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94«C©1L©qyiym°J©yrnaL»#17i693,2©2© / AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES_
UDC 633.11
Maykhan H., Troshin L.P., Kravchenko R. V., Hilmand M., Wafa S.
Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin DOI: 10.24411/2520-6990-2020-11998 GARDENING OF AFGHANISTAN
Abstract
The article provides an overview of the development of the horticulture industry in Afghanistan, which is represented by crops such as grapes, apricot, apple, peach, pomegranate, plum, pear, cherry, as well as almonds, walnuts and pistachios.
Keywords: Afghanistan, grapes, apricot, apple tree, production system, varieties.
Horticulture in Afghanistan is represented by many crops, such as grapes, apricot, apple, peach, pomegranate, plum, pear, cherry, as well as almonds, walnuts and pistachios. The most common fruit crop in Afghanistan is apricot, which is exported to Pakistan, India, the UAE, Russia and the Czech Republic. Apricot is grown in most parts of the country, but it was used commercially in provinces such as Kkandagar, Uruzgan, Zabul, Ghazni, Kabul, Uradk, Lugar, Samngan, Pervan, Bamayan and Baghlan - from the plains (Kandahar) and to heights of 2200 m ( Ghazni). Apricot varieties such as Nakshi Feast, Golden Cyst,
Amiri, Kisi, Tom cat, Turk, Charches, Golden Rich, Shakarpara are grown here (pic. 1). Apricot is harvested in Afghanistan from the month of june until the end of My.
The apple tree culture, which is grown in most parts of the country in different climatic conditions, is also widespread in Afghanistan, but it is cultivated commercially in only a few provinces, such as Ghazni, Kabul, Verdak, Lavgar, Bamyan. The apple tree is grown on well-drained, loamy soils with a high pH of 6 to 7.
Pic. 1. Apricot varieties Golden Cyst end Nakshi Feas
The following varieties are cultivated in Afghanistan: Fuji, Red Tasty, Red Main, Saturm, Thin Body, Apple rachs, Tights Gala, Gala, Mitcla Mondial Gala, Mutsu, Royal Gala, Piros, Galaxy, Crips Pink Blush Golden and Golden Delishes Starkspur (pic. 2-4).
Pic. 2. Apple variety Fuji
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These varieties belong to different ripeness groups. Harvesting begins in early july and ends in early october. The technology of cultivating fruit crops is also traditional and requires a lot of manual labor.
One of the most important garden crops in Afghanistan for several centuries has also been grapes. Afghan grapes are well known in the region and are promising for export abroad. It is cultivated on an area
of more than 70 thousand hectares, which is about 48% of the total area under garden crops and plays an important role in the country's agricultural economy. Annual grape production exceeds 600 thousand tons with an average yield of about 10 tons / ha. By 2003, revenue from this product was $ 180 million. The average price of grapes in Kabul is approximately 0.45 USD / kg (FAO report, 2003).
Pic. 3. Apple varieties Saturm and Red Tasty
Pic.4. Apple varietie Thin Body and Apple rachs
Grapes are grown in almost every part of the country, from the south to Kandahar and to the north to Tahar and Faryaba. Grapes are cultivated most intensively in the provinces of Kabul, Parvan, Kapisa, Kandahar, Helmand, Dzhuzjan, Herat and Ghazni. But, in most parts of the country, grapes are not grown for commercial use, but for family consumption.
Basically, the whole grape of Afghanistan (and this is more than 100 varieties) belongs to Vitis vinifera spp. The most common are three local varieties: Shin-dokhani, Kishmishi white and Taiffi (pic. 5). These are varieties of table use. At the same time, Shindokhani and Kishmishi white is also used for cooking raisins.
Shindokhani Kishmishi white
Pic. 5. The main grape varieties of Afghanistan
Taiffi
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Other common grape varieties include Hussaini, Askari, Goladan, Spen Manga, Naderi and Bedana Kishmishi siah (black seedless). New commercial varieties such as Thompson Seedless, Red Globe, Cardinal, Emperor, Fantasy, Crimson Seedless, Flame Seedless, Ruby, Ribier and Black Emerald are also being introduced.
The vine is cultivated on earthen mounds with a capitate formation. The Earth-trellised system is also used (pic. 6).
The technology of cultivation of grapes does not differ from the common in the world. In Afghanistan, when cultivating grapes of the Kishmishi and Shindo-kliani grapes, a long pruning is usually used for 8-10
eyes, but sometimes up to 15 eyes. For Typhi and Hus-seini varieties, short pruning of 2-4 eyes is used. Spend her in the second half of winter.
Grape harvesting is carried out only by hand (pic. 7).
Thus, Afghanistan's horticultural production system, its cultural practices, assortment and post-harvest process are still traditional. Therefore, to achieve better results, it is necessary to focus on international quality standards, import and disseminate new technologies, coordinate the process between all grape producers, and increase their literacy.
Pic. 6. Earth-trellised system
Pic. 7. Grape harvesting
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