sena polymorpha, respectively (Collins, Schleicher, Rader and Nyholm, 2012; Lepretre et al., 2019).
The superoxide dismutase (SOD) we discovered, belonging to the group of antioxidant enzymes, neutralizes the superoxide anion, which is formed during the immune response (Holmblad and Söderhäll, 1999). This protein is present in the hemocytes of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Li et al., 2014) and snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Dinguirard et al., 2018). This protein was also found in crayfish Pacifastacus leniuscu-lus granulocytes as a useful biomarker for this cell (Sö-derhäll and Junkunlo, 2019).
A serine protease inhibitor protein, serpin, which controls protease inhibition during the immune response, was also identified (Gatto et al., 2013). Many serine protease inhibitors were found in the proteomes of hemocytes Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii, and white shrimp L. vannamei (Meng et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2018; Hernandez-Perez et al., 2019).
We also found a protein for which the antimicrobial peptide ctenidin-1-like was the best match in the nr NCBI database. Ctenidin shows antimicrobial properties against gram-negative bacteria and was found in the spider Cupiennius salei (Baumann et al., 2010). It should be noted that this antimicrobial peptide was not found in other studies of crustacean hemocyte proteomes. In addition to ctenidin, we found other sequences for which the best match were proteins with antibiotic activity (anti-lipopolysaccharide factor / Scygonadin and
scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D-like). We found a number of unknown proteins that were unidentified in the databases and seem to be specific for amphipods only, and therefore may be promising for further study of immune defense.
Finally, we compared the hemocyte proteome of E. verrucosus with the whole organism proteome of a closely related species, Eulimnogammarus cyaneus (Bedulina et al., 2020). At the level of the whole organism, enzymes of energetic metabolism dominate in the proteome, while this is unobserved in the hemocyte pro-teome.
It was shown that malacostracans, including am-phipods, isopods and decapods, have an RNAi-based antiviral immune system. The RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) is the component of RNAi that includes argonaute-2 protein and trans-activating response RNA-binding protein (Lai and Aboobaker, 2017). We found Argonaute-2-like, RISC-loading complex, RNA-binding protein Nova-1, and TAR DNA-binding protein. It was shown that the RNA-binding protein Nova-1 may function in regulating viral RNA transcription (Buckanovich and Darnell, 1997). TAR DNA-binding protein of Arma-dillidium vulgare functions as a DNA and RNA binding protein, which may also indicate its function in antiviral defense (UniProtKB — A0A444SUA2 (A0A444SUA2_ ARMVU)).
In the proteome of E. verrucosus hemocytes, a dual oxidase-like protein was found. This protein is a component producing ROS in response to microbial or parasite invasions. Dinguirard et al. (2018) showed the presence of dual oxidase-like was shown in the proteome of the hemocytes of B. glabrata strains resistant to the sporo-cysts of Schistosoma mansoni; however, sensitive strains of hemocytes did not possess this protein. This protein was found in the proteome of E. verrucosus hemocytes without treatment with any pathogens, thus it can be assumed that E. verrucosus amphipods have active immune protection based on producing ROS. The authors of the article (Söderhäll and Junkunlo, 2019) argue that dual oxidase may be one of the markers of populations and subpopulations of semigranulocytes. Also, in the population of crayfish P. leniusculus semigranulocytes, lysozyme was observed. In proteome semigranulocytes (hyalinocytes) of the Chinese shrimp F. chinensis lyso-zyme was also found (Zhu et al., 2018). However, in our work, we did not separate the population from different types of hemocytes, but based on the presence of the dual oxidase-like protein we can discuss the presence of semigranulocytes of E. verrucosus hemocytes besides obvious granulocytes and plasmocytes.
Besides proteins related to the immune function of hemocytes, we have found some of the most abundant proteins that perform various cell functions. We have demonstrated the presence of tubulin and actin proteins
associated with the structure of the cytoskeleton. These proteins occupy positions 2 and 4 in the graph of protein abundance in the proteome (Fig. 2E). Cytoskeletal proteins are an essential part of cells and were found in the hemocyte proteome of various crustaceans. Both of these proteins are found in hemocytes of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain (Sun et al., 2017) and the Chinese shrimp F. chinensis (Li et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2018). The microfilament-forming actin we identified was also found in the hemocyte proteomes of the Chinese mitten crab E. sinensis (Meng et al., 2014).
The sixth most abundant protein family in the hemocyte proteome was PTHR11599 (proteasome subunit alpha/beta family), according to the Panther database. Proteasomes are involved in the degradation of proteins and are found in cells of both eukaryotes and prokary-otes (Fort, Kajava, Delsuc and Coux, 2015). The presence of proteasome proteins was shown in the proteome of hemocytes of such crustaceans as the Chinese shrimp F. chinensis (Zhu et al., 2018) and the whiteleg shrimp L. vannamei (Chongsatja et al., 2007).
We found proteins belonging to the PTHR19375 (heat shock protein 70 kDa) family, which also are the most represented proteins in the proteome of E. verruco-sus hemocytes and occupy the eighth place in the list of the most represented families (Fig. 2E). Heat shock proteins (HSPs) ensure proper folding and degradation of proteins, are activated under stress effects, and are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Hartl and Hayer-Hartl, 2002; Robert, 2003). It was also shown that members of HSPs and HSP70, in particular, are involved in the activation of several immune pathways in crustaceans (Junprung, Supungul and Tassanakajon, 2020).
The presence of these physiologic proteins has been shown in the red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii (Xu et al., 2018) and the Chinese shrimp F. chinensis (Li et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2018). Other proteins of this class, such as HSP60, are found in hemocytes of the Chinese mitten crab E. sinensis (Meng et al., 2014) and the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Hou et al., 2016); HSP90 is found in hemocytes of the mud crab S. paramamosain (Sun et al., 2017) and the Chinese shrimp F. chinensis (Zhu et al., 2018).
Among proteins performing physiological functions in the proteome of E. verrucosus hemocytes, we also found proteins that belong to the families PTHR24031 (RNA helicase) and PTHR11467 (histone H1), which are ranked 10 and 13 in the list of the most represented proteins. According to the literature, the RNA helicases enzymes involved in breaking the hydrogen bonds of RNA chains are present in the proteome of the Chinese shrimp F. chinensis hemocytes (Li et al., 2014). Histones of various types, both linker and core, were shown in hemocyte proteome of such crustaceans as white shrimp L. vannamei (Hernández-Pérez et al.,
2019), Chinese shrimp F. chinensis (Li et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2018), and in snail B. glabrata hemocytes (Dingui-rard et al., 2018).
Conclusion
Thus, in this work, for the first time for amphipods in general, we analyzed the hemocyte proteome of the Baikal endemic E. verrucosus. Thereby, we found proteins that are directly or indirectly involved in the immune response and protein products of housekeeping genes. In particular, we found several types of PRPs including lectins and scavenger receptors, antimicrobial peptides, inhibitor proteins like A2-M and serpin and antioxidant enzyme SOD. We have also found proteins with unknown functions that may be characteristic of this crustacean species and are promising for further study. The presented results can be used for better understanding the immune processes in the organism of Baikal amphi-pods.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Anton Gurkov for his valuable advice and recommendations and Polina Lipaeva for her advice on data analysis. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Kseniya Vereshchagina for the photo of E. verrucosus. We also wish to thank the Advanced Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (Skoltech, Moscow) for their assistance with LC-MS/MS analysis.
References
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