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539HAMZA HAKIMZODA NIYOZIY DRAMATURGIYASI
Z.Abdunazarov
O'zbekiston davlat san'at va madaniyat institutining
Farg'ona mintaqaviy filiali
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziyning dramatik asarlari bu janrning taraqqiyoti to'g'risida ma'lumot berilgan. XX asr o'zbek adabiyotining tamal toshini qo'ygan ijodkorlardan biri Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziydir. Uning ijodiy merosi boy va rang-barangdir. H.H.Niyoziy qalamiga mansub sharq mumtoz she'riyati an'analari ruhida yaratilgan devoni, jadid-ma'rifatparvarlik g'oyalarini o'zida aks ettirgan "Gul" turkumidagi she'riy to'plamlari hamda XX asr boshidagi o'zbek jamiyati manzaralirini ifodalovchi dramatik asarlari o'zbek adabiyoti xazinasiga ulkan hissa bo'lib qo'shildi.
Kalit so'zlar: Teatr, san'at, dramaturgiya, drama, ariya, p'esa, aktyor, adabiyot.
HAMZA HAKIMZODA NIYAZI DRAMATURGY
Z.Abdunazarov
Fergana regional branch of Uzbekistan State Institute of Arts and Culture
Abstract: This article provides information on the development of the genre of Hamza Hakimzoda Niyazi's dramatic works. Hamza Hakimzoda Niyazi is one of the cornerstones of 20th century Uzbek literature. His creative heritage is rich and colorful. Created in the spirit of the traditions of oriental classical poetry by HHNiyazi, the collection of poems in the series "Flower" reflecting the ideas of modern enlightenment, as well as a dramatic representation of the landscape of Uzbek society in the early twentieth century. His works have made a great contribution to the treasury of Uzbek literature.
Keywords: Theater, art, dramaturgy, drama, aria, play, actor, literature.
Ma'lumki, o'zbek dramaturgiyasining ilk namunasi mashhur jadid-ma'rifatparvar Mahmudxo'ja Behbudiy (1875-1919) qalamiga mansub "Padarkush" dramasidir. 1911 yilda yozilib, 1913 yilda Samarqandda nashr etilgan bu drama 1914 yilda sahnalashtirilib, xalqqa namoyish etilgach juda katta shuhrat qozondi. Bu asardan ta'sirlangan Abdulla Qodiriy "Baxtsiz kuyov" dramasini yaratdi. H.H.Niyoziyning ilk dramatik asarlari ham ayni shu davrda "Padarkush" dramasi ta'sirida vujudga keldi. U 1914-1916 yillarda "O'ch" (1914), "Zaharli hayot, yohud ishq qurbonlari" (1915), "Ilm hidoyati", "Mulla Normuhammad domlaning kufr
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xatosi", "Ochlik qurbonlari" (1916), "Muhtoriyat yoki avtonomiya" (1917) kabi kichik sahna asarlarini yaratdi.
Hamza sovet davrida "Kim to'g'ri", "Tuhmatchilar jazosi", "Boy ila hizmatchi", "Ishchilar hayotidan" (1918), "Loshmon fojeasi" (1916-1918), "Farg'ona fojeasi" (1918-1920), "Qizil qon ichida yosh go'daklar", "Mahbus to'raning holi" (1919) singari pyesalarini yozgan. Ammo bu asarlarning aksariyati bizgacha etib kelmagan. H.H.Niyoziy keyinchalik targ'ibot va tashviqot yo'nalishida "Pastki SHo'rolar saylovi munosabati ila yozilgan cho'pchaklar", "Burung'i saylovlar" (1926), "Jahon solnomasining eng oxirgi kunlari" (1927), kabi pyesalarini ham yaratdi. Ayni shu davrda H.H.Niyoziy o'zbek dramaturgiyasining mumtoz namunalaridan bo'lgan "Maysaraning ishi" komediyasi hamda "Paranji sirldaridan bir lavha yoki yallachilar ishi" dramasini ham yozgan. Agar adibning ilk dramalari bo'lgan "Zaharli hayot"da melodrama va sentamentalizm unsurlari mavjud bo'lsa, keyinroq yozilgan "Tuhmatchilar jazosi", "Boy ila hizmatchi", "Paranji sirlaridan bir lavha" pyesalarida realizm kuchli ekanligini ko'rish mumkin.
XX asrning 20-30-yillari davomida H.H.Niyoziyning "Zaharli hayot", "Boy ila hizmatchi", "Maysaraning ishi", "Paranji ishi sirlari" ("Xolisxon") "Burungi saylovlar" kabi dramatik asarlari O'zbekistonning ko'plab teatrlarida bir necha martadan sahnalashtirilib, tomoshabinlarga taqdim etilgan.
1989 yili Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy tavalludining 100 yilligi munosabati bilan adibning 5 tomlik "To'la asarlar to'plami"ni nashr etildi. Uning pyesalari mazkur nashrning 3, 4-tomlariga kiritilgan. Ularning soni 20 tadir. Albatta, ularning ichida hammasi bir xil emas. Ba'zi pyesalar ayrim kichik lavhalar shaklida bo'lsa, ayrimlari esa bir necha pardadan iborat yirik dramatik asarlardir.
H.H.Niyoziyning bizgacha etib kelgan ilk pyesalaridan biri, "O'ch" bo'lib, u uch ko'rinishidan iborat. Ushbu pyesada chorizm mustamlakasi davridagi mustamlakachi ma'murlar hamda mahalliy amaldorlarning xalqni nodonlikda saqlash uchun olib borgan xatti harakatlari va ularning jabr-zulmiga qarshi jadidchilik kayfiyatidagi ayrim ziyolilarning kurashi qisqa lavhalarda bayon etilgan. Asardagi Hokim, Noib, Boy, Mingboshi singari obrazlar orqali o'sha davrdagi xalqqa ikki taraflama zulm qiluvchilar qiyofasini, Haydarqul timsolida esa bu jabr-zulmga qarshi kurashuvchi jadid-ziyolilarni bir misolini ko'rish mumkin.
Hamzaning "Zaharli hayot yoxud Ishq qurbonlari" asari fojeasi (tragediya) bo'lib, 1915 yilda yozilgan va 1916 yilda toshbosma usulda chop etilgan. Bu asar haqida o'zbek teatr tarixchisi Miyon Buzruk Solihov shunday deb yozgan: "Bu pyesa Hakimzodaning pyesa janri ustida bergan eng oldingi asaridir: uning soddaligi va, yuzakiroq chiqqan shu boshlang'ich asar bo'lishidan ilgari kelgan holdir; chunki,
Hakimzodaning so'nggi asarlari bu pyesaga qaraganda san'at jihatidan ustun turadurlar" 1
"Zaharli hayot"ning bosh qahramonlari Mahmudxon ismli yosh yigit va uning sevgilisi Maryamxondir. Mahmudxon yangi usul maktablarida tahsil olgan zamonaviy kiyinadigan, jadidchilik harakatiga hayrihoh yigit: uning sevgilisi Maryamxon garchi eski maktablarda o'qigan bo'lsada Mahmudxon ta'sirida u ham yangicha fikrlashga intiladi.
Dramada jaholat, qoloqlik, mutaassiblik ilm-ma'rifat, taraqqiyot fidoiylari Mahmudxon va Maryamxonni fojeaga olib keladi.
Asarning ikki qahramoni Maryam va Mahmud zamonasining hal qiluvchi kuchlari mutaassib kuchlarga qarshi kurashadilar. Tomonlar o'rtasidagi kurash eng yuqori nuqtaga ko'tariladi: ularning istiqbol haqidagi yuksak orzulari chilparchin bo'ladi. Natijada ilojsiz qolgan yoshlar mavjud tuzumga, feodal tartiblarga, jaholatga, mutaassablarga qarshi isyon tariqasida o'z jonlariga qasd qiladilar. Asardagi Mahmudxon manologlarida senlamentsollik shu darajada kuchliki, tinglovchining qalban larzaga soladi. Mahmudxonning o'limi oldidagi monologi fojeaning asl mohiyatini yanada to'laroq ochishga xizmat qiladi.
Hamzaning "Muxtoriyat yoki avtonomiya" pyesasi 1917 yilda yozilgan. Yozuvchining o'zi izoh berganidek, bu pyesa "Turkistonda hurriyat bo'luvi munosabati ila yoshlar va ulamolar orasida ixtilof o'laroq ulamolarning ayrilib ketuvlari" va Turkiston muxtoriyatini tashkil etish g'oyasining paydo bo'lishi munosabati bilan yaratilgan. Hamza ushbu asarda "Sho'royi islom" tashkilotining Qo'qonda Turkiston muxtoriyatini barpo etish masalalariga bag'ishlangan majlisini tasvirlab bergan.
Bu komediyaning personajlari "Sho'royi islom" tashkilotining a'zolaridan iborat bo'lib, muallif ularning ismlarini to'la bermay, bu nomlarni bosh harflarinigina keltiradi. Bu bosh harflarda berilgan nomlar real kishilarning ismlaridir.
Hamza bu asar asosidagi spektaklni Qo'qonda G'ishtko'prikdagi Mahmud tarasha mehmonxonasida sahnalashtirib namoyish etgan.2 Bu komediya matni birinchi marta Hamza "Asarlar"ining II tomida ayrim qisqartirishlar bilan e'lon qilingan. Asarning to'liq matni, Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy To'la asarlar to'plamining uchinchi tomida chop etilgan.
Hamzaning sovet davrida eng ko'p shuhrat topgan asari, bu "Boy ila xizmatchi" pyesasidir. Bu asarning yozilish sanasi haqida har xil taxminlar bor. Ba'zi adabiyotshunoslar (masalan, Sotti, Husayn) uni oktyabr inqilobidan ilgari yozilgan, inqilobdan keyin qayta ishlangan desalar, boshqalar (masalan, Yusuf Sultonov) bu drama 1918 yilda yozilgan deb hisoblaydi. Bu pyesada Solihboy ismli bir boyning
1 М.Бузрук Солихов. Узбек театр тарихи учун материаллар. Тошкент. 1935.Б.113.
2 Рахмонов М. Х,амза ва узбек театри. Тошкент. 1959. 125 б.
G'ofir ismli xizmatchining xotinini zo'ravonlik bilan tortib olishi haqidagi mojorolar bayon etilgan.
Asar o'z vaqtida adabiyot va san'at bilan shug'ullanuvchi ayrim kishilarga manzur bo'lmagani uchun nashr etilmagan va qo'lyozmasi yo'qolgan.
Pesaning bizgacha etib kelgan yagona qo'lyozma nushasi Vali Burhon tomonidan ko'chirilgan bo'lib, u Abu Rayxon Beruniy nomidagi SHarqshunoslik instituti qo'lyozmalar fondida saqlanadi. Uning hajmi 55 betdan iborat.
Bu asar 1939 yilda hukumat topshirig'i bilan Kamol Yashin tomonidan mavjud qo'lyozma nusxa hamda Hamza zamondoshlarining xotiralari alohida butunlay qayta ishlangan. "Boy ila xizmatchi" pyesasini sovet mafkurasiga moslangan ushbu varianti 1991 yilgacha respublika teatrlarida sahnalashtirilib, namoyish etilgan.
Hamzaning "Kim to'g'ri" pyesasi ham 1918 yilda yozilgan va o'sha vaqtda sahnalashtirilgan. Asar o'z vaqtida nashr ettirilmagani uchun uning asl nushasi yo'qolgan. Bu asarning 1920 yilda ko'chirilgan nushasi Muzaffar Muhammedov tomonidan Hamza yubileyining o'ttizinchi kamissiyasiga topshirilgan. SHu nusha asosida 1939 yildan boshlab Hamza asarlar to'plamida nashr etilib kelmoqda.
"Kim to'g'ri" bir pardali komediya bo'lib uning qahramonlari Qodirjon ismli bir ziyoli, uning xotini Maryam hamda ularning xizmatkorlari Xolmat va Ruzvondir. Asar maishiy mavzuda bo'lib, oilada er-xotinning bir-birlarini aldamasligi bo'lib qanday holga tushishlari ishonarli tarzda ko'rsatib berilgan.
Hamzaning "Burungi qozilar yoki Maysaraning ishi" nomli komediyasi 1926 yilda yozilgan. Bu komediya o'zbek dramaturgiyasi va teatrining keyingi taraqqiyotiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Bu asar bilan Hamza o'zbek komediyasi tilini qanday o'stirish, ishlash kerakligini ko'rsatib berdi. "Maysaraning ishi"dagi qaxramonlar pyesaning o'ziga xos ishlashi diqqatni jalb qiladi" deb yozgan edi Sotti Husayn.3 Bu asar asosida keyinchalik "Maysaraning ishi" nomli opera yaratildi va kinofilm ham suratga olindi.
"Paranji sirlaridan bir lavha yoki yallachilar ishi" nomli besh pardali drama 1927 yilda yozilgan. Asarda 1882 yildan 1919 yilgacha bo'lib o'tgan voqealar badiiy ifodalagan. pyesa birinchi marta 1940 yil 7 avgustda Hamza nomidan o'zbek davlat drama teatrida E.Bobojonov tomonidan sahnalashtirilgan. Bu asar keyinchalik respublika teatrlarida "Xolisxon" nomi bilan sahnaga qo'yilgan. YUksak badiiy mahorat bilan yozilgan bu pyesa o'zbek dramaturgiyasining mumtoz namunalari qatoridan o'rin olgan.
Xulosa qilib aytganda, Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziyning dramatik asarlari bu janrning taraqqiyotiga ulkan ta'sir ko'rsatadi va rang-barang obrazlar, bilan uni boyitdi. Ularning ayrimlarini bugungi kunda ham sahnalashtirish o'zbek
3 COTTH Xycafa. X,aM3a X,aKHM3oga. X,aëTH Ba $aomaTH. TomKeHT-CaMap^aHg. 1940. E.43. nTTTtx^^m 173
tomoshabinlari uchun haqiqiy san'at namunasi qanday bo'lishi lozimligini ko'rsatib beradi.
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