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55sequences of verb, adverb and preposition, such as put up with ^'tolerate') or do away with ('kill').
There are also what we may call partial idioms, where one of the words has its usual meaning, the other has a meaning that is peculiar to the particular sequence. Thus red hair refers to hair, but not hair that is red in strict colour terms. Comedians have fun with partial idioms of this kind, e.g. when instructed to make a bed they bring out a set of carpenter's tools. An interesting set involves the word white, for white coffee is brown in colour, white wine is usually yellow, and white people are pink. Yet white is, perhaps, idiomatic only to some degree - it could be interpreted 'the lightest in colour of that usually to be found'. Not surprisingly black is used as its antonym for coffee and people (though again neither are black in colour terms), yet it is not used for wine. Thus it can be seen that even partial idiomaticity can be a matter of degree and may in some cases be little more than a matter of collocational restriction. On a more comic level there is partial idiomaticity in raining cats and dogs (in Welsh it rains old women and sticks!)
Used Literature
1. Аникин В .П. Мудрость народов // Пословицы и поговорки народов востока. -М.: Наука, 1961. - 76 с.
2. Ашурова Д.У. Стилистика и гендерная лингвистика // Филология масалалари. - Тошкент, 2007. - № 3 (16). - С. 75-79.
3. Бакиров П.У. Номинацентрические пословицы в разносистемных языках (на материале русского, узбекского и казахского языков): Автореф. дис. ... д-ра филол. наук. - Ташкент, 2007. - 53с.
4. Бушуй А.М. О методике организации фразеологической работы в системно-уровневом плане. // Мкжвузовский сборник научных трудов. Выпуск - 4. -Т.: 2000. - С. 87-93.
5. Гвоздарев Ю.А. Описание фразеологии разных языков // Образование и функционирование фразеологических единиц. Ростов на Дону, 1981. - С. 116-120.
TRANSLATION OF EUPHEMISMS FROM ENGLISH INTO UZBEK
Bakhodirova Feruza Bakhodirovna
Scientific supervisior, Urgench State University,Urgench
The term euphemism refers to polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant. Euphemism is an idiomatic expression which loses its literal meanings and refers to something else in order to hide its unpleasantness. For example, "kick the bucket" is a euphemism that describes the death of a person. In addition, many organizations use the term "downsizing" for the distressing act of "firing" its employees.
Euphemism is a periphrasis which is used to rename an unpleasant word or expression. E.g. death: the journeys end, sleep; to die; to cross the bar; to join the majority, to hop off the twig etc. Usually euphemisms are defined as words or phrases which produce some mild effect. Instead of saying "to lie" people usually use such expressions as: to tell stories, to possess a vivid imagination.
Euphemism depends largely on the social context of the speakers and writers where they feel the need to replace certain words which may prove embarrassing for particular listeners or readers in a particular situation.
Euphemisms may be divided into several groups according to the spheres of application. The most recognized are the following: religious, moral, medical, political. The political euphemisms always delude public opinion, distort the political events. Instead of saying "a liar" in the political sphere we usually come across such expressions as: terminological inexactitudes; capitalists are called "free enterprises: unemployment is called "building up of labor reserves", "dismissal of (discharge) of workers", "reorganization of the enterprise".
One and the same word may be paraphrased by different euphemisms in different speech situations. For example, the word "liar" in private conversation may have the following euphemisms: untruth, story-teller, fabulous; in press: reckless disregarder for truth, dissimulator, misleader, falser, fabricator etc.
In emotive prose euphemisms are usually expressed by metonymy, metaphors or periphrases. One of the stylistic functions of euphemisms is to produce a humorous effect or to distort the truth, to make the statement milder. E.g.: intoxication — drunkenness, perspiration — sweat etc. As mentioned above euphemism is used to replace an unpleasant word or expression by a conventionally more acceptable one for example, the word "die" has bred the following euphemisms: to pass away, to expire, to be no more, to depart, to join the majority and the more facetious once: to kick the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So Euphemisms are synonyms which aim at producing a deliberately mild effect.
Euphemism is sometimes figuratively called "a whitewashing device". For instance, the judge can openly and freely say that, "you have been sentenced to five years in prison" but one would say a similar thing in front of the criminal's parents and relatives that "He has been sent to the big house" or "he is now living under the government's expense". Therefore, an euphemism in this example is used to avoid being impolite in speech and to avoid hurting the feelings of the criminal's parents and relatives.
The lives of euphemisms are short. They very soon become closely associated with the referent and give way to a newly- coined word or combination of words which, being the sign of a sign, throws another veil over an unpleasant or indelicate concept. The evolution over the years of a civilized mental health service has been marked by periodic changes in terminology. For example: the madhouse became the lunatic asylum; the asylum maid way for the mental hospital. Idiots, imbeciles and the feeble-minded became low, medium and high-grade mental defectives. All are now to be lumped together as patients of severely subnormal personality. They are now to be mentally ill patients. These changes in the system of nomination are the signposts of progress in the development of the language.
The communicative function of euphemisms is to show politeness in the sense that using direct and definite languages to talk about unpleasantness may undoubtedly displease both side's interlocutors and possibly their relationships so, the use of euphemisms may be the best alternative. Euphemisms are believed to have been lubricating language and social communication since its invention. The communicative function of euphemisms in English and Uzbek are to avoid taboo, to show politeness and to replace more accurate or direct ones. Job titles are also euphemized so as to inflate the egos of those who do such jobs. So, people often make the humble occupation sound higher in rank and pleasant to ear, for example, jobs such as "shoe maker" is replaced by "shoe rebuild", "sanitation engineer" from "garbage man". All these practices are done due to the fact that interlocutors want to show politeness.
Euphemisms may be used to avoid words considered rude, while still conveying their meaning; words may be replaced by similar-sounding words, gentler words, or placeholders. Some euphemisms have become accepted in certain societies for uncomfortable information; for example, in many English speaking countries, a doctor is likely to say "the patient passed away" rather than "the patient died". A second example relating uncomfortable information and concealing some degree of truth would be "we put the dog to sleep" rather than "we killed the dog". Euphemisms can be used to downplay or conceal unpalatable facts, such as "collateral damage" for "civilian casualties" in a military context, or "redacted" for "censored"
Bearing in mind the ever-changing essence of euphemisms, it is logical that the motives for euphemizing are varied and vacillating as well. They range from fear and superstition, being polite and kind, avoiding embarrassment, playful ways to exclude others from understanding what is being discussed, to white lies and manipulation. A general distinction could be made between an "instinctive euphemism" and a "strategic euphemism" (Walker). The "instinctive" group may include avoiding religious terminology and swearwords (e. g. replacing "oh my god" with "Oh, my gosh !" or "hell" with "heck"), careful choice of words when not 100
wanting to hurt or offend someone (e.g. "pass away" instead of "die" when talking about a beloved relative), avoiding embarrassment when mentioning body parts and functions. Followed by more recent political correctness (e.g. calling the "blind" people "visually challenged"), which could be perceived as a transition between the two groups. The widely criticized political doublespeak would then belong to the "strategic" group.
Euphemism masks a rude or impolite expression but conveys the concept clearly and politely. Several techniques are employed to create euphemism. It may be in the form of abbreviations e.g. B.O. (body odor), W.C. (toilet) etc. Foreign words may be used to replace an impolite expression e.g. faux (fake), or faux pas (foolish error) etc. Sometimes, they are abstractions e.g. before I go (before I die). Using longer words or phrases can also mask unpleasant words e.g. flatulence for farting, perspiration for sweat, mentally challenged for stupid etc. Using technical terms may reduce the rudeness exhibited by words e.g. gluteus maximum. Deliberately mispronouncing an offensive word may reduce its severity e.g. darn, shoot etc.
According to the classification, euphemisms fall under several groups. One of them is euphemisms that related with superstition. In order to avoid bad luck, we use euphemistic words instead of terrible ones or some actions are done to keep off bad luck. For instance, the number 13 is considered as a disaster. That is why most people avoid mentioning this number. In this example, to wear an amulet is expected to avoid bad luck. Examples of euphemisms used in the texts. Let us look at some common euphemism examples:
Source text: I kept this to remind me of you trying to brush away the Villa Rossa from your teeth in the morning, swearing and eating aspirin and cursing harlots. Every time I see that glass I think of you trying to clean your conscience with a toothbrush.
Target text: Uni asrab yurdim, ertalablari siz u bilan "Villa-Rossa"dan tozalanmoqchi bo'lganingiz, so'kina-so'kina aspirin yutganlaringiz, yaramas xotinlarni qarg'aganlatingizni eslatib tursin dedim. Har safar shu stakanga qaraganimda, siz tish cho'tkasi bilan vijdon-ingizni tozalashga uringaningizni eslayman.
Source text: I will wait till I see the Anglo-Saxon brushing away harlotry with a toothbrush.
Target text: Men tomirida anglosakson qoni jo'sh urgan yigiycha yana tish cho'tka bilan islovatxona dog'larini tozalay boshlashini kutaman.
In these examples the words 'harlot', and 'harlotry' are euphemisms for 'whore woman' and 'whorehouse'.
Source text: If you had any shame it would be different. But you are God knows how many months gone with child and you think it is a joke and are all smiles because your seducer's come back
Target text: Agar siz uyatingizni yo'qotmaganingizda boshqa gap edi. Lekin siz, xudo biladi, necha oydan beri xomiladorsiz - u, bularning hammasini hazil deb bilasiz, o'zingizni yo'ldan ozdirgan odamni ko'rishingiz bilanoq og'zingizni kulgudanyig'ishtirolmaysiz.
The word 'with child' is a euphemism for the word 'pregnant'
Source text: "What do you do at this hour?" the old man asked.
Target text: Kallai saharlab bu yerda nima qilib yuribsiz?
Source text: "My wife is in labor at the hospital.
Target text: - Xotinim kasalxonada ko'zi yorimoqda.
Source text: "So, I wish you good luck!"
Target text: - Shunday deng! Xo'p, omon-eson qutulsin.
In this source text in labor is used as the euphemism to the word " to give birth to the
child"
Source text: "I don't mean technically Christian. I mean like Our Lord. " He said nothing.
Target text: Men xristian dini haqida gapirayotganim yo'q. Men xristian ruhi haqida gapirayapman. U jimib qoldi.
Source text: "We are all gentler now because we are beaten. How would Our Lord have been if Peter had rescued Him in the Garden?"
Target text: - Biz yengilgach, nafasimiz ichimizga tushib ketdi. Agar Gefsiman bog'ida Petr Isbesoni qutqarib olganda, kim biladi, keyin Iso qanday zot bo'lardi?
The English use the word 'Lord' in place of 'God'. Therefore this word is euphemism of 'God'.
Used literature:
1. Crystal, D. An encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 1992
2. Galperin. I. R. Stylistics. Moscow. " Higher School". 1977
3. Boboxonova. L.T. Ingliz tili stilistikasi.Toshkent.1995
4. Hojiyev A. Lingvistik terminlarining izohli lug'ati. b.109. - Toshkent: O'qituvchi,
1985.
THE PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION OF TABOO AND EUPHEMISM FROM
ENGLISH INTO UZBEK
Bakhodirova Feruza Bakhodirovna
Scientific researcher, Urgench State University,Urgench Kushmanov Jasur Bakhodirovich
Scientific researcher, Urgench State University,Urgench
There has been necessity in translating since the writing appeared. However, the translation being far from written text language and making precise the original text in translation language serves as a main criterion. There are some linguistic units and combinations that arouse difficulties in the original text translation. There must be peculiar principles, techniques, rules and criteria of translation to resolve these difficulties and translation problems. In this case, the topic of taboos and euphemisms in translation has been put on the agenda and made its contribution deservedly to develop the sciences such as translation studies, translation theory and practice, critical translation and translation history, because this issue is one of the themes that demand to be studied deeply. Besides, the study of these problems requires the usage of different transformations and principles of it in transition from one language into another. The thing that we want to say is that, the translation conformities that are found in one language cannot be met in another language, if it is found in the sphere of a work, cannot be found in the other.
In every society there are things which are believed to be not appropriate if spoken on public occasions. A large number of words are therefore taken as impolite, vulgar when used in communication. These words are "taboos". In order to avoid embarrassment or ease the sting of harsh words, man has created euphemisms. Euphemisms can be used as substitutes so as to avoid embarrassment, anxiety and public shame caused by taboo words.
Taboos influence a person's everyday life in one way or another because of his/her natural use of language. Countless words are regarded taboos such as those related to religion, our bodies and their functions in addition to insulting ones and other related types. Many of such words are resulted from great events such as migration, urbanization, wars, and depressions.
Sigmund Freud posited that incest and patricide were the only two universal taboos and formed the basis of civilization. Taboos often extend to cover discussion of taboo topics, resulting in euphemisms and replacement of taboo words.
Taboo is universal and almost exists in different cultures. For avoiding taboos, speakers resort to 'euphemism' so as to help prevent frightening not mentioning unpleasant subjects which are offensive or rough in speech.
Generally speaking, humans try to avoid using words and expressions that are not interesting, inappropriate or embarrassing to them or to people around them although they are 102
