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0GAME TOOLS FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN VOLLEYBALL
Teacher: Gulzoda MADAMINOVA ALFRAGANUS UNIVERSITY ORCID: 0009-0007-6363-5571
Abstract: This article examines the effectiveness of physical fitness development among students playing volleyball. The physical qualities of students are developed more effectively through the use of games than through the use of outdoor games. Play tools include outdoor games, exercises used in game situations, etc. The inclusion of outdoor games in sports training not only helps to successfully solve a number of special problems but is always well received by participants and increases interest in training. In such conditions, the most appropriate strategy may be to develop the students' specific skills in volleyball, not through the exercises of the sport itself but through the tools available for this level of training. The latter can include open games and game exercises, the content of which allows for a specific effect on the development of special, first of all, coordination abilities: orientation in space, reaction speed and accuracy, and reorganization of motor movements. the ability to accurately distinguish spatial movements, strength and temporal parameters of movements, and a sense of rhythm. Play tools include outdoor games, exercises used in game situations, etc. The inclusion of outdoor games in sports training not only helps to successfully solve a number of special problems but is always well received by participants and increases interest in training.
Keywords: volleyball, students, prevention of injuries, development of physical qualities, game tools, outdoor games.
A distinctive feature of volleyball training is the time required to master the technical arsenal, which is associated with the high complexity of the technical elements of the game and specific requirements for physical fitness. In such conditions, the most appropriate strategy may be to develop the students' specific skills in volleyball, not through the exercises of the sport itself but through the tools available for this level of training. Regardless of the development of physical quality, the following organizational deficiencies can be the cause of injuries:
Violation of safety rules and order during training;
In the case of low-quality inventory and equipment;
Unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic conditions during training (insufficient lighting; very hard and slippery surfaces on which exercises are performed;
High gassing of the air) and bad meteorological conditions (extremely low or high level of the environment, high humidity, etc.).
These errors are related to the degree to which physical quality is developed in a specific training system.
Psychological preparation
In the practice of training skilled athletes, it is very important that the process of psychological preparation be carried out in a consistent and differentiated manner at all stages of long-term sports training. Because the effectiveness of teaching, mastering, and perfecting sports skills depends on the psychological qualities of the participants (consciousness, attention, memory, perception, will, etc.) being sufficiently developed, The pace of mastering movement skills, their techniques, and tactics is primarily determined by simple and complex reactions, concentration of attention, the ability to remember the features of exercises, breadth and depth of vision, the ability to notice and distinguish situations, the ability to make the right decision, and the ability to implement a decision that brings a useful result. Psychological preparation differs from general psychological preparation for real competitions. These two areas of psychological training are focused on solving specific tasks.
Physical and technical-tactical training is carried out during all general psychological training (UPG) exercises. UPG is directed to solving the following tasks:
1) Educating a morally, spiritually, and culturally high person;
2) Formation of qualities such as consciousness, memory, attention, perception, and will;
3) notice situations (triggers), to differentiate, and to develop reactions to make the right decision;
4) Forming the ability to manage one's emotional state;
5) Education of positive mental qualities (fortitude, courage, determination, patriotism, humanitarianism, etc.);
6) Eliminating negative mental states (fear, trembling, depression, anxiety, disdain for the opponent, "star" disease, etc.) and creating a good mood—a combative state First of all, the stated tasks of UPG are: the personal example of a trainer, pedagogue, and educator, serious and high-quality performance of physical, technical, and tactical exercises of various content and characteristics; figurative conversations, discussions, debates, and dialogues on moral, spiritual, and educational topics; exemplary people; and accomplished athletes. will be resolved by holding meetings with in order to perform such responsible and extremely important tasks for an athlete, the trainer must have acquired enough psychological knowledge.
Psychological preparation for real competitions (games) focuses on the implementation of the following tasks:
1) Inculcating the value of the upcoming competition and the tasks (instructions) assigned to it into the minds of the players;
2) Mental preparation of athletes for the venue of the competition (time, climate, temperature, day and night routine, etc.);
3) Study the "weak" and "strong" aspects of the opponents and the team and prepare accordingly mentally and tactically;
4) Determine useful tactical measures based on a comparison of one's own and the opponent's capabilities;
5) Negative mental states that may or may not occur are "apathy" (depression, fear, "withdrawal" anxiety, etc.) and "fever" (convulsions, trembling, contempt for the opponent, etc.); elimination by persuasive words;
6) creating a combative mental state through autogenous exercises, breathing exercises, "stretching" (bending-writing, relaxation-tensioning) exercises, and "resting" exercises;
7) during the game and after the end of the game (especially in the case of losing points) to raise mental and emotional energy and to give useful advice and recommendations.
First of all, it is a violation of harmony in the development of strength in different groups of muscles. In the musculoskeletal system, weak and insufficiently trained members appear, which leads to their injury or, in cases of excessive loads, damage to the head and limbs. For example, insufficient development of the heel muscles reduces their stiffness. As a result, when performing jumping exercises, the load that the heel muscles should take falls on the triceps muscles of the calf. Basics of teaching game techniques and tactics
The initial training process in sports practice is a fundamental stage of many years of sports training, and the correct use of teaching methods and tools at this stage allows effective formation of sports skills at the next stages.
When planning and organizing the initial training process, it is necessary to take into account the ontogenetic and biopsychological characteristics of the child. In other words, the workload of the exercises conducted during the initial training should be adjusted and applied depending on the physical and functional capabilities of the children involved.
It is known that the size and intensity of movement (load) are important for human health and its physical and functional formation. But all types of movement, including sports, are performed in clubs.
The volume and intensity of physical and technical tactical exercises should correspond to the functional capabilities of the participant or be higher. Because, according to laws that have been proven since time immemorial in the science of biology, if the gross effect "power" of the daily physical load performed at certain stages of ontogenetic development is always higher than the functional capabilities of the organism, then in this organism (organs, muscles, vessels, cells, tissues, heart, lungs, spleen, liver, etc.), symptoms of stress or rapid exhaustion appear.
Such negative "traces" derail the normal functional activities of a person, especially a child, lower mood, disrupt sleep, reduce work ability, and prevent him from fully recovering. If the predominance of such loads is chronically reversed in the child's activity, it can affect not only the normal growth of the organism, but it is also possible that the predominance of these loads will lead to the appearance
of local or global pathological complications in various functional "objects". On the contrary, if the volume and intensity of daily or gross training loads are lower than the functional capacity, the formation of physical qualities slows down and work capacity does not increase. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the daily or gross loads, including the loads related to physical education classes and training sessions, depending on the age, gender, and physical and functional capabilities of the children, according to the "wave" principle. Therefore, the basis of pedagogical and medical supervision in the organization of children's sports training is an integral part of the process of raising a healthy, well-rounded generation.
Therefore, purposeful planning and management of the content of physical education and sports activities (physical education lessons, training sessions, sports competitions) is the responsibility of every specialist (teacher, trainer, organizer, stylist, etc.). It is not necessary to prove that it is necessary to assign a heavy responsibility to the manager and the leader to acquire knowledge related to physical culture, physical education, physical development, physical training, and sports, and to acquire appropriate professional-pedagogical qualifications and skills.
It is important to pay particular attention to the fact that the effective organization of children's sports, the health of the participants in the process of long-term sports training, and the development of their sports skills primarily depend on the indicators of physical fitness.
Qualities such as strength, quickness, agility, endurance, and flexibility expressing physical fitness and its potential have attracted the attention of many research scientists as a scientific object since time immemorial. In their research, the nature and content of physical qualities, their importance in physical education, sports, and other processes, and the problems of their development are comprehensively covered.
The results of studies aimed at studying these problems using the example of schoolchildren and children's sports of different ages have been expressed in many scientific publications. It is worth noting that in the textbooks and manuals published on the theory and methodology of physical education and sports, the concept of physical fitness is defined as the level of preparation formed at the level of determining the effectiveness of a certain process in a certain professional activity or sport—work ability, movement qualities, etc.—which means an integral expression of skills and abilities.
In sports practice (also in professional practice), physical training is usually divided into two closely related types: general and special physical training.
During life, human health, mental and physical activity, and the development of sports skills during many years of sports training are primarily related to the content and level of these two types of training.
The main goal of physical education and sports training is to strengthen health and achieve high sports results. First of all, attention is paid to the importance of developing general physical qualities from a young age. Most of the scientists say that regularly conducted trainings in a specific sport and properly organized in terms of size, intensity, and content have a positive effect on the bodies of children and adolescents. However, it has been observed that training based on general physical training and specialized in a narrow scope led to negative consequences. Therefore, the correct planning of the ratio of physical and technical-tactical exercises at the initial training stage creates an opportunity for the effective formation of children's sports skills.
The process of initial training in sports skills is the foundation of the multi-year sports training system. The more thorough and high-quality the initial training is in terms of organization, method, science, material, and technology, the shorter and easier the training of sports substitutes will be. But this, of course, directly depends on the specialist's knowledge, professional skills, and qualifications. Therefore, one of the most important and main sections of the training program for training specialists is the methodology (technology) of primary education.
One of the main conditions for achieving an effective result during the competition is that the volleyball player's technical preparation and technical skills are at an improved level. Therefore, the first and main goal of the training process is to master the technique of the game perfectly.
Movement (game) skills: passing the ball, receiving (defense), puffing the ball into play, hiffing, blocking—play at defined stages, using certain methods and tools sized, perfected, and improved. This process is carried out on the basis of pedagogical, biopsychological, and biomechanical laws.
The teaching process is a pedagogical process that requires great skill and professional training from the trainer-teacher. However, teaching movement (game skill) technique depends on other important factors: the child's activity, number, quality of training, duration, auxiliary technical equipment, training game, the conditions of the venue, the child's interest, "wealth" of movement, experience, etc.
It should also be said that the period of mastering movement techniques depends on the child's family situation, his social and economic opportunities, and his mental state.
The above-mentioned information and factors to be considered in the process of training should be included in planning documents based on a certain methodological procedure. In addition, it is necessary to identify the child's inner "mysterious" capabilities and existing factors with the help of a selection program and exercises. The obtained results should serve as a basis for the application of teaching methods, stages, and technology.
The initial training process is carried out in several stages, and each of these stages includes its own methods and tools.
General development exercises are used to improve a player's physical fitness and movement skills and abilities.
All exercises combined in accordance with their direction form the main parts of special training: general physical, special physical, technical, tactical, and game training. Each type of preparation has its own leading factors that help achieve the desired goal. At the same time, all types of preparations are inextricably linked. For example, if the student is not physically well prepared, he will not be able to perform the technical exercise of hitting in an attack well. In this case, training the student from the physical side is more useful than repeating the hitting method many times.
The following recommendations should be followed to prevent injuries during vigorous exercise training:
1. It is necessary to exercise well before vigorous exercise and to keep the body warm during the entire exercise.
2. It is necessary to gradually increase the total volume of power loads, especially in the initial stages of training with particularly strong exercises.
3. The size of the load in each exercise should be carefully determined.
4. It is necessary to develop all skeletal muscles equally, especially at the initial stage of strong development. For this, different strength exercises are used under different initial conditions.
5. It is necessary to exercise well before intense training and keep the body warm throughout the training.
6. It is necessary to gradually increase the total volume of power loads, especially in the initial stages of training with particularly strong exercises.
7. The size of the load in each exercise should be carefully determined.
8. It is necessary to develop all skeletal muscles equally, especially at the initial stage of strong development. For this, different strength exercises are used under different initial conditions.
9. It is necessary to regularly strengthen the heel muscles of the foot.
10. In order not to injure hands, it is advisable to use different grips in exercises with objects.
11. When performing sit-ups with weight, it is necessary to choose the initial position of the leg that activates the knee muscles more.
12. Deep squats with heavy loads should be done in moderation to avoid knee muscle injuries. The strength of the leg muscles can be developed in a sitting and lying position on special trainers.
13. Limit and close-to-limit load exercises should be performed only on a hard floor and in shoes that keep the calf muscles tight.
14. It is not necessary to take a deep breath in order not to strain the cardiovascular system before exertion. Half-breathing or 60-70% deep breathing is good.
15. Prolonged tension should be avoided.
16. In order to avoid damage to the delicate vessels of the eye, it is necessary to wash the eyes when performing total (high) load exercises with tension.
17. Stretching exercises should not be performed with a heavy load during the break between vigorous exercises. The amplitude of movements should be 10-20% less than the maximum state in the corresponding muscle.
18. If you feel pain in your muscles, you should stop exercising immediately.
In order not to injure the hands, it is advisable to use different grips in exercises with objects.
When performing sit-ups with weight, it is necessary to choose the initial position of the leg that activates the knee muscles more. 25% of the total number of injuries in training with exercises for the development of speed corresponds to the preparatory part of the training. This testifies to the violation of the principle of gradually starting the work of the organism and to the wrong choice of means of training. Injuries can be caused by the following factors: Speed training in cold weather and on slippery or uneven ground Lack of training has an effect in all aspects. Sudden increase in speed training coverage Inadequate mastery of speed training techniques Support is the loading of some members of the movement apparatus. Poor direct preparation for speed training Performing speed training in a physically or mentally fatigued state. Methodical recommendations for the prevention of injuries in the development of speed Before performing speed exercises, it is necessary to conduct preparation using exercises similar in method and content to those of training. It is advisable to gradually increase the speed of performing preparatory exercises. It should be noted that a good warm-up is a good tool for preventing injuries and achieving good results in speed training. The basis of movement warning for injuries is all-round physical training aimed at the proper development of the musculoskeletal system. In the initial stages of developing the qualities of speed, attention is paid to improving its weak members. Speed training should not be performed when fatigued, as the accumulation of insufficient waste products in the muscles and impaired muscle recruitment can lead to injuries. If pain or tremors appear in the muscles, it is necessary to stop the exercises.
In the development of endurance:
not paying enough attention to the strengthening of the locomotor apparatus;
uniformity of means and methods of developing resistance;
to exercise for a long time without recovery;
exercise without feeling well (cold, sore throat, etc.).
Methodical errors in the development of flexibility include the following:
Insufficient warm-up of the body;
Low-quality warm-up exercises;
Increased muscle tone;
Sudden increase in the amplitude of movements;
Excessive additional lifting;
Too long intervals of slow rest between exercises.
The latter can include open games and game exercises, the content of which allows for a specific effect on the development of special, first of all, coordination abilities: orientation in space, reaction speed and accuracy, and reorganization of motor movements. the ability to accurately distinguish spatial movements, strength and temporal parameters of movements, and sense of rhythm. Game tools include open games, exercises used in game situations, etc.
The inclusion of open games in sports training not only helps to successfully solve a number of special problems but is always well received by the participants and training. increases interest in classes.
Various motor movements, game exercises, and game activities in general in open games have their own characteristics for the formation of life skills and abilities in students and the comprehensive development of their physical and mental qualities. In the process of games and exercises, the ability of students to act together is formed.
Regular repetition of outdoor games and exercises will improve and strengthen the necessary skills. An effective way to develop coordination and other abilities is the game method, which involves performing activities within a limited time or under certain conditions or certain motor movements,
etc. It is noted that the method of organizing movement activity in the form of an external game is widely used in the process of physical education and has a number of advantages over other methods.
The essence of the game method defined by the author is that the activity is organized based on the content, conditions, and rules of the game. The author considers the specific features of the game method to be the following: great emotionality, in the background of which the motor activities and actions of the participants take place; a relatively independent (unregulated) choice of solving motor problems and their sudden appearance in a constantly changing situation; complex and various interactions between those involved during the game.
Some features of using the game method are highlighted: improvement of mastered motor actions; comprehensive development of motor skills; determining the personal characteristics of the participants; and influencing the formation of moral, moral-will, and intellectual personal characteristics. Outdoor games are an effective means of relieving nervous tension and instilling positive emotions.
For this purpose, games are used not only with beginners but also with skilled athletes. The concept of a game method is much broader in terms of means of implementation and forms than external games. The game method has many features typical of games in physical education.
The game is presented as a characteristic physical exercise system, that is, in the form of physical education tools. By identifying the method of play with a game, games in physical education can be used as an effective method of education and training.
The game method can be used at the stage of learning motor behavior, provided that the level of regulation increases. Outdoor games play a big role in the physical education of students. When used skillfully and systematically, they have a positive effect not only on the ability to control movements but also on the entire psychomotor field: the ability to react quickly, anticipate, quickly find, make decisions, and implement.
Distinctive features of the game method include: clear elements of competition and emotion in game actions; extreme variability of combat conditions; conditions for performing movement actions; high requirements for creative initiative in motor actions; a lack of strict regulation in the nature of motor actions and load; and the complex manifestation of various motor skills and qualities in accordance with the tasks of the game activity.
One of the authors believes that the game method is a method of organizing the acquisition of special knowledge, skills, and abilities, as well as the development of motor qualities, based on the inclusion of components of game activity (imaginary game situation, plot, role, actions, objects, and rules) in the learning process.
The game method can be presented in the form of a game and in the form of exercises in the form of a game; they differ from each other, despite the fact that they have common features inherent in game activities. The author explains this difference by the fact that physical exercises in the form of games are motor actions selected in accordance with the specific goals of physical education and have a plot and role color.
They have one or more features of game activities but remain mainly physical exercises because the nature of their implementation is fully subject to the laws of a certain motor movement technique, the load on the body can be strictly dosed, and the student focuses on the technique of performing the studied movement.
One of the most important aspects of outdoor games is their widespread use and complex impact on the physical fitness of young people. Outdoor games contribute to the functional improvement of the body, the development of physical qualities, and the formation of motor skills.
At the same time, the complex nature of the effects of most games creates certain difficulties in identifying games that have a dominant effect on one or another physical quality. Also, outdoor games have one important advantage: players can independently choose the time for rest and regulate the intensity of the load, depending on their individual physical characteristics.
Open games also have their downsides. The competitive nature of the games 47 led to significant emotional intensity, mobilization of all forces, and increased performance; players forgot about fatigue.
In conclusion, it should be said that organized and planned activities with physical exercises can harm the bodies of students. In order to prevent this from happening, training should be planned in advance, taking into account the specific characteristics of the development of this or that physical quality.
Thus, game exercises should serve as one of the most effective means of developing and forming a person's personality, as well as his basic physical qualities and abilities.
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