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FROM THE HISTORY OF THE INTEGRATION OF KAZAKH LANGUAGE INTO DOCUMENTATION MANAGEMENT
Zhumatov D.
1-year doctoral student of KazNUnamed after al-Farabi, specialty 8D02206 - History. Kazakhstan, Almaty Abstract
Based on the identified sources, the article examines the issue of the language policy of the Soviet government in Kazakhstan, which was a priority area of indigenization. This policy was carried out in the framework of the implementation of social justice and self-identity of the people. In November 1917, the Council of People's Commissars adopted one of the first documents of Soviet power - the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia. The indigenous policy had two main tasks: firstly, it was aimed at the formation of national cadres of the party and Soviet apparatus, which would be the conductors and executors of power in the region. Secondly, indigenization was accompanied by the introduction of the Kazakh language in office work. Based on the collected information, the features, difficulties and intermediate results on the introduction of the Kazakh language in office work in the 20s of the twentieth century are analyzed.
Keywords: kazakh language, documentation management, indigenization, decree, central commission.
Introduction. A key element in the formation of the authenticity of any ethnic group is language. Without development of the state language in all sectors of the country's social life, it is impossible to develop public consciousness. The status of the Kazakh language was legally defined, some legislative acts have been adopted. On July 11, 1997, the Law "On Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan" was enacted, according to article 4 of which the state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the Kazakh language, and Russian is the language of interethnic communication. Language policy in Kazakhstan, begun by the Soviet government in the 20s. The twentieth century originally was supposed to introduce the Kazakh language in office work. One
of the main directions of the indigenous policy in Kazakhstan was the translation of office work into the Kazakh language and giving it the status of business communication.
Materials and methods. During the writing of the article, the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and integrity were used. Specific historical and problem-chronological research methods were applied. A scientific rethinking of the historical past is impossible without a concrete source analysis of both sources, already known and newly introduced into the scientific circulation. Records management forms a complex system of historical sources, created in the process of the apparatus management. The content of the documents and the specific composition of the
documentation were determined by the functions of the institutions in which they arose. Several historians' works are devoted to the classification of sources. However, until now no classification schemes have been developed for dividing sources into types and groups. Therefore, the classification can be made in each case, based on the tasks set by the researcher, as well as from the complex of sources at his disposal, their volume, varieties and other features. New factual materials used in this work provide an opportunity to methodologically and theoretically comprehend and rethink and recognize the events of the studied period.
Discussion. Indigenization began from the first days of the creation of the KazASSR (Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). In the report of KirCIK (Kyrgyz Central Executive Committee) "Approaching the activities of state apparatus to the indigenous population" for 1921-1924. It was noted: "In the first period of the activity of the Soviet authorities in Kazakhstan, the lower-level power apparatuses staffed by Russian workers who did not know the Kyrgyz language were not able to not only serve the needs of the indigenous (Kyrgyz) population, especially in volosts with a pure or predominant Kyrgyz population but also to introduce any activities of the Soviet power into the mass of this population. " (Kulshanova, 2011: 36).
Results. One of the first official documents of the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Autonomous Republic was the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the use of Kyrgyz (Kazakh) and Russian languages in state institutions.
On February 2, 1921, the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Autonomous the Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a decree on the use of the Kazakh and Russian languages in state institutions of the republic. According to the document, the use of two languages were introduced in the state institutions of the Semipalatinsk, Akmola, Orenburg-Tur-gai, Ural and Bukeev provinces, and the Adaevsk district, which constitutes the territory of the Kir (Kaz) ASSR (Kyrgyz/Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), on an equal footing. From that moment on, all laws and regulatory acts "having a general fundamental character and emanating from the central and provincial authorities of the Kir (Kaz) SSR (Kyrgyz/Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic)" were to be published and published simultaneously in Russian and Kyrgyz. The decree of 1921 defined the principles of the functioning of two languages in the state authorities of the republic. Thus, the interaction of the central (RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic), which included the KirASSR) and provincial institutions of the republic, as well as the interaction of district authorities with the highest central and provincial institutions should have been in Russian. Clerical work in aul, rural, township councils, volost, village and district executive committees, revolutionary committees, and people's courts, their interaction with district authorities in localities with the Kyrgyz population should have been carried out in the Kyrgyz language, and localities with the Russian population in Russian. The inquiry and investigation in the Extraordinary Commission and
the Revolution Tribunals were determined in the language of the persons involved in the case. In all other cases, paperwork in the institutions of the republic and correspondence between them had to be carried out in one of two languages, and the choice of language in each case was dictated by "considerations of expediency and practical benefit" (Lysenko, Lysenko, 2015: 136).
In fact, the actual implementation of the decree of 1921 began a year later. For example, the People's Commissariat of Justice of the KirASSR planned to complete work on the organization of judicial investigative work in the Kyrgyz language by September 1, 1922. However, this work could not be completed on time. By this period, only a few forensic investigation stations were opened in volosts with a compact residence of the Kazakh population and several Kazakh branches at provincial courts. Unfortunately, the Kazakh language was not fully introduced in these courts. There were objective reasons for this, which state authorities had to face at the initial stage of the implementation of the law on introducing indigenous languages of the region into office work. As noted in the circular of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the KASSR (Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic) of July 11, 1923, the judicial officers lacked "practice in the preparation of all kinds of acts in court cases in the Kyrgyz language." There were certain difficulties in selecting professionally trained personnel from representatives of the local ethnic environment. Despite the urgency of introducing the decree of 1921, the translation of office work into the national language had certain difficulties, which were caused by a combination of factors, including the lack of trained employees, the lack of office work documentation in the Kazakh language, etc. Despite this, the chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the KASSR S.M. Mendeshev in his report at the II Congress of KASSR Soviets held on October 5, 1921, spoke about the significant successes of the republic in the field of public education. In his assessment, Mendeshev proceeded from the scope of activities that were carried out in this field in the republic, highlighting among them, among others, the publication of a series of decrees and orders by the KirCIK on transferring all education workers to the People's Commissariat of Education to work in their specialty, and developing relevant provisions on increasing the financing of the People's Commissar of Education, developing a program to reorganize the organization of school education and a plan for universal education.
A tougher approach to the implementation of the task of indoctrination of personnel and the introduction of paperwork in the Kazakh language was given on November 22, 1923 by Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the KASSR No. 15 "On the introduction of paperwork in the Kyrgyz language."
In the implementation of the decisions of the All-Kyrgyz Congress of Soviets and decrees of the KirCIK and SNK (Council of People's Commissars):
a) recognition of the state languages in the territory of K[A]SSR of the Kyrgyz and Russian languages;
b) on the introduction of office work in state and public institutions and organizations, along with Russian and the Kyrgyz language; and
c) on the adoption and publication of decrees, instructions, circulars, binding decrees and other legislative and governmental acts in both languages, the KCIK (Kazakh Central Executive Committee) decided:
1. To introduce from January 1, 1924, the Kyrgyz language in office work in all Kyrgyz volosts of K[A]SSR and the following counties: Adaevsky, Turgai, Chelkarsky, Temirsky, Aktobe, and Irgiz Aktobe lips.; in all counties of Bukeevskaya province.; Dzhambeytinsky and Guryevsky - the Ural lips.; Karkaraly and Zaysan - Semipalatinsk lips.; Akmola, Atbasar and Charlyk - Akmola lips. Moreover, in counties with a mixed population, paperwork is conducted in parallel in Kyrgyz and Russian.
2. In all other districts and provinces of K[A]SSR, except the Orenburg lips. and its counties, records management in the Kyrgyz language is fully introduced no later than July 1, 1924, by which time the county and provincial bodies are obliged to adapt their apparatuses to parallel record-keeping in Kyrgyz and Russian.
*Note. To instruct KirSNK (Kyrgyz Council of People's Commissars) to establish an accurate list of departments within two weeks that are not covered by Art. 1 and 2 of this decree and submit for approval by the Presidium of the KCIK.
3. From the date of the publication of this decree, all regional institutions should begin to adapt their apparatuses to parallel record keeping along with the Russian language and the Kyrgyz language, with the deadline for introducing the Kyrgyz language as of January 1, 1925.
4. To invite all people's commissariats and regional institutions to publish within three months the guiding laws in the Kyrgyz language related to the activities of each of them. And since January 1924, all draft decrees and resolutions to be approved by the legislative bodies must be presented simultaneously in two languages - in Kyrgyz and Russian.
5. To entrust the NK RKI (People's Commissariat of the Workers 'and Peasants' Inspection), with the participation of the commission for the introduction of clerical work in the Kyrgyz language at the KCIK, to develop samples and forms of clerical work on a volost scale no later than January 1, 1924, and to teach them places for leadership.
6. In special educational institutions and professional courses for the training of employees, as a compulsory subject to introduce the teaching of forms of paperwork.
7. To guide and direct work on the introduction of paperwork in the Kyrgyz language under the Kyrgyz Central Executive Committee and executive committees, create special commissions whose rights and obligations are determined by a special provision.
8. In the development of this decree, the NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) and the NKU (People's Commissariat of Justice) develop appropriate instructions that are to be submitted for approval by the KCIK. (Alimgazinov, 2017: 45-46).
This document determined the specific term for the introduction of the Kazakh language in office work - from January 1, 1924 - in all volosts of the KASSR and the following counties: Adaevsky, Turgai, Chelkarsky, Temir, Aktyubinsk and Irgiz Aktobe provinces; in all districts of Bukeyevsky province, Dzhampeytinsky and Guryevsky - the Urals province, Karkaraly, and Zaysansky - the Semipalatinsk province, Akmola, Atbasarsky and Charlyksky -Akmola provinces. Moreover, in counties with a mixed population, parallel paperwork was introduced in the Kyrgyz and Russian languages. In all other counties and provinces of the KASSR, except the Orenburg province and its districts, paperwork in the Kyrgyz language is introduced completely no later than July 1, 1924. In the regional institutions, work on the introduction of paperwork in two languages - Russian and Kazakh - had to be completed by January 1 1925. All the people's commissariats and regional institutions had to publish within three months the guiding laws in the Kazakh language related to the activities of each of them, and since January 1924 all draft decrees and decrees liable to the approval of the legislative bodies, are transmitted simultaneously in two languages -Kazakh and Russian. In special educational institutions and professional courses for the training of workers by the decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of 1923, teaching forms of paperwork was introduced as a compulsory subject.
On December 4, 1923, under the Presidium of the Kazakh Central Executive Committee, the Central Commission on record keeping in the Kazakh language was organized. The main areas of work of the commission were the "indoctrination" of the state apparatus -the nomination of indigenous workers who knew the Kazakh language and writing, as well as the work on studying the Kazakh language - the opening of permanent state courses on the Kazakh language by workers of the Soviet apparatus; instructor courses in Kazakh office work; courses for the preparation of office staff from the Kazakhs; the introduction of the Kazakh language as a compulsory subject in all educational institutions of the Kazakh ASSR. Also, the commission observed the transition of office work to the Kazakh language primarily in those districts in which the Kazakh population made up the vast majority (80-90%) and the partial transition to the Kazakh office work of the people's commissariats and other state institutions of republican significance (Kulshanova, 2011: 37).
From the moment the decree was issued, all laws and legal acts "having a general principle character and emanating from the central and provincial authorities of the Kir (Kaz) SSR" were to be published and published simultaneously in Russian and Kazakh.
At the same time, it was fully recognized that in these conditions, the translation of all office work completely into the Kazakh language seems impossible. The decree emphasized that all central, provincial, and district institutions of the republic conduct paperwork and are interconnected in Russian. At the grassroots level, in aul, village, village Soviets, volost, village and
district executive committees, revolutionary committees and people's courts, correspondence with institutions of the republic and paperwork are conducted in localities with the Kazakh population in the Kazakh language, and localities with the Russian population in Russian. Inquiries and investigations in the emergency commission and the tribunals were conducted in the language of the persons involved. When conducting office work in other cases, the choice of language was dictated by "considerations of expediency and practical usefulness."
In 1923, the Executive Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh SSR, Zh. Sadvakasov, participated in the creation of the "Central Commission for the Introduction of the Kazakh Language in Record-Keeping" under the Kazakh Central Executive Committee and was appointed its first chairman. (Abzhanov Kh, Saduakas P, 2013: 39).
Emphasizing the importance of clerical work in the Kazakh language, Zh. Sadvakasov praised the introduction of the Kazakh language in clerical work as a historical event: "... It should be noted that the introduction of the Kazakh language in clerical work on an equal footing with Russian, as a completely new work, first appeared by the Government not only in the history of the Kazakh people, but, perhaps, in the history of Russia and Europe, in general - it opened up several prospects, opportunities, and most of all, and certainly presented difficulties, and therefore demanded and thorough research, study, and painstaking careful implementation. " (Abzhanov Kh, Saduakas P, 2013: 41-42).
Record keeping in Russian and Kazakh languages in the provincial bodies was introduced on July 1, 1924, in the people's commissariats and regional authorities on January 1, 1925. In line with the implementation of these resolutions, the publication in 1924 in Russian and Kazakh of the "Guidelines for clerical work in the executive committees ". All the people's commissariats and regional institutions needed to publish within three months the guidelines for their activities in the Kazakh language, and since January 1924 all draft decrees and
resolutions to be approved should be presented in two languages - Russian and Kazakh simultaneously. The importance of translating office work into the Kazakh language was touched upon in a report presented at the IV Congress of Councils of the KASSR, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the KASSR S. Mendeshev, who emphasized that conducting office work in Russian "entailed separation of the apparatus from the masses".
Conclusion. Even though the policy of indigenization was one of the significant phenomena and was more or less resolved, by the end of the 20s of the 20th century it was not possible to translate paperwork into Kazakh. The experiments with Kazakh writing played a negative role: it was quickly transferred from Arabic to Latin, and resistance and the manifestation of chauvinism among Russian and Ukrainian managers, employees, party and Soviet workers were developed. Besides, serious successes were not consolidated, and shortcomings in solving this problem were not eliminated. All this made it difficult to introduce the Kazakh language in office work.
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