CC BY
5DOI: 10.24412/cl-37100-2023-12-185-201
A. Beliakou
Further prospects for the development of TRIZ
ANNOTATION
The correlation of inductive and deductive logics in TRIZ methods and "tools", application and comparison of different ways of thinking in TRIZ and artificial neural networks are considered. The tendency to reduce inductive forms of thinking to deductive ones in TRIZ. The identification of the heuristic potential, through various stages of human thinking, for the search, design and study of the properties of a new system is considered. The possibility of formalizing an abstract model of the TRIZ methodology in terms of first-order logic is considered.
Keywords: ARIZ, TRIZ, system, paradigm, problem, contradiction, logic.
INTRODUCTION
With the development of such sciences as philosophy, logic, cognitive psychology, the psychology of creativity, as well as the study of various teaching methods and the operation of artificial neural networks, it became possible to better understand the forms of thought processes at various stages of creativity.
METHODS
1. Relationship between inductive, deductive and other logics in TRIZ methods and "tools". The tendency and necessity of bringing inductive (heuristic) forms of thinking to deductive (rational) ones.
1.1. Forms of managing ideas (abstract concepts)
At various stages of solving a problem, various forms of managing ideas (abstract concepts) can be used - deduction, induction, adduction, tradition, abduction.
1.1.1. The doctrine of how to acquire reliable knowledge was systematized by Aristotle (384322 BC) in the form of a science of knowledge, deductive logic, set forth in his work "Organon".
Deduction is a logical and methodological procedure through which the transition from the GENERAL to the PARTICULAR is carried out. (See Fig. 1, 2).
Table 1. Deductive method for "Non-Technical" Systems (subject to exact execution)
Field of activity GENERALIZED KNOWLEDGE - SUBJECT PRIVATE USE -OBJECT
Administrative and bureaucratic activities The system of acts of legislation and service instructions. An official of a administration.
Jurisprudence The system of acts of legislation and service instructions. Lawyer.
The science Already confirmed laws, patterns, theories, hypotheses. Scientist.
Education The system of legislative acts, curricula, rules, instructions, orders, legislative acts. Administrator, teacher, student.
Production The system of legislative acts, technological maps, service instructions, orders. Administrator, engineer, technician, worker.
Paramilitary structures The system of acts of legislation, service charters, instructions, orders. An official of a paramilitary structure.
Linguistics (from the Latin lingua "language"), linguistics, linguistics. Morphology, Phraseology, Syntax, Grammar, Semantics, Word formation, Punctuation and much more. Written and oral speech.
Table 2. Deductive Method for "Technical" Systems
Field of activity GENERALIZED KNOWLEDGE -SUBJECT PRIVATE USE - OBJECT
Various technologies CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
IT technologies (for example, to the section of various technologies) CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS OS, browsers, drivers, programming languages of different levels, algorithm. programs for various purposes.
TRIZ ARIZ Part of the steps of the algorithm, (work according to a given instruction, algorithm).
TRIZ Rational, deductive methods. TRIZ "tools" related to evaluation, comparison, analysis of structure and processes. Private application to the selected system.
TRIZ FOS-IFOS - Functionally oriented information retrieval and inverse (reverse). Private application to the selected system.
TRIZ AHM - 'Harmful system'. Analysis of the 'harmful machine'. Private application to the selected system.
TRIZ DA - Diversion Analysis. Private application to the selected system.
TRIZ FA - FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS. Private application to the selected system.
TRIZ SA - Flow Efficiency analysis. Stream analysis. Private application to the selected system.
TRIZ FCA - Functional cost analysis. Private application to the selected system.
TRIZ MDMS - Method of decimal matrix search. Private application to the selected system.
Development of rational forms of thinking Logic, mathematics. Solving logic puzzles.
"ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM № 1, TECHNICAL, SUBJECT + OBJECT 1, (is the implementation of any CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA).
Deductive logic is applied. CONCLUSION, which is described by a deterministic mathematician, regularities (formulas).
ELEMENT EL. SYSTEMS
"ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM № 2, TECHNICAL, SUBJECT + OBJECT 2, (is the implementation of any CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA).
Deductive logic is applied. CONCLUSION, which is described by a deterministic mathematician, regularities (formulas).
ELEMENT EL. SYSTEMS
Figure 1. "ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM, TECHNICAL - The system, as much as possible simplified for the purpose of convenience of research; considered as a whole, the formalization of some really existing or projected System. An algorithmic way is used, a deductive logical inference, used in some TRIZ methods, when solving problems. One of the "links" of the CHAIN OF CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS. An element of an "elementary" System can play the role of a Subject when it acts on an Object, and vice versa, it can also play the role of an Object when another Subject acts on it.
'ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM, TECHNICAL,
SUBJECT + OBJECT, (is the implementation of
any CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA). Deductive logic is applied. CONCLUSION, which is described by deterministic mathematical patterns (formulas).
In TRIZ, it is a part of ARIZ and methods that use various types of analysis.
Figure 2. The System in TRIZ has a common Subject and 2 Objects, consists of 2 "elementary" Systems. The 1st "elementary" system produces the desired action for Object 1. The 2nd "elementary" system produces an undesirable action for the Object 2. Between the two results (Consequences 1 and Consequence 2) in the System, a contradiction arises, both Consequences are determined. The exceptions are interactions in quantum mechanics: quantum effects are mainly
manifested on a microscopic scale, and the predictions of quantum mechanics can differ significantly from the predictions of classical mechanics. (The formulation of a contradiction is possible only when deductive logical conclusions are formed in both "elementary" systems.)
1.1.2. The inductive method of cognition, inductive logic - was introduced by the English. philosopher, historian, publicist, state. figure, founder of empiricism and English. materialism by Francis Bacon (1561-1626), in The Great Restoration of the Sciences and The New Organon (1620). Induction - (introduction, guidance, from particular to general, empirical testing of hypotheses put forward or consideration of hypotheses and measuring the degree of their agreement with the facts. Later, such scientists as JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM HERSHEL (1792-1871), JOHN STUART MILL (1806-1873), William Whewell (1794-1866), Augustus de Morgan (1806-1871), William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882), Pierre-Simon de Laplace (1749-1827). (See Fig. 3).
Figure 3. Scheme of the classical representation of the connection between theory, empiricism,
induction and deduction
Complete induction - when the generalization refers to a finitely visible field of facts.
Incomplete induction - when the generalization refers to an infinitely or finitely vast field of facts, the conclusion gives probabilistic knowledge. Incomplete induction is divided into two types:
a) Popular induction (enumerative), induction by simply enumerating similar cases), in the absence of a contradictory case, is not reliable.
b) Scientific induction (the transition to general knowledge is made on the basis of identifying the necessary features and the necessary connections between objects and phenomena of nature and society): (See Fig. 4).
* "Selective" (induction on a representative sample) (from the Latin - "I choose") - scientific induction, in which the conclusion about the belonging of a feature to a class of objects is based on the study of samples methodically selected from different parts of this class.
* "Eliminative" (induction on a typical representative) (from Latin - exclude) - scientific induction, in which typical representatives are selected for premises, i.e. items that are fundamentally different from one another.
"ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM, NOT TECHNICAL,
SUBJECT + OBJECT, ((psychological, social, marketing, pedagogical, political, business, ,..)).
INDUCTIVE LOGIC CONCLUSIONS are used, which are considered in sections of mathematical logic that are PROBABILISTIC in nature:
— fuzzy logic theory; — soft computing theory; — the theory of verbal calculations and computing with words and perceptions.
ELEMENT EL. SYSTEMS
ELEMENT EL SYSTEMS
Figure 4. "ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM, NOT TECHNICAL. In some TRIZ methods, when solving problems, a logical inference based on incomplete induction is used. Methods of fuzzy logic theory and the like are used for Event 2 and are designed to calculate the result (Conclusion, Consequence), the occurrence of which has the highest probability from the set of options.
Table 3. INDUCTIVE "TOOLS" and METHODS in TRIZ
"Tools" and methods of TRIZ, activating creative, figurative (eidetic) thinking (suggestive, INDUCTION METHODS):
Reduc. PRIVATE USE - SUBJECT GENERALIZED KNOWLEDGE -OBJECT
MLP Method (simulation) of Little People Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
SFA Su-field analysis and its analogues Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
STC Operator Size Time Cost Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
SO System operator Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
MSB Method - a step back from IFR Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
MFO Focal Object Method Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
MAU Method to admit the unacceptable Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
MGF Method "Goldfish" Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
MSB The "Snowball" method (the opposite of the MGF) Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
MRC Method of "Robinson Crusoe" Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
RIS Restoration of an inventive technique method or situation Principle, axiom, theorem, theory.
The method of mathematical induction and transfinite induction uses complete induction for infinite countable and uncountable sets of objects, respectively, and is not used in TRIZ.
In practice, the researcher, considering a complex System, deals with a chain of cause-and-effect relationships, consisting of non-technical and technical "elementary" systems (See Fig. 5). In order to optimize a complex System, the researcher consistently analyzes each link in its chain (each "elementary" System) and finds "weak links".
Figure 5. A chain of cause-and-effect relationships, consisting of 2 non-technical and 7 technical "elementary" Systems
Further, in such an "elementary" System or its environment, he searches for Object 2 (an "elementary" System 2 is being built), on which the influence of the Subject has a negative effect (Object 1 with a positive effect is already known in the "elementary" System 1). After that, a "root" contradiction is formulated between the two results in "elementary" Systems 1 and 2 (hereinafter, the ARIZ solution).
1.1.3. Adduction (bringing, attraction, attachment, notation when deduction is attached to induction). In TRIZ, creative, heuristic, "tools" and methods with incomplete induction can be used inside deductive, algorithmic methods, for example: in some steps of ARIZ or inside some stages of the analysis of the structure and processes in the system under consideration. The creator of TRIZ, G. S. Altshuller sought to transform (find common features, generalize, classify), as far as possible, heuristic (inductive, "suggestive") methods of thinking into algorithmic (deductive, "according to the algorithm", "according to instructions"), so that the search for new solutions was more accessible, objective, determined, logically justified, produced in the shortest possible time, by any interested researcher of the problem.
1.1.4. Tradition (movement (analogy (ancient Greek analogia - correspondence, similarity)). Traditive inference is an analogy. According to the nature of the premises and conclusion, tradition can be of three types: a) Conclusion from singular to singular; b) Conclusion from particular to particular; c) Conclusion from general to general.
1.1.5. Abduction ((from lat. ab - "from" and lat. ducere - "lead") (in English abduct - take away by force, kidnap) - a cognitive procedure for putting forward hypotheses. Syllogism, type of reductive inference, abstraction, class of plausible reasoning, search and justification, explanatory hypotheses or the study of facts and the construction of a hypothesis that explains them. The idea of abduction in the form of apagoge goes back to Aristotle. In modern times, abduction was first considered by the founder of pragmatism and semiotics C.S. Peirce, who has been using the term systematically since 1901.
1.2. TRIZ and scientific discoveries.
Experimental methods, and the most radical of them is the "Trial and Error Method" (TaEM), with the correction of the intermediate result by "Error", expand the boundaries of the search for possible solutions and have been used in science for centuries. These methods usually require large material and time costs, but lead to better results (On the scale of G.S. Altshuller - 4, 5 levels of solution quality - discoveries).) In TRIZ, when searching for a new paradigm, it is necessary to replace the outdated system with new, and such a transition is necessary already at the initial stage of solving the problem. (See Fig. 6, 7).
"ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM OF THE NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA: a significant change in the state of the SUBJECT leads to a change in the phase state of the OBJECT (a new causal relationship is formed).
ELEMENT EL. SYSTEMS
-ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM OF THE CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM: the current state of the SUBJECT and the current phase state of the OBJECT. Deductive logic is applied. CONCLUSION, which is described by deterministic mathematical nattems ¿formulas).
ELEMENT EL. SYSTEMS
Figure 6. The structure of the scientific revolution (version 1, level 4 of the H.S.A. scale, the transition of the properties of the Object through a critical phenomenon (phase transition point) to a new phase state with a significant change in the state of the Subject): a jump is a transition to the "elementary" System of the NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA
Each technical "elementary" System is a private implementation of the CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA, i.e. the SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA is also represented by the "elementary" System, but in a generalized form. The scientific revolution is a transition from the "elementary" System of the OUTDATE CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA to the "elementary" System of the NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA. At the same time, there is a significant change in the state of the Cause (Subject), the transition of the properties of the Consequence (Object) through a critical point to a new phase state, and a new causal relationship appears between them.
"ELEMENTARY" SYSTEM OF A NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM: NEW SUBJECT + OBJECT.
Deductive logic is applied. CONCLUSION, which is described by deterministic mathematical patterns (formulas).
Figure 7. The structure of the scientific revolution (variant 2, level 5 of the H.S.A. scale, complete replacement of the Subject and the Object): a leap is a transition to the "elementary" System of the NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA
A complex technical System consists of a multitude of "elementary" Systems connected by cause-and-effect relationships. Each technical "elementary" System is a private implementation of the CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA, i.e., the SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMA is also represented by the "elementary" System, but in a generalized form.
At the same time, the Cause (Subject) and Consequence (Object) are replaced, and a new causal relationship appears between them.
1.3. In the scientific method, in the process of observing any natural phenomena or artificially constructed experiments, various facts are recorded. In methods where incomplete INDUCTION is used, logical formalization is carried out by fuzzy logic methods and the results are of high probability. For the complete determinism of the result (Consequence) in the "elementary" System, it is necessary to translate such methods and "Tools", first into methods using full INDUCTION, and then into DEDUCTION (by algorithm, by instruction). Such a transition makes it possible to make the decision process more objective, scientifically substantiated, excluding the subjective factor and programmatically modeled.
2. Identification of the heuristic potential, through various stages of human thinking, to search and explore the properties of the new system.
The founder of the research tradition of studying higher psychological functions, Lev Se-myonovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) and the creator of The Theory of Cognitive Development, Genetic Epistemology, and the Operational Theory of Intelligence, Jean William Fritz Piaget (18961980), single out "B EFORE CONCEPTUAL" and «CONCEPTUAL" periods of thinking as carriers of the heuristic potential of human thinking.
2.1. The "PRIOR CONCEPT" period has an independent value, it lays the foundations of irrational - creative structures of human consciousness, which have a fundamental PROJECTIVENESS or PROBABILITY.
2.2. First, the undifferentiated thinking of the "SYNCRETIC" period is described. In an overabundance of subjective ideas and assumptions lies the potential for heuristics that has always distinguished the thinking of those people whom we call outstanding and brilliant.
2.3. Later, the implementation of intellectual interaction with the world is described not with the help of concepts, but with the help of mental COMPLEXES (the period of "thinking in COMPLEXES" - it lays the fundamental foundations for a creative - variable attitude to the object).
2.3.1. Figure 8. "ASSOCIATIVE COMPLEX" - any associative connection with any of the signs noticed by the researcher in the object, which in the experiment is the core of the future complex. It is possible to build a whole complex around this core, including in it a variety of elements, united by some identical feature.
ABC
DEF
Com p lex-col lection (Sign -3 capital Letters)
2.3.2. Figure 9. "COLLECTION COMPLEX" - various objects are combined on the basis of mutual complementation on one basis and form a whole consisting of heterogeneous parts.
AB D BM a MD □ DA
chair complex
© A> © 0 0
Initial figures
■si
Simple complex
A—b-0-Ö-
chair complex
©
Experience with
the class if icatior of figures according to L.S. Vygotsky.
2.3.3. Figure "CHAIN COMPLEX" - is built on the basis of a dynamic, branching chain of associations. The researcher to the sample - an object with a sign (property, parameter) "A" and "B", selects objects with an analogue. features, and then, if the last of the selected objects is with
feature "A" without feature (property, parameter) "B", the researcher selects other objects with feature (property, parameter) "A" and "C", but without sign (property, parameter) "B".
ZYC
(Diffuse complex) Blurred sign - pronunciation almost identical in sound, 2.3.4. Figure 11. "DIFFUSE COMPLEX" - a sign that associatively unites individual specific elements and "COMPLEXES", as if diffuses, becomes indefinite, spilled, vague.
2.3.5. Figure 12. "PSEUDO CONCEPT COMPLEX" - is formed by the researcher whenever he selects a number of objects for a given sample that could be selected and combined with each other on the basis of some abstract concept.
2.4. Any theoretical thinking, as scientific studies have already shown in the 20th century, has at its foundation a certain "IMAGERING LINING. There is no universal generality of the "CONCEPT" in this "SHAPED LINING", but there is a coiled spring of huge cognitive interest, functioning according to the laws of inaccurate, approximate, vague, incorrect thinking - thinking in "COMPLEXES". At first, thinking is characterized by "COMPLEX" thinking with a predominance of "PSEUDO CONCEPTS" (which corresponds to the boundaries of concrete operational thinking), and only then do "CONCEPTUAL" structures develop (the stage of formal operations arises), "thinking in CONCEPTS".
Based on the concepts of operational thinking by L. Vygotsky and J. Piaget, it is possible to create a software package that will help the researcher and the neural network to create new "CONCEPTS" in various areas of human activity. (See Fig. 13).
"SYNCRETICA"
The researcher or neural network generates incoherent subjective ideas in formats: text, audio, video, photo, drawing, etc.
"CONVERSION"
The neural network separates and converts all information into text format:
- objects and their attributes,
- functions and their features.
"THINKING COMPLEXES"
Neural network
builds 5 complexes for each object and function, based on their features.
"THE ANALYSIS OF THOUGHT COMPLEXES"
Explorer or neural network
analyze and evaluate the semantic content of the complexes and form "PSEUDO CONCEPTS". Possibly translates texts into pictures.
"FORMATION OF NEW CONCEPTS"
Explorer or neural network
form new "CONCEPTS".
Figure 13. Possible structure of the software complex based on the concepts of operational
thinking by L. Vygotsky and J. Piaget
3. Alternative approaches to revealing more methods and "tools" of TRIZ.
3.1. Generalization of methods for solving inventive problems using the world patent base.
3.2. An alternative linguistic approach to determining the possible number of TRIZ TECHNIQUES. The set of stable verb-forming roots in the language is about 400, which gives 400 basic VERBS=ACTIONS=TECHNIQUES for resolving contradictions in the problem under consideration.
3.3. Linguistic approach to the transformation of TRIZ "tools" using the method of incomplete induction into a deductive method (actions according to an algorithm, according to instructions). It is necessary to formalize the possible actions and states of the "Subjects" of a particular TRIZ "tool" through 400 verb-forming roots in the language (Site info: https://pandia.ru/text/77/340/34506.php).
3.4. A possible classification of methods of action is by groups of verbs (See Tables 4, 5, 6, 7).
Table. 4. A group (type, class) of verbs, with the meaning: "ACTION AND ACTIVITY"
PREDICTS EXPRESSED B^ "ACTION AND ACTIVITY" IN MONOSUBJ ^ A VERB WITH MEANING ECT SENTENCES (https://grammatika-rus.ru/)
1. Verbs of motion denote an independent action. Their meaning is always based on the starting point of the movement: run, wash, fly, fall, trudge, fall out, jump, ride, squeeze in
2. Object movement verbs - they always have a dependent form (someone, someone, somewhere): carry, carry, drag, take out, push out, fish out.
3. Room verbs (a kind of movement): put, hide, hammer (nail), throw, wrap, dress, close
4. Verbs of physical impact on an object (often destructive): beat, press, prick, touch, cut, plan, dig, weld, break
5. Creative verbs: compose, invent, decide, build, mold, prepare, write, fix
6. Verbs of intellectual activity: to understand, to know, to think, to decide, to compare, to compare, to choose, to suppose
7. Verbs of speech activity: whisper, tell, negotiate, gossip, command, apologize, congratulate
8. Verbs of social activity: to strive, to make friends, to work, to resist
9. Verbs of physical action: drink, breathe, See
10. Sound verbs: ring, hum, tick, gurgle, sing
Table. 5. A group (type, class) of verbs, with the meaning: "RELATIONSHIP" ("RELATIONAL")
PREDICTS EXPRESSED BY A VERB WITH MEANING "RELATIONS" IN MONOSUBJECT SENTENCES (https://grammatika-rus.ru/)
1. Relationship verbs
1.1. Relationships: marry, meet, interact
1.2. Substitutions: replace
2. Ownership verbs
2.1. Object search: search
2.2. Acquisition verbs: get
2.3. Verbs of getting at your disposal: accumulate, pluck
2.4. Getting an object in def. quantity: take, win, borrow
2.5. Alienation: snatch, take away
2.6. Offset Acquisition: rent, change
3. Possession verbs: to own, to have
4. Conservation verbs: save, save, spare
5. Loss of object verbs: lose
6. Deprivation verbs: deprive, plunder
7. Obj ect transfer verbs: give, reward
8. Verbs of interpersonal relations: pamper, believe, fall in love, honor, thank, greet, get along, tame
9. Social relation verbs: induce, lead, command, influence, terrorize, draw in, agitate, depend on, protect
Table. 6. A group (type, class) of verbs, with the meaning: "BEING, STATE, QUALITY".
PREDIC "BEING, STATE, QUALIT TS EXPRESSED BY A VERB WITH MEANING rY" IN MONOSUBJECT SENTENCES (https://grammatika-rus.ru/)
1. Verbs of life: to be born, to appear, to appear, to exist, to live, to live, to disappear, to dissolve, to perish
2. Quality verbs: develop, decrease, turn white, grow old, grow wiser, settle down, take offense, grieve, get drunk, annoy, get sick, sleep, work, move, start
Table. 7. A group of verbs, with the meaning: "IMPACT ON THE WILL OF ANOTHER PERSON"
Predicials expressed by a verb with meaning semantics "impact on will of another person", in monosubject sentences (https://grammatika-rus.ru/)
1. Verbs of speech activity: allow, forbid, adviseorder, ask
2. Social impact verbs: compel, help, teach
3. Movement verbs: let in, carry
4. Comparison of the search for a solution to a problem in neural networks (of natural or artificial origin), with the search for a solution in an abstract TRIZ model, what is common and what is different.
4.1. Neural network - stage 1 (training). The Inductive method ("induction", incomplete induction) is used. The signal (information) "repeatedly" moves through the multilayer structure of an artificial neural network with a given (or flexible) feedback architecture between network elements, for the purpose of technical training. Learning consists in finding the coefficients of connections between neurons ("weights of connections"). In the learning process, the neural network identifies complex relationships between input data and output data, performs generalization. To limit the search space in the training mode of the neural network, the TASK is set to MINIMIZE THE ERROR of the objective function of the neural network.
4.2. Neural network - stage 2 (working). The deductive method ("inference") is used. Promotion and selective change of signal parameters ("filtering"), according to the already configured and verified set of "weights" of neural connections (parallel use of multiple algorithms, "instructions"), in order to search for patterns and other tasks.
4.3. The question often arises: how do artificial intelligence systems built on the architecture of neural networks (NN) (digital or analog) and TRIZ tools compare?
An abstract model for solving a problem in TRIZ, uses DEDUCTION METHODS ("derivation", according to an algorithm, according to instructions) with "interspersed" as necessary, IN-
DUCTIVE (guiding) methods and "tools". tasks that can be solved by artificially created neural networks in artificial intelligence systems is the restoration of the original data set (signal, image) in terms of information (from noisy or damaged input data. Such a task can be described as an inverse process to identifying relationships between various parameters - (auto-associative memory It is possible to apply to search for the best method, technique, standard, VLOOKUP for TRIZ in a specific problem - THE TASK OF MINIMIZING THE ERROR of the objective function of the key parameter.
Neural networks work according to principles similar to those of ARIZ - achievement (IFR), but they use not one (or several), but many micro-algorithms by Trial-and-Error Method (TaEM). A set of micro-Ideal Final Results (micro-IFR) is achieved by correcting the weights of the links of the NN and obtaining the output value of the parameter, which, when compared with the target parameter, will have an error (Target function), which will be minimized with each iteration cycle of the NN until a minimum is reached, which will match the final IFR.
5. Disadvantages of TRIZ systematization.
5.1. Insufficient classification of methods, tools, techniques, resources used in TRIZ. Possible classification through groups of verbs that describe actions. (See 3.2.)
5.2. Insufficient hierarchy - methods, tools, techniques, resources used in TRIZ. It is possible to create structure through groups (classes) of verbs that describe actions. (See 3.3.).
5.3. In the root classification, it is necessary to divide the methods, tools, techniques, resources used in TRIZ into deductive (algorithmic, deterministic) and inductive (guiding, figurative, probabilistic) methods).
5.4. Some experts have an opinion that techniques and functional resources, derivative resources are one and the same, which will allow them to be combined as functions (See 3.2.,3.3.).
5.5. Analysis of the evolution of systems (and scientific paradigms) in accordance with empirical patterns and lines of development used in TRIZ, for greater scientific objectivity, requires the definition of a more rigorous quantitative mathematical formalization. (For example: Moore's empirical law, by doubling the number of semiconductor elements every 2 years (and according to David House from Intel, every 1.5 years).
6. Formalization and development of the logical and mathematical apparatus of TRIZ.
6.1. To formalize inductive methods and TRIZ tools in non-technical systems, it is necessary to use fuzzy logic methods. Lutfi Zadeh's "fuzzy logic" was an attempt to relate mathematics to an intuitive way of communication that people access, are guided in communication and interact with the world. There are more than 100 methods for converting fuzzy inferences at the linguistic level into computational schemes. Using formulas, a fuzzy production rule can be represented graphically.
6.2. Transition, where possible, to the full formalization of deductive methods in terms of first-order logic (on the example of ARIZ):
WFF G1: P(f(C), O1), true. P (Positive) - a predicate that reflects the desired effect of the Subject (C) on the Object 1 (O1) (Cause / Effect).
WFF G2: N(f(C), O2), true. N (Negative) - a predicate that reflects the undesirable effect of the Subject (C) on the Object 2 (O2) (Cause / Effect). A contradiction arises between the predicates P and N, one Subject performs the desired action on Object 1 and an undesirable action on Object 2.
WFF G3: M(f(CX), C), true. M (Modifer) - a predicate that reflects the modifying effect of the Subject X (CX) (Cause) on the Subject (C) (Consequence), to eliminate the contradiction between the predicates P and N.
WFF G4: M(f(CX), C) A N(f(C), O2) ^ MN(f(CCX), O2), true. MN (Modification Negative) - a new predicate that displays the conjunction of two predicates M(f(CX), C) and N(f(C), O2), which takes the value "true" for some desired values of CX from the set T, for which the pred-
icate N(f(C), O2) takes the value "false". The truth set T for a predicate is the intersection of the truth set of the predicate M(f(CX), C) - T1 and the set of false values N(f(C), O2) - T2, that is, T = T1 n T2.
WFF G5: MN(f(CCX), O2) = -N(f(-C), -O2), true, logical equivalence or equivalent, reflects the positive result achieved.
7. What is TRIZ lacking to become an interdisciplinary science or a new logic in the group of non-classical logics?
7.1. " "De facto", Geinrich Saulovich Altshuller created "CLASS LOGIC bypassing (eliminating, avoiding) the contradiction (conflict) existing in the system", which, with the appropriate mathematical formalization, should take its place in science (perhaps in the group of non-classical logics).
7.2. Science is an activity aimed at developing and systematizing objective knowledge about reality. (Subjective assessment of the TRIZ path covered - See Tables 8, 9).
Table 8. Science. (Subjective assessment of TRIZ compliance with the following criteria: (48/80) *100% = 60%).
Table 8
№ Science suggests Score TRIZ
01. Collection of facts. 10 Collection of patent and inventive solutions.
02. Regular updates of facts. 8 Correction, expansion, updating of methods for solving inventive problems in printed publications, articles on websites and magazines, at conferences.
03. Systematization. 5 The systematization of patent and inventive solutions is insufficient (the number of patents and applications in the world is approaching 20 million).
04. Critical analysis. 3 G.S. Altshuller criticized harshly and constructively, upon presentation of clear evidence, he agreed. The current state of criticism of TRIZ "bottlenecks" is not perceived constructively by everyone.
05. Generalizations. 5 Generalizations of patent and inventive solutions, to develop methods for solving problems, are already starting to lag behind the pace of development of science and technology. Generalization of the ARIZ methodology to logical chains in the works of V. Pe-trov. Generalization of empirical experience in the patterns of systems development.
06. Synthesis of new knowledge that describes observed natural or social phenomena and indicates cause-and-effect relationships, which allows forecasting. 7 There is a forecasting of the development of systems, but these are mostly empirical patterns, based on previous experience, mathematical formalization is sorely lacking.
07. Hypotheses that describe a set of observed facts and are not refuted by experiments are recognized as laws of nature or society. 7 There are no refutations, but the regularities are mostly empirical, there is an acute lack of mathematical formalization.
08. Recognition by the scientific community. 3 The absence of a deterministic mathematical apparatus. Ideally, when the determinism of the theory is formed by unambiguously defined causal relationships. Although there are examples (quantum field theory, for example, when causal relationships are probabilistic, the same applies to fuzzy logic theory).
7.3. Scientific method - a system of categories, values, regulatory principles, methods of justification, samples, etc., which guide the scientific community in its activities.
Table 9. Scientific method. (Subject evaluation according to TRIZ criteria: (95/120) *100% = 79.17%)
№ The scientific method includes Score TRIZ
01. Ways to study phenomena. 10 Identification of the problem and understanding of the situation. Documentation, goal setting and planning, modeling. Decomposition of the selected task, division into separate subtasks. Synthesis - generation of ideas for solutions. Evaluation and selection of the optimal solution idea. Evaluation of the evolutionary potential of the system. Evaluation of various risks associated with the practical implementation of the solution.
02. Systematization of new and previously acquired knowledge. 7 There is some incoherence of individual methods, isolation from each other.
03. Correction of new and previously acquired knowledge. 7 Correction of knowledge is difficult due to the lack of a unified base (library) of TRIZ knowledge.
04. Inferences and conclusions are made using the rules and principles of reasoning based on empirical (observed and measured) data about the object. 7 There is subjective perception of the observer.
05. Observations and experiments are the basis for obtaining data. 10 Yes, definitely.
06. To explain the observed facts, hypotheses are put forward and theories are built. 7 Yes, but there is a lot of subjectivity, depending on the level of knowledge and experience of the researcher.
07. On the basis of hypotheses and theories are built, a model of the object under study is built. 7 Yes, but there is a lot of subjectivity, depending on the level of knowledge and experience of the researcher.
08. The requirement of objectivity, excluding the subjective interpretation of the results. 5 The objectivity of the interpretation of the results is difficult; there is subjectivity, depending on the level of knowledge and experience of the researcher.
09. Any statements should not be taken on faith, even if they come from reputable scientists. 5 In teaching, students can take on faith any not entirely correct statements coming from the teacher, due to the logical model of the subject that has not yet developed.
10. To ensure independent verification, observations are documented, and all initial data, methods and research results are made available to other scientists. 10 Yes, of course, no one hides the secrets of how the process of solving the problem went.
11. Independent verification allows not only to obtain additional confirmation by reproducing experiments, but also to critically assess the degree of adequacy (validity) of experiments and results in relation to the theory being tested. 10 Yes, undoubtedly, the reproduction of observation (experience, experiment) is the basis.
12. The philosophical basis of the modern scientific method is logical positivism (neopositivism) and postpositivism. Both of these directions consider observation (experiment, experiment) to be the criterion of truth, but they differ in interpretations of which hypothesis can be considered scientific. 10 Yes, undoubtedly, observation (experiment, experiment) is the basis.
CONCLUSION
The article considered the key provisions of possible forms of information processing in TRIZ, artificial neural networks, as well as possible directions for further development of TRIZ:
• The need to reduce inductive methods and TRIZ tools to deductive ones;
• The use in thinking of the heuristic potential inherent in mental pre-conceptual structures and complexes according to L. Vygotsky and J. Piaget. The possibility of creating a heuristic software package based on the concepts of operational thinking;
• The structure of scientific revolutions from the point of view of TRIZ;
• The ability to search for new techniques, methods, "tools" of TRIZ, using neural networks to summarize the information contained in the world's patent databases;
• Possibility of expansion, classification, formalization, hierarchy of the structure of techniques, methods, "tools", TRIZ resources, using an alternative linguistic approach;
• Initial formalization of ARIZ in terms of first-order logic.
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