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4FROM THE HISTORY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND NATIONAL VETERINARY SERVICE IN HISTORICAL
SOURCES
Sayfuddinova Djamila Badriddinovna
Senior lecturer of the Department of Humanities of the Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry and Biotechnology https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10240407
Abstract. The independence of our country created an opportunity to objectively illuminate the past of our nation based on historical sources. Special attention was paid to the study of the veterinary service of our nation, which has been a herdsman since time immemorial, among the oldest stone inscriptions, inscriptions and more than 20,000 manuscripts. The scientific study of these sources, their research, and the educational value of presenting them to the personnel of the veterinary field are important. After all, having knowledge of the history of the veterinary service of the people of Uzbekistan has a great impact on the further development of the field, and serves as a powerful tool in the formation of a modern veterinarian as a highly moral, loyal, responsible and patriotic staff.
Keywords: people's veterinary service, paintings on rocks, animal husbandry, archeological findings, inscriptions, manuscripts, domestication of animals, livestock, Sarmishsay, paintings on rocks, "Avesta", Amir Temur and the Timurid period.
Archeological material culture finds from the period of the ancient primitive community system of our country's history, as well as pictures on rocks and early historical sources in inscriptions, testify that our ancient ancestors protected livestock from various diseases based on the domestication of a number of hunting and animals. The use of treatment methods, the identification of medicinal plants (animals used these plants or various bodies under the influence of natural instinct, which people learned by observing them), and the use of folk medicine methods have become more and more widespread. Over the years, centuries, periods, such actions have been improved, and as a result, the service of veterinary medicine in animal husbandry has appeared and formed.
Photos and pictures of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine service engraved on ancient rock stones Sarmishsay, Karajontog, Ugom, Koksuv, Chotkal, Kurama, Morguzor, Nurota, Oktog, Koratog, Ohalik, Zirabulok, Bobotog and dozens of rocks, gorges, streams, caves in our country. and monuments such as Ungurs are among them. The pictures, paces, content - essence, characteristics, stylistic directions, period structure in them are colorful and directly refer to the famous Ingara, Lena, Enisei, Baikal, Orti, Amur, Ural, Karelia, Kabistan, Africa's Sahra-Kabiri, Spain and France rocks. It is characterized by dependence on the worked pictures, similar aspects, proportionality [1].
Animal husbandry played an important role in the life of the ancient herding tribes of Central Asia, and horses were used for various purposes. They were used to protect them from all kinds of diseases, breed healthy and strong horses, and even to attract someone with good intentions and goals. For example, in the decorations in the palace of the Achaemenid king Cyrus,
pictures of Central Asian horses being drawn by the Sakas as a gift to the Achaemenids are shown [2]. This indicates that livestock breeding is important.
Horse riding continued throughout the second millennium BC and at the beginning of the 1st millennium throughout Central Asia - the states of ancient antiquity - Dovan (Fergana), Shosh (Tashkent), Sugdiyona (Samarkand, Bukhara and a number of other regions, Zarafshan oasis in general), Bactria, Khorezm, Parthia, Marghiyona and the surrounding areas, according to historical data, yearling was widely developed, and various breeds of argums were grown. Horses were cared for in separate pastures and various diseases were prevented and treated. In the 11th-30th centuries BC, the Assyrians took away the thoroughbred horses of Central Asia, numerous herds of yearlings, even during the reign of the Iranian Achaemenids, only Bactria alone collected 30,000 head of yearling as a tax every year. Historical sources also testify that he led a cavalry of 20,000 women warriors and defeated Cyrus. The area between the two rivers of Central Asia and the areas adjacent to it were considered to be the center of domestication of horses [4]), and the developed center of thoroughbred horse treatment. In the care of horse breeding, it was considered the abode of folk healers who knew the secrets of keeping Ahal-taka, Yamud, Karabayir horses from various diseases.
The "Avesta", which is considered to be the golden book of our spiritual heritage, contains a lot of information about the history of the yearling. For example, "One wants a horse." Grandfathers soon became rich, strong, wealthy. Whishtaspchi? According to the testimony of "Avesta", people in ancient times called "Yortiq ot tilar" and healthy and strong horses as "fast horses" and breeding and breeding of thoroughbred horses is also a source of wealth and fame and a means of establishing a strong state. describes with comments. That is, in one place in the "Avesta", if a character runs on a three-horse horse, there are plenty of horsemen walking, and there are stately houses on the banks of every river" [6], if the country and the country use the duldul (legendary flying horses) breeds of horses, the existence of our ancient cultural cities consisting of "stately houses and palaces" is mentioned. , draws his attention to "a hundred cows, a thousand oxen and innumerable cows" [7].
Among the manuscript sources preserved in the funds of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Raikhan Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, there are dozens of sources in the field of veterinary science, but they were hardly studied during the time of the former Soviets. Among these manuscript sources, Aristotle's Treatise on the Selection of Horses, numbered 6558, 9799/11 and numbered 5694, 5203/11, contain the following valuable comments on folk veterinary medicine. In accordance with Aristotle's recommendation, Alexander of Macedon paid serious attention to the structure, habit, and behavior of a healthy horse when choosing horses, and prepared a manuscript on issues such as horse diseases, treatment methods, medicinal herbs, horse care, and how to do it in different seasons [8])
In accordance with this work of Aristotle, comparing his thoughts and opinions in the veterinary field with the life and experiences of the Middle East and Central Asia, the scientist Abu Bakr, Al-Manzir, who was known as "Veterinarian", lived in the reign of Bahri Sultan anNasser Kalaun, the ruler of Egypt in the 14th century. al-Baytar (died 1248)9) in his "The Art of Identifying Diseases of Horses" and "The Perfect Book on the Art of Treatment in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry", the "Life of Animals" by the Egyptian (1344 - 1405) Abu Baqa Muhammad ibn Isamuddin Ad-Damiri 10) who gave a detailed analysis in their works. The manuscript written by Abu Bako Muhammad ibn Isa ad-Damiri in 1371 is a scientific work rich
in valuable information on zoology, which is based on the principles of the Arabic alphabet. The author of the work is used as a textbook of zoology in different schools in Egypt, criticizing the incorrect explanation of animal names to the students about the types, life, behavior, habits and actions of animals. ends with At the same time, in this manuscript, biophysical characteristics of animals, characters, characteristics, dependence on humans, breed, type, types of diseases present in it, preparation of medicine, methods of treatment, legendary events of some animals, even the thoughts and attitudes of our Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, towards some animals. gives information about. In his work, the author also cites examples of folk veterinary medicine of ancient Greek and Byzantine scientists.
In the Middle Ages, excerpts from the book "Kitab al-khil al-baytari" (i.e. "About Horses and Veterinary Medicine") of Al-Jabali, a well-known scientist of his time, were used to comment on the unique and subtle aspects of veterinary medicine and horse breeding, but the author in this treatise It should also be noted that he did not set himself the goal of covering the history of veterinary medicine.
Risola-yi asp ("Treatise on the Horse"), which belongs to Imam Muhammad ibn al-Hasani, consists of 20 chapters. Valuable information is provided on knowledge, treatment of horse sickness, treatment of horse cough, eye pain and its treatment, as well as practices to be observed while riding and knowledge of horse badness.
"Farasnama" ("Book about Horse") was written during the reign of Ubadullah Khan, one of the great representatives of the Shaybani dynasty, and it consisted of 15 chapters. They are devoted to knowing the sex, enthusiasm, enthusiasm and value of the horse, the parts and external signs of the horse, colors, behavior, how to treat the horse during the fight, and the diseases of the horse and their treatment. "Farasnoma" ("Book about Horses"), copied in 1655 by an unknown author and composed of 70 chapters, decorated with gilded and colored lines and miniature paintings, written during the reign of the rulers of the Babur dynasty, is mainly a guide to the study of the causes of horse diseases and ailments. Translated from Sanskrit into Persian during the reign of Shahjahan, the rare manuscript consists of fifty chapters, describing all the characteristics of the horse and is decorated with 29 miniature paintings.
It would not be wrong to say that scientific researches and researches about the above-mentioned rare manuscript works and their authors, or the poems translated from Greek, Sanskrit (ancient Indian language), Arabic, translated into Arabic-Persian languages, have not been carried out, nor have they been thoroughly studied.
During the period of Amir Temur and the Timurids, important attention was paid to the field of animal husbandry and public veterinary service. From the "Temur Tuzuklari" (Temur's law) and a number of other rare sources, unique and valuable historical information about cattle breeding can be obtained. In Amir Temur's work, which has a legal order, we pay special attention to livestock, especially horse breeding, and we can get information about horse breed, thoroughbred, that is, Arabian, Argumon types, as well as improving folk medicine and veterinary services in horse breeding. Amir Temur paid special attention to cattle breeding, camel breeding, donkey and mule breeding, and not only increased them and created special pastures, but also made extensive use of specialists with special knowledge and practical experience in the field of veterinary science of cattle, camels and sais. Those who raised them and paid serious attention to their education, established pastures for raising horses of special breeds for horse breeding, prepared military horses, and on these strong, durable horses, up to 800 thousand military men11
were involved in military operations from one country to another quickly and organized in accordance with military requirements. those who managed to act in an invisible state and achieved victory after victory.
If Amir Temur wants to go on a military campaign to any country, he should treat not only his soldiers and officers, officials and servants, and all the people participating in the military campaign, but also the horses, herds, donkeys, mules, camels and other animals used as transport from the public veterinary medicine. Horses [12], which were almost 3 times more than military troops, and millions of sheep were bred for food.
A few examples from historical sources are the information given above, the deep historical and spiritual roots of veterinary science in our country, and its study and knowledge is a proof of the dedication of every patriotic veterinary worker to his profession.
REFERENCES
1. Ж.Кабиров. «Сармишсойиииг коя тошларидаги расмлар», 1976, Т..3-6
2. Вятгин О. «Лошади древнего Востока» Москва, 1937, стр.15
3. Боголюбинский. "Происхождение и преобразование домашных животных", М., 1959, с.16.
4. Б.Абдолниёзов. «Хоразм чорвачилиги - кадимги замонлардан хозиргача», Урганч, 1992, 28-бет
5. "Авесто" (Видевдат, Яшт Китоби). Тошкент. "Шарк"-2001 йил
6. "Тумарис, Широк, Спитамен, Алпомиш, Гуругли, Кунтугмиш, Х,асан чопсон"
7. "Авесто" (Яшт Китоби). Тошкент. "Шарк"-2001 йил 29 бет 4 уша жой.
8. Узбекистон Республикаси Фанлар Академияси Абу Райх,он Беруний номидаги Шаркшунослик института ^улёзмалар фонди 6558-9799/11 ракамли кулёзма.(СВР АН Уз-тана, УШ том, 114 стр).
9. Уша жойда, 5694-5203 В ракамли кулёзма.(СВР АН Уз-тана, том УШ, стр.114)
10. Уша жойда,7116-10886 ракамли кулёзма.(СВР АН Уз-тана, том Х1).
11. Иванин М. "Буюк саркарда Чингизхон ва Амир Темур" "Фан", Тошкент 1994 й, 187-бет; Уша жойда 151-бет;
12. "Темур тузуклари", Тошкент 1991 й;
13. Цалкин В.И. «Шаркий Европа ва Урта Осиё кабилаларининг кадимги чорвачилиги», М.1966
14. Sayfuddinova, J. (2023). FROM THE HISTORY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND NATIONAL VETERINARY SERVICE IN UZBEKISTAN. Science and innovation, 2(C4), 76-79.
15. Sayfudinova, D. (2022). ТУРКИСТОН УЛКАСИ ЧОРВАЧИЛИГИДА ВЕТЕРИНАРИЯ ХИЗМАТИ ТАРИХИДАН (Х1Х АСР ОХИРИ ХХ АСРНИНГ БОШЛАРИ). Science and innovation, 1(C6), 254-258.
