CC BY
33
DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2019-06.36
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT LEVEL AT BEEF CATTLE RANCHERS IN KAMPUNG TERNAK, DASIN VILLAGE, TAMBAKBOYO SUB-DISTRICT OF TUBAN REGENCY
Yuniati Sri*
Environment and Development Study Program, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
Riniwati Harsuko
Socio-Economic of Marine Fisheries Study Program, University of Brawijaya,
Malang, Indonesia
Wike
Faculty of Administrative Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
*E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze the women empowerment level and the pattern of women empowerment of beef cattle ranchers in Kampung Ternak, Dasin village, Tambakboyo subdistrict, Tuban Regency. There were 15 respondents involved in this study, they consisted of female ranchers and key informants (community leaders and Village Head of Dasin Village, Tambakboyo sub-district, Tuban Regency). The data were analyzed by employing quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The women empowerment level was analyzed by utilizing Longwe method (welfare, access, participation, critical awareness of the problems faced, decision making) and it was modified with an index formula developed by the Ministry of Rural Areas. This study applied qualitative descriptive analysis using the cycle of Miles and Huberman. The results of the analysis showed that the welfare indicator index was 0.622 (developing), the access index was 0.741 (developed); participation index was 0.752 (developed), critical awareness index of problems faced was 0.722 (developed) , and decision-making index was 0.743 (developed). The lowest empowerment variable is the welfare index. This is due to the lack of knowledge and creativity in processing livestock products and waste of cattle farming to become valuable things. That condition lowers other sources of income. Thus it can be concluded that the women empowerment level of beef cattle ranchers is fine, but it still needs to be improved by exploring other sources of income, especially processing livestock products into a high-value processed products such as shredded beef, rendang, and others, and processing the waste into compost and/or bio gas.
KEY WORDS
Women empowerment of ranchers, empowerment index, women, environment.
Development in Indonesia is one of the efforts to ensure the welfare of the community, so far it still prioritizes the growth aspects of beef cattle to produce a variety of needs, especially beef, and other products such as manure, compost, biogas, skin, bones and so on (Siregar, 2009). Beef cattle are included in the business components that play a role in rural agribusiness, especially in integration system with other agricultural sub-sectors, as a biological and economic chain of farming system (Mariyono et al., 2010).
Mubyarto (1994) states that one of the agricultural sectors that employs many female labors is the livestock subsector. The role of female labors is needed in terms of their patience and tenacity that are believed to be more suitable to work on this sector. Ervinawati, et al. (2015) adds that rural female ranchers have long been known to have an important role as one of the pillars of food production. The involvement of women in livestock business has a contribution to the total outpouring of working time in beef cattle farms. Suradisastra and Lubis (2000) argue that there are several aspects related to the role of women: access, control, decision making and benefits. Access belongs to women who have lack of equal
access to information on resources. In this case, women are treated or considered as second-class citizens. Control aspect is related to the control in the division of labor in beef cattle business which considers women as unpaid labors in the family. Men labors generally dominate all beef cattle business activities based on the highly physical participation. However, women's participation is very influential on the business activities of beef cattle. Decision making aspect is the role of women in decision making. They tend to have less involvement in the decision to buy livestock or products, sell or determine the selling price. A wife's contribution has a lower tendency compared to her husband. Benefits aspect deals with the business activities that can provide benefits to all family members.
Women have significant roles in the family, both in household and economic activities that can support the income. Women (ranchers' wives) are directly or indirectly involved and responsible for managing business activities related to improving family welfare. However, women are generally rewarded with lower wages than men. Frequently, a wife's wage is considered as the result of a husband's contribution to their family income. This is because a woman is often seen as the second person who only helps or supports (subordinate), has low education, and has limited skills to produce economic contributions to the family (Zehra, 2008). This issue also happens in the Dasin village, Tambakboyo Sub-district, Tuban Regency. Based on this background, it is necessary to conduct research on Women Empowerment Level of Beef Cattle Ranchers in Dasin village.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This research is a women and environmental study. It examines the experiences, social and economic conditions that occur in women and their surrounding environment. This research combined qualitative and quantitative research method. According to Johnson and Cristensen (2007) in Fitriani (2015), Mixed Method is an approach in research that combines or connects qualitative and quantitative research method, and mixes the use of both approaches in research. According to Sugiyono (2017), qualitative research method is a research method that is based on postpositivism or enterpretive philosophy, researchers plays role as key instruments in data collection techniques (observation, interview, documentation); the data obtained tend to be qualitative data, the data analysis is inductive -qualitative, and the results of qualitative research have tendency to understand meaning, understand unity, construct phenomena, and find hypotheses.
The location of the research chosen by the writer was Kampung Ternak in Dasin village, Tambakboyo, Tuban. The researches chose the location based on the fact that the area is a clustered beef cattle village, where female labors have high enthusiasm in playing an active role in beef cattle farming. The study was conducted in January - February 2019.
The focuses of the research in this study are as follows:
• The extent of women empowerment in beef cattle farms in Kampung Ternak, Dasin Village, Tambakboyo Sub-district, Tuban Regency;
• The pattern of women empowerment of beef cattle ranchers in Kampung Ternak, Dasin village, Tambakboyo sub-district, Tuban Regency in fulfilling household needs, including the role of women in the family and the community (ecology).
The data for this research were obtained from several sources, namely: informants, phenomena or events, and documents. The process of collecting data from each source used the "direction" from the research focus, so that the data could be separated between truly needed and relevant data (fulfilling inclusion criteria) and data that had to be set aside because they were irrelevant (fulfilling exclusion criteria).
The informants in this study were all women who were actively involved in beef cattle farms in the Dasin Villafe, Tambakboyo Sub-district, Tuban Regency. The numbers of informants in this study were 15 people consisting of female ranchers, community leaders, and Village Head in Dasin Village, Tambakboyo Sub-district, Tuban Regency.
The data analysis method was quantitative analysis on the women empowerment index in beef cattle farming business with a combination of women empowerment variable based on Longwe model (welfare, access, participation, critical awareness and decision making)
with an index formula developed by the Ministry of Rural Areas. Women empowerment index = ^Women's Empowerment indicator score / maximum total score (ideal score). Furthermore, the pattern analysis of women empowerment applied qualitative analysis from Miles and Huberman cycles which included data reduction, data presentation (data display), and data conclusion or verification (conclusion drawing / verification). These three activities are interrelated and chains as a series (Sugiyono, 2017). The classification of the women empowerment index can be seen in the following table:
Table 1 - Empowerment Index Classification (welfare, access, participation, critical awareness and
decision making)
Number Empowerment Status Classification
Variable Very lagging Lagging Developing Developed Independent
1 Welfare
2 Access > 0.491 and < 0.599 > 0.599 and < 0.707 > 0.707 and < 0.815
3 Participation < 0.491 > 0.815
4 Critical awareness
5 Decision making
Source: Ministry of Rural Areas, Development of Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration (2015), modified.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of research on women empowerment index from welfare indicator shows that the additional income made by women in utilizing spare time is fine specifically in fulfilling the needs for food and shelter. The income of female beef cattle ranchers is not feasible in fulfilling needs other than basic needs. This is proved by the classification including the status of developing when respondents were asked about the fulfillment of income for health. It can be seen as follows table 2.
Table 2 - Index per Item for Welfare Indicator
Number Item for Welfare Indicator Classification Description
1 Monthly income to fulfill family needs 0.747 Developed
2 Monthly income to fulfill educational needs 0.747 Developed
3 Monthly income to fulfill health needs 0.693 Developing
4 Other sources of income obtained regularly 0.680 Developing
5 Other income from big sources 0.547 Lagging
6 Own more than one house as a source of income 0.507 Lagging
7 Own more than one two-wheeled mode of transportation 0.747 Developed
8 Own more than one four-wheeled mode of transportation 0.467 Very lagging
9 Spend more than IDR 500.000/month 0.493 Lagging
10 Follow the development of technology 0.653 Developing
11 Give more than 50% of income contribution 0.560 Lagging
Overall welfare index 0.622 Developing
The overall welfare index is in the state of developing category. According to the in-depth interviews with respondents, the possible causes are:
• Lack of sources that can generate additional income outside of beef cattle farming businesses, such as four-wheeled vehicles, houses and low ability and creativity in processing beef into processed high-value products such as shredded beef, rendang, and processing of waste business in beef cattle farming;
• high level of spending;
• the small number of additional sources of income;
• the small number of cows owned, even 1 cow is owned by more than 1 person.
This beef cattle farm business by women is used to meet the large number of sudden and accidental needs in households. According to Tidaro and Smith (2006), welfare is a subjective matter so that everyone has a view of life, life goals, and different ways of life. Welfare is measured by indicators of food security such as food availability, nutritional
adequacy, availability of access to food to household behavior. This is reinforced by the opinion of Haryadi et al., (2014) that state social capital is defined as social and economic contributions in formal groups in Indonesia which has a positive impact on family welfare. Participation in formal groups can be a benchmark in the sustainability of livestock business. Social capital in developing countries is a fairly convincing investment, but still has to consider and involve the physical capital and human resources.
Empowerment is often used in the context of the ability to improve individual economies which is a prerequisite for empowerment. Empowerment is also a concept that contains the meaning of struggle, especially the struggle of women. These definitions reflect that the empowerment process is a business action to improve economics, socio-culture, politics and psychology, both individually and collectively (Prijono and Pranarko, 1996, in Follyani et al., 2009).
The women empowerment index from the access indicator shows that 4 indicator items belong to the developed category; and only 1 indicator item is in developing category, the opportunity to obtain non-formal education. This has to do with the welfare index that the low income of one beef cattle rancher is due to lack of ability in creativity to increase added value in creating high-value beef-based processed products and beef cattle farm waste. The index per access indicator item towards the resources in the business of female beef cattle ranchers can be seen in Table 3 below:
Table 3 - Index per Access Indicator Item
Number Item for Access Indicator Classification Description
1 Opportunities to use equipment / technology 0.733 - Developed
2 Opportunities related to human resources management 0.813 Developed
3 Opportunities related to interaction with community 0.733 Developed
4 Opportunities to access non-formal education 0.707 Developing
5 Opportunities to set goals and planning in the organization 0.720 Developed
Overall Index of Access 0.741 Developed
The result of this study is supported by Carr (2011), explaining that the concept of empowerment is "the ability of individuals to obtain control both socially, politically, economically, or psychologically through access to information, knowledge and expertise, decision making, self-awareness, community participation, and perceived control." Empowerment can also be interpreted as a process to increase self-awareness among members of the organization through identifying conditions of helplessness through efforts to eliminate them, both by using formal and informal techniques from the organization.
The result of the index calculation based on the item of participation indicator on resources shows that the lowest category is participation in setting goals and planning in the organization. The results of the calculation of the indicator item index can be seen in the table 4 below:
Table 4 - Index per Item for Participation Indicator
Number Item for Participation Indicator Classification Description
1 Participation in using equipment 0.787 Developed
2 Participation related to human resources management 0.827 Independent
3 Participation related to interaction with community 0.707 Developing
4 Participation to access non-formal education 0.773 Developed
5 Participation to set goals and planning in the organization 0.667 Developing
Overall Index of Participation 0.752 Developed
Women's participation in the socio-economic improvement of the family is not less important than men. Women are able to do reproductive thing, as well as working to earn a direct income (income earning work) for economic sustainability and household welfare. Women or wives involved in work are driven by the husband's low income, so they work as ranchers, small traders, housemaids, laborers, employees and so on. From this description, it is implied that the husband's economic condition is relatively low which encourages the
wife to participate in seeking income by changing her role from the domestic sector (inside the household) to the public sector (outside the household) (Amirudin, 2014).
From the table above, it can be seen that the lowest status of women's participation index in beef cattle farming is about their participation in setting goals and planning. This shows that the gender equality issue in women's participation in beef cattle farms of Dasin village is still marginal.
This is in accordance to the opinion of Haryanto (2008), stating that the increase in women's participation in economic activities is due to: firstly, a change in the views and attitudes of the community about the importance of education for women and men, and the awareness of the need for women to participate in development; secondly, the willingness of women to be independent in the economic field is trying to fund their living needs and perhaps also the necessities of life of those who are dependent on their own income.
Based on various studies, the participation of women in livestock business activities is able to contribute financially in the form of increasing family income. As a family member, women are also able to control production assets. The participation of family members in the livelihood activities is an effort to increase income in order to overcome the problems of their household needs (Abdullah and Amrawaty, 2008).
The results of the calculation of the index of critical awareness of problems showed that rank problem in business has the lowest score. The results of the calculation of critical awareness of the problems indicator can be seen in the table 5 below:
Table 5 - Index per Item for Critical Awareness of Problems Indicator
No Item for Critical awareness of problems Indicator Classification Description
1 Identify problems 0.813 - Developed
2 Rank problems in business 0.693 Developing
3 Identify resource potential 0.747 Developed
4 Able to prepare action plans to overcome problems 0.733 Developed
5 Able to carry out an action plan to improve business capacity 0.773 Developed
6 Get the freedom to complete the work from the environment 0.827 Independent
7 Always communicate and coordinate with Human Resources 0.773 Developed
8 Independent in decision making 0.813 Developed
9 Overall index of problems faced 0.772 Developed
The result of the study is supported by the statement of Mrs. Sulikah, one of the ranchers, in an interview as follows:
"Yes ma'am, The overall ranchers in this village have been trained since they were children. So, there are no difficulties in raising cattle. Everyone is well-experienced. Once, when it is the time to mate a cow and my husband is not around, I can immediately call the officer to mate them" (interview on February, 1st 2019 in Kampung Ternak).
This awareness has the same approach and analysis as secular modernists who become the mainstream of development. According to them, poverty is happening in Indonesia because they are not able to actively participate in the development process and globalization. Therefore, they tend to see values in mental attitude, creativity, culture and theological understanding as the main issues, rather than focusing on the class, gender and social structure as forming the fate of society.
This conscious society basically shares the mind of secular modernization regarding poverty and powerlessness. They believe that the problems faced by the poor are rooted in problems because there is something wrong with their mental, cultural, or theological attitudes (Widayanti, 2012).
The index of item for decision making indicator that has the lowest category is performing activities in identifying problems and solutions. The results of the calculation can be seen in the table 6.
It is supported by statement of Ms. Ummu Hanik, one of the female ranchers in the interview:
"Yes ma'am, after knowing and getting used to or being involved directly in taking carie of my cattle, I have the permission from my husband to buy more beef cattle. Back then, I
quit selling snacks because I knew the opportunity of this business. I felt that more cattle would increase our income. Now, I have some savings for my children's education and their marriage later" (interview on February, 1st 2019 in Kampung Ternak).
Table 6 - Index per Item for Decision Making Indicator
No Item for Decision Making Indicator Classification Description
1 Perform activities in identifying problems frequently 0.707 Developing
2 Perform activities in identifying problems and solutions frequently 0.693 Developing
3 Improve the ability to identify problems and find solutions frequently 0.760 Developed
4 Able to solve problems 0.813 Developed
Decision Making Index 0.772 Developed
Willingness and ability to take risks are the main values in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs who do not want to take risks will find it difficult to start or take the initiative. An entrepreneur should be brave enough to make decisions in uncertainty situations, while considering the possibility of loss and success (Suryana, 2003).
This is also in accordance with Karmila (2013) that states that factors of ranchers' decision-making are capital, ranchers' knowledge, desire to earn income, desire to obtain high social status, government support , vailability of supporting facilities and infrastructure, interest and courage to take a risk.
Family is an inseparable part of life. It is the first place for someone in starting life. Family forms a very close relationship between father, mother and child. This relationship occurs between family members who interact with each other. Family as the smallest social institution is the foundation and initial investment to build a social life and create a better community life. In this case, social values and norms in the family are far more effective than through other institutions outside the family.
The roles and duties of women in the family depend on their roles in the family itself as a wife, child, father-in-law etc. Broadly speaking, they are divided into two roles, namely the role of women as mothers, as wives, and family members. The duty of women is to foster mental health for their children, as well as their families. In order to be able to perform the role or task properly, it is necessary to be aware of the goals and objectives of the role (Zahrok and Suarmini, 2017).
From the research results in Dasin Village, Tambakboyo Sub-district, women have two roles, as housewives and as ranchers to help the family's economy. The result of the study is also known by the involvement of women role in beef cattle farming business which can increase awareness of family problems. With the role of women who can help family's economy in livestock businesses, they can have a better quality of life and tackle poverty. According to the research results above, it includes developed village classifications.
In accordance with Nitimiharjo (1999), the involvement of women in the public sector is also inseparable from the demands of the family economy. Due to economic difficulties, especially as a result of the prolonged monetary crisis in Indonesia, has encouraged women to take an active role in overcoming family economic problems by doing various jobs outside their homes. By having women in the public sector, it means that their roles are no longer as a wife and mother who are responsible for the socialization of their children but also as workers. The involvement of women in both sectors, the domestic sector (home) and the public sector (employment), create a new term as what is called the dual role.
The big roles that women carry in the public sector cannot be separated from the cultural factors that exist in a society. Haviland (1988) argues that the special forms contained in the division of labor based on gender. In addition to the consideration of biological aspects, it must also be seen as the development of certain ethnic traditions (Nitimiharjo, 1999).
The application of a technology by ranchers is closely related to their skills and the complexity level of the technology operation. In this case, successful application of technology depends on the compatibility between the ability of ranchers and the technology that will be applied. Basically, cow dung can be used as raw material for making biogas,
compost and biourine. Ranchers who have 2-3 livestocks with intensive maintenance can make biogas with a 1m3 digester made of fiber that can be purchased at their respective locations, the manufacturing method is very simple and the manufacturing techniques can be done by ranchers (Baba, S. 2007).
Waste management aims to improve public health and environmental quality and make waste as a resource. From the environmental health stand point, waste management is favorable if the waste does not become a breeding medium for a disease and does not become an intermediary medium in spreading illness. Other requirements that must be met are: not polluting air, water and land, not causing odors (not disturbing aesthetic values), not causing fires and others (Azwar, 1986 in Marliani, 2014). It is in accordance with Ms. Heni's statement as the head of PKK (Family Welfare Program) as follows:
"Natural resources around Dasin Village, both in the form of agricultural and livestock products, are still easily available to be utilized by the community. For example, to utilize existing agricultural and livestock waste such as straw, or cow dung used as organic fertilizer without process. So, it has not been commercialized yet." (interview on February 6th, 2019 at Ms. Heni's house).
It is affirmed by Ms. Mzidatun Ni'mah:
"Cow dung that is available in the community does not have a good processing, so far it has only been collected or just buried them in the hole. Then, if it is full, it will be covered by rice husk, and then dried and burned. Lastly, it will be transported to agricultural fields both fields and rice fields." (interview on February 6th, 2019 in Kampung Ternak).
Waste management is also constrained by raw materials, where people's access to get starter in compost processing is very limited, so compost processing can only be done on a small scale. Ranchers are also constrained by collecting stool as a large-scale raw material because the farms are still on a small scale and are mostly traditional and semi-intensive maintenance systems. It is in accordance with Ms. Alfiah's statement in the interview as follows:
"Yes ma'am, we only have 1 biogas in Kampung Ternak, and it is no longer functioning. Back then, we could use it to accommodate cow dung and could also be used as energy for LPG stoves. Now, it is broken. Hopefully, there will be assistance from the government so that the surroundings don't smell too bad." (interview on February, 6th 2019 in Kampung Ternak).
Livestock waste is a very good source of organic fertilizer, if it is managed using the standard rules for processing organic fertilizers. The way how to make organic fertilizers are vary, one of which uses EM4 and uses star bio (stardec) (Murbandono, 2000; Musnamar, 2005). There are many kinds of nutrient content in organic fertilizers, depending on the materials composted, the way of composting, and how to store it. In general, the nutrient content in compost consists of: carbon 8.2%, nitrogen 0.09%, phosphor 0.36%, potassium 0.81%, compost components consist of 41% liquid and dry matter 59%. The level of C / N in compost is generally 23. C/N is a ratio of carbon and nitrogen. High C / N ratio of fertilizers should not be given to plants because further decomposition processes will occur in the soil. The CO2 produced from the decomposition will have an adverse effect on plant growth. Similar as manure, compost that is going to be used must be good. Physically, it is difficult to identify which on is a good compost and poor compost. However, in general, it has finer and slightly blackish granules. With compost, agricultural culture will return to organic matters. Organic materials will improve the structure of plant tissue, meaning that composted plants no longer need to be sprayed with pesticides because pests are not interested in eating them.
Manure is an organic fertilizer from fermented solid animal waste from mammals and poultry. Organic fertilizers (manure) contain complete nutrients needed by plants for their growth. Besides containing macro nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphor (P), and potassium (K), manure also contains micro elements such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). The phosphorus element in manure mostly comes from solid impurities, while nitrogen and potassium come from liquid manure (Santoso, 2002).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of a quantitative descriptive analysis on five indicators, it can be concluded that the welfare indicator reached 0.622 points including the classification of developing welfare; access indicator reached 0.741 points including classification of developed access, participation indicator reached 0.752 points including classification of developed participation; decision making indicator reached 0.743 points including classification of taking developed risks; and critical awareness of problems indicator reached
0.722.points including the classification of critical awareness of developed problems. Women also take an active role in overcoming family economic problems by doing
various jobs outside the homes. By having women in the public sector, it means that their roles are no longer as a wife and mother who are responsible for the socialization of their children, but also as workers. The involvement of women in both sectors, the domestic sector (home) and the public sector (employment), creates a new term called the dual role. Thus there are three gender roles for women and men that are classified as follows: Reproductive Role (Domestic Role), Productive Role, and Society Role (social).
SUGGESTIONS
Considering the significant role of women in beef cattle farming at Dasin Village, Tambakboyo Sub-district, women labors deserve an attention from the government in terms of assistance and guidance to further expand the business; especially, the management of livestock products that is very suitable for women.
Future researchers are suggested to examine groups of ranchers in mountainous areas to determine the level of women empowerment.
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