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24Functional reserves of external respiration system and overall physical working capacity of students
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Dr.Med., Professor Yu. V. Bobrik1 Dr.Med., Professor A.L. Korepanov2 1Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 2Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
Objective of the study was to determine the ways to increase the functional reserves of the external respiration system and overall physical working capacity by means of intense dynamic exercises of different sports orientations.
Methods and structure of the study. The study involved 146 male students aged 16-25 years, including 113 athletes of different sports specializations and qualifications (long-distance runners and sprinters, swimmers, weight-lifters) and 33 non-sporting students. The following methods were applied for the study purposes: PWC170 cycle ergometer test - to assess the subjects' overall physical working capacity; "Cardio+" diagnostic automated complex (Russia) - to measure their heart rate (HR); expiratory pneumotonometry (mmHg) - to evaluate the functional reserves of the external respiration system and respiratory muscle strength; inspiratory and expiratory pneumotachometry (l/s), spirography - to determine the vital capacity. Mercury pneumotonometer and "Spiro-Test PC" (Russia) device with the computer data processing were used. We also determined the birth-death ratio in the subjects as the ratio of vital capacity to the body mass.
Results and conclusions. The data obtained showed that the functional reserves of the external respiration system and overall physical working capacity rates in the student increased significantly under the cyclic (aerobic) training loads - running and swimming. At the same time, swimming practices have a more pronounced positive effect on the increase of the functional reserves of the respiratory system. The findings can be used in sports physiology, physical rehabilitation, and sports medicine.
Keywords: students, athletes, functional reserves of respiratory system, physical working capacity.
Background. Physical working capacity is among the main criteria that characterize the students' health level. On the other hand, physical working capacity is closely associated with the functional state of the external respiration system (functional reserve) [1, 4-7].
The body's functional reserves are rated by the magnitude of the functional shifts caused by extreme conditions and factors or physical exercises. The functional reserves are the difference between the ultimate manifestation of individual functions and their minimum values in a state of relative rest [1, 3, 8].
There are usually hidden reserves in terms of gas exchange, cardiovascular system, metabolism, and
energy that can be detected by means of experiments using stress tests [1, 3-5, 8].
One of the most relevant research areas, which is well-founded in modern sports science, is an ontoki-nesiological approach that consists in the conformity of training loads to the current functional state of those engaged and natural development of their motor functions [2, 8].
Objective of the study was to determine the ways to increase the functional reserves of the external respiration system and overall physical working capacity by means of intense dynamic exercises of different sports orientations.
Methods and structure of the study. The study involved 146 male students aged 16-25 years, includ-
ing 113 athletes of different sports specializations and qualifications (long-distance runners and sprinters, swimmers, weightlifters) and 33 non-sporting students. PWC170 cycle ergometer test was applied to assess the subjects' overall physical working capacity. The testees were to perform two stress tests on the cycle ergometer "VE-02" (Russia) at the pedaling speed of 60-80 rpm for 5 min, with 3-min rest breaks, during which we measured the testees' heart rate for 30 s. The test results were evaluated using the following formula [3]:
PWC170 = W + (W2 - W1)
170 - f f - f
where W1 and W2 - first and second stress test results, f1 and f2 - heart rate at the end of the first and second stress tests.
"Cardio+" diagnostic automated complex (Russia) was used to measure their heart rate (HR). The functional reserves of the external respiration system and respiratory muscle strength were assessed using expiratory pneumotonometry (mmHg); inspiratory and expiratory pneumotachometry (l/s), spirography (determines the vital capacity (VC)). Mercury pneumoto-nometer and "Spiro-Test PC" (Russia) device with the computer data processing were used. We also determined the birth-death ratio (BDR) in the subjects as the ratio of VC to the body mass.
Results and discussion. It is shown that the functional reserves of the respiratory system and overall physical working capacity of the students increased significantly during cyclic activities (see Table 1).
Student-athletes' specializations influenced the level of the functional reserves of the external respiration system, contractile function of the respiratory muscles, and the level of tolerance to physical loads. At the same time, the greatest increase was
observed in the swimmers and long-distance runners, the smallest - in the sprinters. The weightlifters did not different from the non-athletes in terms of the level of development of the functional reserves of the external respiration system and overall physical working capacity level. Thus, the pneumo-tonometric test rates were as follows: non-athletes
- 80.0±10.3 mmHg, swimmers - 125.0±9.4 mmHg (p<0.001), long-distance runners - 112.6±8.8 (p<0.001), sprinters - 94.8±10.2 mmHg, weightlifters - 84.7±10 mmHg. As a result of the training process, the vital capacity and pneumotachometric test rates also changed statistically significantly.
Vital capacity reached its highest values in the track and field athletes and swimmers, and the lowest ones - in the non-athletes and weightlifters. Thus, vital capacity in the swimmers was 6.2±0.3 l (p<0.001), long-distance runners - 5.6±0.2 l (p<0.001), sprinters
- 5.2±0.2 l (p<0.01), weightlifters - 4.6±0.2 l, and main health group students - 4.1±0.2 l.
At the same time, there were significant differences in the physical working capacity rates. PWC170 was the highest in the swimmers (4.4±0.09 W/kg (p<0.001)), long-distance runners (4.8±0.10 W/kg (p<0.001)), and sprinters (3.8±0.10 W/kg (p<0.001)), while in the weightlifters and non-athletes it was the lowest: 1.8±0.09 W/kg and 1.8±0.12 W/kg, respectively.
However, it should be emphasized that, compared to other athletes, the swimmers had the highest vital capacity rates - 6.2±0.3 l (p<0.001), pneumotonomet-ric rates - 125 mmHg on average (p<0.001), inspiratory pneumotachometric rates - 5.7±0.2 l/s (p<0.001) and expiratory pneumotachometric rates - 6.2±0.2 l/s (p<0.001), which reflected the increased contractility of the respiratory muscles and the high degree of bronchial patency of the swimmers. Consequently, regular trainings promote the most effective development of their respiratory muscles.
Table 1. Spirometrie, pneumotonometric, pneumotachometric and PWC170 test rates in athletes of different specializations, M±m
Indicators
Specialization PWC170, W/kg Vital capacity, l Pneumotonometry, Pneumotachometry, l/s
mmHg inspiratory expiratory
Swimmers (n=35) 4.4±0.09*** 6.2±0.3*** 125.0±9.4*** 5.7±0.2** 6.2±0.2***
Long-distance runners (n=28) 4.8±0.10*** 5.6±0.2*** 112.6±8.8*** 5.6±0.2** 5.4±0.3**
Sprinters (n=25) 3.8±0.10*** 5.2±0.2** 94.8±10.2 5.0±0.3 4.7±0.3
Weightlifters (n=25) 1.8±0.09 4.6±0.2 84.7±10.0 4.3±0.3 4.3±0.3
Non-athletes (n=33) 1.8±0.12 4.1±0.2 80.6±0.7 4.1±0.7 4.4±0.3
* - p<0.05, ** - p<0.01, group students).
' - p<0.001 - significance of differences compared to the group of non-athletes (main health
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The figure illustrates the data obtained on vital capacity and BDR. These indicators were tested in the student-athletes with different specializations and qualifications. The Control Group (CG) was made of the non-athletes.
Vital capacity (a) and BDR (b) rates in highly-(1) and low-skilled swimmers (2); highly- (3) and low-skilled (4) long-distance runners; weightlifters (5); non-athletes, main health group students (6)
As seen from the figure, the highest increase in the vital capacity and BDR under the training loads was observed in the highly-skilled swimmers and longdistance runners, with the smaller increase observed in the low-skilled student-athletes, and no increase in these indicators in the weightlifters.
Сonclusions. The highest levels of the functional reserves of the respiratory system and overall physical working capacity were found in the swimmers and long-distance runners, while in the weightlifters and non-athletes these indicators did not differ statistically significantly.
The degree of improvement in the levels of the functional reserves of the respiratory system and overall physical working capacity of the student-athletes during cyclic activities depended on their qualification: in the highly-skilled swimmers and long-distance
runners, these indicators were higher than in the low-skilled athletes.
References
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