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34GENETIC (ETYMOLOGICAL) CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Rakhimova Guzal Yuldashovna,
Scientific supervisior, Urgench State University,Urgench Atamuratov Dilshod Alimbayevich
student, Urgench State University,Urgench
Abstract: This article is about the phraseological units and the sources of them in different spheres of life. Also it is compared Russian and English proverbs and phraseological fusions. Proverb is a short saying, usually well-known and handed down from ancient times, containing words of advice, warning or wisdom.
Key words: phraseological units, classification, phraseological fusions, proverbs and sayings.
Phraseological units are created from free word-groups. But in the course of time some words - constituents of phraseological units may drop out of the language; the situation in which the phraseological unit was formed can be forgotten, motivation can be lost and these phrases become phraseological fusions. The sources of phraseological units are different spheres of life: sea life:
tell that to the marines — вздор! ври больше! in deep waters - в беде,
in low waters (сесть на мель) - быть без денег,
to be at sea - быть в недоумении,
to see land (видеть сушу) - быть близко к цели,
to run into difficult waters - попасть в затруднительное положение;
fish and fishing:
to fish in troubled water - ловить рыбу в мутной воде, to drink like a fish - пить запоем,
to feed the fishes — утонуть; страдать морской болезнью; sport:
to have the ball at one's feet - быть хозяином положения, иметь все преимущества в каком-либо деле,
to hit below the belt - применить запрещенный прием, не стесняться в выборе средств,
to back the wrong horse - поставить не на ту лошадь, сделать неправильный выбор,
the ball is with you! - слово за вами!
army:
to stick to one's guns - не сдавать позиций; твердо проводить свою линию, to mask one's batteries - скрывать, маскировать свое враждебное настроение, to mark time (маршировать на месте - воен.) - топтаться на месте, бездействовать; hunting:
to turn tail - обратиться в бегство, пуститься наутек, дать стрекача;
(as) hungry as a wolf;
zoosemv (animal life):
crocodile tears; lion's share; white elephant;
it rains cats and dogs;
theatre:
to play to the gallery - искать дешевой популярности, разводить демагогию;
to pull the ropes - управлять;
medicine:
to sweeten the draught - подсластить лекарство;
technic:
to get up steam - развести пары, дать волю чувствам; with full steam on - на всех парах, поспешно; to grease the wheels - смазать колеса, дать взятку; agriculture:
to sow one's wild oats - отдаваться увлечениям юности; to put the plough before the oxen - начинать не с того конца; to get somebody's goat - разозлить кого-либо; historical events, customs:
by hook or by crook - У трактирщиков старой Англии было в обычае тащить к себе клиентов, хватая их крюками. Женщин - за платье острыми крючками, мужчин - за ногу большими крюками; peeping Tom - чересчур любопытный человек. Источник происхождения данного выражения - легенда о леди Годиве в Ковентри. Муж ее, граф, обложил город большими налогами. Годива заступилась за жителей. Граф поставил условие, что отменит налог, если Годива осмелится проехать в полдень обнаженной через весь город. Она приняла условие. Узнав об этом, жители сговорились в назначенный час закрыть наглухо ставни всех домов. Годива проехала по пустым улицам. Только портной Том подсматривал в щелку и ослеп. В Ковентри до сих пор есть городские часы, на которых в 12 часов открываются ставенки и из них выглядывает голова любопытного Тома;
to win one's spurs - быть посвященным в рыцари; продвинуться (средневековый обычай - награждать шпорами при посвящении в рыцари); trade:
to talk shop - говорить по делу,
to make the best of the bargain - получить доход,
into the bargain - впридачу,
best seller - ходкий товар; второй такой книги.
Besides phraseological units - word-equivalents, the language has set-phrases which are equivalents of sentences. They are proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, e.g.: custom is the second nature - привычка вторая натура; every man has a fool in his sleeve - на всякого мудреца довольно простоты; too many cooks spoil the broth - у семи нянек дитя без глазу.
Proverb is a short saying, usually well-known and handed down from ancient times, containing words of advice, warning or wisdom.
Proverbs are reffered to phraseological units as they are usually metaphors and are coloured stylistically. Proverbs are set-phrases because they also are not created in the process of speech; they are part of the vocabulary which is created by folk. If we compare Russian and English proverbs and phraseological fusions we'll discover some interesting phenomena. First of all, both languages have analogous proverbs, e.g.:
there is no smoke without fire - нет дыма без огня; as the call, so the echo - как аукнется, так и откликнется; strike iron while it is hot - куй железо, пока горячо; don't look a gift horse into the mouth - дареному коню в зубы не смотрят. Sometimes the meanings are analogous, but the semantic centre of the phrases is different in Russian and in English. It may be explained by different historical conditions at the same time when the parallel phrases appeared, e.g.:
Rome was not built in a day. - Москва не сразу строилась. Life is not a bed of roses. - Жизнь прожить - не поле перейти. Do in Rome as the Romans do. - С волками жить, по-волчьи выть. В чужой монастырь со своим уставом не суйся.
As you make your bed so you must lie on it. - Сам заварил кашу, сам и расхлебывай.
As they sow, so let them reap. - Что посеешь, то и пожнешь.What is and what is not an idiom is, then, often a matter of degree. It is very difficult, moreover, to decide whether a word or a sequence of words is opaque. We could, perhaps, define idioms in terms of non-equivalence in other languages, so that kick the bucket, red herring, etc., are idioms because they cannot be directly translated into French or German. But this will not really work. The French for nurse is garde-malade, but while this cannot be directly translated into English it is quite transparent, obviously meaning someone who looks after the sick. On the other hand, look after seems quite idiomatic, yet it can be quite directly translated into Welsh (edrych ar ol) .Firth saw collocation as just one of his levels or statements of meaning. Others have attempted to integrate it more closely to the other levels of linguistic analysis, to argue, for instance, that it may be handled within the level of lexis, which is related in a fairly direct and, in theory, precise way to grammar.
Idioms are also collocations, because they consist of several words that tend to be used together, but the difference - we can't guess the meaning of the whole idiom from the meanings of its parts.
This criterion is called the degree of semantic isolation. In different types of idioms - it is different.
Ex.: to cry a blue murder = to complain loudly
Idioms involve collocation of a special kind. Consider, for instance,
kick the bucket,
fly off the handle,
spill the beans,
red herring.
For here we not only have the collocation of kick and the bucket, but also the fact that the meaning of the resultant combination is opaque - it is not related to the meaning of the individual words, but is sometimes (though not always) nearer to the meaning of a single word (thus kick the bucket equals die).Even where an idiom is semantically like a single word it does not function like one. Thus we will not have a past tense kick-the-bucketed. Instead, it functions to some degree as a normal sequence of grammatical words, so that the past tense form is kicked the bucket. But there are a great number of grammatical restrictions. A large number of idioms contain a verb and a noun, but although the verb may be placed in the past tense, the number of the noun can never be changed. We have spilled the beans, but not spill the bean and equally there is no fly off the handles, kick the buckets, put on good faces, blow one's tops, etc. Similarly, with red herring the noun may be plural, but the adjective cannot be comparative (the -er form). Thus we find red herrings but not redder herring. There are also plenty of syntactic restrictions. Some idioms have passives, but others do not. The law was laid down and The beans have been spilled are all right (though some may question the latter), but The bucket was kicked is not. But in no case could we say It was the - (beans that were spilled, law that was laid down, bucket that was kicked, etc.) The restrictions vary from idiom to idiom. Some are more restricted or 'frozen' that others. A very common type of idiom in English is what is usually called the 'phrasal verb', the combination of verb plus adverb of the kind make up, give in, put down. The meaning of these combinations cannot be predicted from the individual verb and adverb and in many cases there is a single verb with the same or a very close meaning - invent, yield, quell. Not all combinations of this kind are idiomatic, of course. Put down has a literal sense too and there are many others that are both idiomatic and not,
e.g. take in as in
The conjuror took the audience in, The woman took the homeless children in.
There are even degrees of idiomaticity since one can make up a story, make up a fire or make up one's face. Moreover, it is not only sequences of verb plus adverb that may be idiomatic. There are also sequences of verb plus preposition, such as look after and go for, and 98
sequences of verb, adverb and preposition, such as put up with ^'tolerate') or do away with ('kill').
There are also what we may call partial idioms, where one of the words has its usual meaning, the other has a meaning that is peculiar to the particular sequence. Thus red hair refers to hair, but not hair that is red in strict colour terms. Comedians have fun with partial idioms of this kind, e.g. when instructed to make a bed they bring out a set of carpenter's tools. An interesting set involves the word white, for white coffee is brown in colour, white wine is usually yellow, and white people are pink. Yet white is, perhaps, idiomatic only to some degree - it could be interpreted 'the lightest in colour of that usually to be found'. Not surprisingly black is used as its antonym for coffee and people (though again neither are black in colour terms), yet it is not used for wine. Thus it can be seen that even partial idiomaticity can be a matter of degree and may in some cases be little more than a matter of collocational restriction. On a more comic level there is partial idiomaticity in raining cats and dogs (in Welsh it rains old women and sticks!)
Used Literature
1. Аникин В .П. Мудрость народов // Пословицы и поговорки народов востока. -М.: Наука, 1961. - 76 с.
2. Ашурова Д.У. Стилистика и гендерная лингвистика // Филология масалалари. - Тошкент, 2007. - № 3 (16). - С. 75-79.
3. Бакиров П.У. Номинацентрические пословицы в разносистемных языках (на материале русского, узбекского и казахского языков): Автореф. дис. ... д-ра филол. наук. - Ташкент, 2007. - 53с.
4. Бушуй А.М. О методике организации фразеологической работы в системно-уровневом плане. // Мкжвузовский сборник научных трудов. Выпуск - 4. -Т.: 2000. - С. 87-93.
5. Гвоздарев Ю.А. Описание фразеологии разных языков // Образование и функционирование фразеологических единиц. Ростов на Дону, 1981. - С. 116-120.
TRANSLATION OF EUPHEMISMS FROM ENGLISH INTO UZBEK
Bakhodirova Feruza Bakhodirovna
Scientific supervisior, Urgench State University,Urgench
The term euphemism refers to polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant. Euphemism is an idiomatic expression which loses its literal meanings and refers to something else in order to hide its unpleasantness. For example, "kick the bucket" is a euphemism that describes the death of a person. In addition, many organizations use the term "downsizing" for the distressing act of "firing" its employees.
Euphemism is a periphrasis which is used to rename an unpleasant word or expression. E.g. death: the journeys end, sleep; to die; to cross the bar; to join the majority, to hop off the twig etc. Usually euphemisms are defined as words or phrases which produce some mild effect. Instead of saying "to lie" people usually use such expressions as: to tell stories, to possess a vivid imagination.
Euphemism depends largely on the social context of the speakers and writers where they feel the need to replace certain words which may prove embarrassing for particular listeners or readers in a particular situation.
Euphemisms may be divided into several groups according to the spheres of application. The most recognized are the following: religious, moral, medical, political. The political euphemisms always delude public opinion, distort the political events. Instead of saying "a liar" in the political sphere we usually come across such expressions as: terminological inexactitudes; capitalists are called "free enterprises: unemployment is called "building up of labor reserves", "dismissal of (discharge) of workers", "reorganization of the enterprise".
