CC BY
1
UDC 630; DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2023-11.16
GENDER ANALYSIS OF AGROFORESTRY MANAGEMENT IN WETLANDS: A CASE STUDY IN MEKARSARI SUB-DISTRICT, BARITO KUALA
Hafizianor*, Asysyifa, Amin Adnan Agetaduari, Rahmawati
Study Program of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, University of Lambung Mangkurat, Indonesia
*E-mail: hafizianor@ulm.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Mekarsari sub-district of Barito Kuala Regency is a pineapple producer whose cultivation in addition to monoculture planting patterns also applies agroforestry patterns. The existence of agroforestry in Mekarsari sub-district is inseparable from the role of the Mekarsari sub-district community, both the role of men and the role of women. The involvement of women in agroforestry management is an effort to improve gender equality. The research method approach used is a quantitative descriptive approach. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and filling out questionnaires by respondents. The results of agroforestry in the wetlands of Mekarsari District contributed to household income by 10.92% of total household income.
KEY WORDS
Agroforestry, gender, wetlands, peat swamps.
Lundgren and Raintree define agroforestry as a collective term for land use systems and technologies, which are planned to be implemented on one unit of land by combining woody plants (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboo etc.) with agricultural crops and / or animals (livestock) and / or fish, which are carried out at the same time or in rotation so that ecological and economic interactions between the various components are formed (Hafizianor et al, 2022).
The existence of agroforestry in Mekarsari Sub-district is inseparable from the role of the Mekarsari Sub-district community, both the role of men and the role of women. The involvement of women in agroforestry management is an effort to improve gender equality. The role of managing agroforestry, which was once considered heavy work that only men could do, has now shifted, women are also able to manage agroforestry. The involvement of women is evidence that women are as important a factor as men in agroforestry management in peat swamp wetlands. The people involved are not only men, in this era of emancipation, women can also be involved in agroforestry management activities to achieve gender equality.
Gender distinctions occur and change due to a variety of factors, including education and knowledge systems, religion, beliefs, political systems and institutions, and family. Changes in these five factors result in gender distinctions that often result in injustice between men and women. Gender distinctions often occur in forest resource management, for example in terms of an unbalanced division of labor. Gender injustice can take many forms, namely: economic marginalization, subordination, excessive workload, violence. Usually the impact of gender injustice is felt by women, because women are still considered weak and still dependent on men. iki wetland rural communities, they are also able to develop the agroforestry pattern. What kind of agroforestry patterns in wetlands developed by the community with all its wisdom will be studied through this research.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
The research method approach used to achieve the research objectives is a quantitative descriptive approach. The research location is in Mekasari Village, Mekarsarsi Sub-district, Barito Kuala Regency. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and filling out questionnaires by respondents. Village sampling was carried out
using purposive sampling method and Mekarsari Village was determined as a sample research location and for respondent retrieval was carried out using purposive sampling method. Data analysis techniques using the Harvard analytical framework for gender aspects and mathematical approaches to measure the contribution of income from agroforestry.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on age characteristics, respondents ranged from less than 30 years to more than 61 years. Male respondents or husbands and female respondents or wives have the most common age level, which is the age level of 41 years to 50 years. The percentage of each age level is 52.5% for men and 50% for women. The livelihood of the Mekarsari Village community is generally as farmers. Respondents based on occupation or livelihood can be seen in Table 1.
Agroforestry management requires communication and coordination between men and women to understand the division of roles in agroforestry work. The division of roles between men and women can be known through the outpouring of work time. The intended work time is the length of time spent by respondents to do a job in a certain unit of time. The recorded work time starts from the time the respondent does the work until the work is completed. Work time can be calculated based on person-days worked (HOK).
Reproductive activities are generally carried out by wives or women, because these reproductive activities are usually activities carried out by housewives. An explanation of how much the role of women in reproductive activities can be presented through the outlay of work time in units of hours/day.
Income from agroforestry is obtained from the management of staple crops such as rubber and lower plants such as oranges and pineapples. Income from agroforestry products is obtained from the harvest in a year.
Income earned in activities outside agroforestry include employees, handyman services and trading. Not all households get income from activities outside agroforestry because this activity is a side job only.
The contribution of peatland agroforestry to total community income contributed 10.92% per household with an average income of Rp.6,912,500/year/kk from agroforestry and Rp.56,400,000/year/kk income from outside agroforestry. The contribution of peatland agroforestry, Lu and Inu values can be seen in Table 11.
Table 1 - Respondents' main and secondary occupations
Wife
Jobs Husband Wife
Main Side Main Side
N % N % N % N %
Farmers 32 80 8 20 22 55 3 7,5
Merchant 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 10
Employees 8 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
Builder 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0
Private 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IRT 0 0 0 0 18 45 0 0
None 0 0 30 75 0 0 33 82,5
Total 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 2 - Labor time (HOK/month) outside agroforestry activities
. .. ... _ . . , . ' " Labor Hours (HOK/Month) ~ Activities Outside Agroforestry Husband---
Merchant 0,00 4,84
Employees 4,84 0,00
Builder_0,94_0,00
Total_578_4,84
Average_1,93_1,61
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 3 - Work time devoted to reproductive activities
Reproductive Activities
Gender
Working Time
Average HOK/Day
HOK/Month
Cooking L P Washing Clothes L P Raising Children L P House Cleaning L P oooooooo 00700000 8 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 0.00 1.99 0o00 2o15 0o00 19o53 0o00 2o11
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 4 - Work time (HOK/month) in reproductive activities
Reproductive Activities Labor Hours (HOK/Month)
Husband Wife
Cooking Washing Clothes Babysitting House Cleaning 0 0 0 0 1o99 2o15 19o53 2o11
Total 0 25o78
Average 0 6o45
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 5 - Gender roles in productive and reproductive activities
Gender roles
No.
Respondents
Productive (%)
Agroforestry
Non Agroforestry
Total
Reproductive (%)
Total
Husband/Male Wife/Woman
59 41
54 46
113 87
0 100
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 6 - Decision-making in agroforestry production and post-production
Decision Making
No. Statement Husband Husband & Wife Wife
N % N % N % N %
Agroforestry Management Production Activities
1 Land Preparation
Land clearing 30 75 10 25 0 0 40 100
Area clearance 32 80 8 20 0 0 40 100
Making surjan guludan disk 40 100 0 0 0 0 40 100
2 Nutrient Processing
Fertilization 35 87o5 5 12o5 0 0 40 100
Lime application 35 87o5 5 12o5 0 0 40 100
Combustion 38 95 2 5 0 0 40 100
3 Water Management
Trenching 40 100 0 0 0 0 40 100
4 Crop Management
Seedling sowing 0 0 40 100 0 0 40 100
Penugalan/planting 8 20 32 80 0 0 40 100
Weeding/cleaning 8 20 32 80 0 0 40 100
Maintenance 38 95 2 5 0 0 40 100
Determination of crop types other than staple crops 36 90 4 10 0 0 40 100
5 Harvesting & Marketing
Harvesting 2 5 38 95 0 0 40 100
Marketing of agroforestry products 5 12o5 35 87o5 0 0 40 100
Investment in equipment for farming 40 100 0 0 0 0 40 100
Agroforestry Management Post-Production Activities
1 Determination of crop utilization 6 15 23 57o5 11 27o5 40 100
2 Determination of harvest sales actors 9 22o5 19 47o5 12 30 40 100
Average (%) 59o12 37o50 3o38 100
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 7 - Decision-making in agroforestry and family financial matters
Decision Making Total
No. Statement Husband Husband & Wife Wife
N % N % N % N %
Agroforestry Management Finance
1 Planning business costs in agroforestry management 0 0 40 100 0 0 40 100
2 Managing money for agroforestry management businesses 5 12,5 20 50 15 37,5 40 100
3 Borrowing money/credit for business 40 100 0 0 0 0 40 100
Family Finance
1 Planning for family money 0 0 25 62,5 15 37,5 40 100
2 Managing family money 0 0 14 35 26 65 40 100
3 Spending family money 0 0 30 75 10 25 40 100
4 Borrowing money for family needs 18 45 21 52,5 1 2,5 40 100
5 Finding ways to solve financial problems 30 75 10 25 0 0 40 100
Average (%) 29,06 50,00 20,94 100
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 8 - Decision-making in family social and domestic activities
Decision Making Total
No. Statement Husband Husband & Wife Wife
N % N % N % N %
Social Activities
1 Responsible for social activities 40 100 0 0 0 0 40 100
2 Attend village meetings 40 100 0 0 0 0 40 100
Family Domestic Affairs
1 Determination of the number of children 7 17,5 28 70 5 12,5 40 100
2 Determining children's education in the family 0 0 40 100 0 0 40 100
3 Determination and purchase of food menu 0 0 0 0 40 100 40 100
4 Purchase of household appliances 0 0 10 25 30 75 40 100
5 Health maintenance 0 0 0 0 40 100 40 100
Average (%) 31,07 27,86 41,07 100
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 9 - Agroforestry sector income
Agroforestry Income Total Revenue Average Income /KK
Rubber 74.400.000 2.400.000
Oranges 14.400.000 1.200.000
Pineapple 80.700.000 2.017.500
Rice 51.800.000 1.295.000
Total 221.300.000 6.912.500
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 10 - Income outside agroforestry
Non Agroforestry Income Total Revenue Average Income /KK
Traders (IDR/year 102.000.000 20.400.000
Employee (Rp/year) 240.000.000 30.000.000
Handyman (Rp/year) 12.000.000 6.000.000
Total (Rp/year) 354.000.000 56.400.000
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
Table 11 - Income contribution from agroforestry
Income Type Peatland agroforestry contribution (K)(%)
Income from agroforestry Income from outside Total income
(Lu)(Rp/year) agroforestry (Inu) (Rp/year) (Rp)/year
Total 221.300.000 354.000.000 575.300.000
Average (Rp/KK) 6.912.500 56.400.000 63.312.500 10,92
Source: Primary data processing, 2023.
The contribution of peatland agroforestry to household income is still small at 10.92% so that agroforestry management needs to be further managed so that the income from agroforestry can add more income to the needs and needs of each family head.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, the following conclusions can be drawn that productive activities in agroforestry management of women's work time in one month amounted to 41% and men by 59%, outside the peatland agroforestry women play a role of 46% and men 54%.Reproductive activities of women's work time in one month played a role of 100% and men did not have reproductive work time because all reproductive activities were carried out by women. Decision making on agroforestry management activities by husbands and wives amounted to 38%, wives by 3% and husbands by 59%. Decision making in agroforestry management finances such as planning business costs in agroforestry management and managing money for agroforestry management businesses is mostly decided together by husbands and wives by 50%. Decision-making on social and domestic family activities 41% % decided by the wife, 31% decided by the husband and 28% decided by the wife and husband. Agroforestry in wetlands contributes to household income of 10.92% of total household income.
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