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УДК 528.9
ОТ БУМАЖНЫХ КАРТ К ОТКРЫТЫМ ГИС: ПЕРЕХОД К CARTOGRAPHY 2.0 В ИНСТИТУТЕ ГЕОЛОГИИ И ГЕОФИЗИКИ В БУДАПЕШТЕ, ВЕНГРИЯ
Ласло Зентаи
Университет им. Лоранда Этвёша в Будапеште, факультет информатики, 1117, Венгрия, г. Будапешт, ул. Пазмань Петера, 1/A, профессор, зав. кафедрой картографии и геоинформатики, Генеральный секретарь и казначей Международной картографической ассоциации, тел. +36 1 372-29-75, факс: +36 1 372-29-51, e-mail: lzentai@caesar.elte.hu
Институт геологии и геофизики Венгрии (MFGI) является государственным институтом, ответственным за обработку пространственных геолого-геофизических данных в Венгрии. Отдел геоинформатики при Геологической службе Венгрии (отделение MFGI) был основан в 1992 в связи с переходом от производства традиционных карт к цифровым картам. В данной статье описывается данный процесс перехода, а также своевременная адаптация деятельности института к быстро изменяющейся информационной среде.
Ключевые слова: современная картография, производство карт, открытые ГИС, геологические карты.
FROM PAPER MAPS TO OPEN GIS: THE WAY TO CARTOGRAPHY 2.0 AT THE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL INSTITUTE OF HUNGARY
Lâszlo Zentai
Eotvos Lorând University, Faculty of Informatics, Pâzmâny Péter sétâny 1/A, 1117, Hungary, Budapest, Professor, Head of the Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Secretary General and Treasure of ICA, tel. +36 1 372-29-75, fax: +36 1 372-2951, e-mail: lzentai@caesar.elte.hu
The Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (MFGI) is a state institute responsible for the handling of geological and geophysical spatial data in Hungary. The Department of Geoinformatics of the Geological Survey of Hungary (a part of the MFGI) was established in 1992, when the transition process of changing the traditional map production to a digital environment was started. The main aim of this paper is to present this process as well as the harmonisation of the activities of the institute and its continuous adaptation to the rapidly developing IT environment.
Key words: modern cartography, map production, Open GIS, geological maps. 1. CIVIL MAP PRODUCTION IN HUNGARY BEFORE 1990
The Hungarian civil cartography was centralised before 1990 and was directed and controlled by the National Office of Lands and Mapping after World War II. The National Office of Lands and Mapping had been part of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food since 1967; formerly, in 1950-1967, cartography in Hungary was supervised by the National Planning Bureau. The main civil map publishing institute was Carto-graphia (Cartographical Establishment, or Kartogrâfiai Vâllalat in Hungarian), which published all kinds of maps for education (primary and secondary school atlases and wall maps), tourist maps, maps and globes. However, this paper is not focusing on the activities of this establishment, only on one professional institute.
Some scientific institutions - not under the direction of the National Office of Lands and Mapping - also dealt with map-making and with cartographic research. They produced thematic maps mostly on the basis of the state topographic maps. Without observing completeness, it is worth mentioning the thematic cartographical activities of the following institutions:
- Central Office of Meteorology,
- Hungarian State Geological Institute,
- Eotvos Lorand Hungarian Geophysical Institute,
- Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
- Department of Cartographic at Eotvos Lorand University,
- Enterprise for Survey and Soil Research,
- Scientific and Planning Institute for City-Planning,
- Scientific Research Institute for Public Roads and Transport.
If we look at the number of published paper maps, probably the Hungarian State
r
Geological Institute (MAFI) was the most active among the above listed scientific institutions. Naturally, the geological maps were not really known by civil maps users. I also have to remark that most of the above institutions published their maps with the help of Cartographia. In most cases, Cartographia managed the whole map production process (editing, drawing, printing), but the Hungarian State Geological Institute was one of the few institutes which was able to manage the whole map production process independently (although they got technical support from Cartographia or from the military mapping service).
2. THE TRANSITION PROCESS
The first research on computer-assisted map production in Hungary was performed around 1972. The Department of Cartography at Eotvos Lorand University produced some maps which were based on statistical data and stored in a database. The maps were printed by an early black and white dot matrix printer. Of course, at that time computers were available only at the central administration (an ICT 1905 type mainframe computer and the ALGOL programming language was used), so this project was managed together with the National Planning Bureau. These maps were used for regional planning; the shorter production time of maps was an advantage, although the poor quality of printed maps did not encourage further research. Such maps were not suitable for offset map production unless they were reduced considerably (Figure 1).
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Figure 1 : The first digital map production. A thematic map of a county map of Hungary made for regional planning (1972).
The first commercial GIS software which was used in Hungary was the Gradis-2000 (a German-Swiss program). The first two licenses were bought in 1982: one for education at the Technical University of Budapest, and another one for the planning of the first Hungarian nuclear plant in Paks (including the geodetic survey on the terrain). The system was suitable for digitizing, for importing data from other software and for defining all types of graphic objects.
The first Hungarian GIS company, Geometria, was established in 1995. As private firms were not allowed in Hungary in those times, this establishment was formed within the Military Mapping Service. It is partly due to its activities that the first digitized state topographic map of Hungary was the 1:200 000 scale military topographic map known as DTA-200. The sheets covering the whole area of the country were digitized by 1987, but not the full content of the paper maps (contour lines were omitted). In this time, all topographic maps (both civil and military) were still classified in Hungary, so these digital maps were not widely used. In 1989, Geometria digitized the 1:100 000 scale civil state topographic map series (called OTAB). Thanks to the elimination of classification and to the political and economic changes, this database became widely used and it helped to implement GIS in Hungary.
2.1 The first steps of the transition process at the Hungarian State Geological Institute: digitizing
Nearly all data collected in geological research have spatial and temporal reference. Thanks to this relationship, the Hungarian State Geological Institute started to deal with GIS at the end of 1980's, but the independent Department of Geoinformatics of the Geological Survey of Hungary (now part of the MFGI) was established only in 1992. In the meantime, the name of the organisation was changed to the Geological Institute of Hungary.
The department was focusing on map digitizing and the conversion of the map production process into digital. At the beginning, they simply wanted to replace the traditional map production/printing process with a digital one and wanted to solve the problem of digitizing. In the middle of 1980's, the institute started to develop its own map digitizing software, but just before completing the software they started to use AutoCAD, which just became available in Hungary. (The COCOM list did not allow Hungary to buy embargoed technologies, especially IT elements: hardware and software).
This was the first institute of Hungary where all machines, equipment and technologies of the traditional map production process were eliminated and completely replaced by digital map production technology. As they were the pioneers in digital cartography at institutional level, they had to find the most suitable technologies themselves. (My department was working with them continuously; we created together the first Hungarian vector-based World Atlas CD-ROM.)
Thanks to the rapid technological development, the department became familiar with the GIS-based thinking: instead of digital map production, they started to concentrate on database driven mapping, thus moving in the direction of GIS. The Institute had so many data collected in about 100 years that it took quite a long time to develop the proper method of handling this large set of data and start to digitize historical geological data. Nevertheless, they understood soon that the process of digitizing is a long process and they first should have to deal with the digitizing of their most recent data and digitize the older data only later, when the technology would be more developed and would make the process much easier and faster.
Two principal aspects can be distinguished in the GIS activity of the Institute in this period. Firstly, it was responsible for providing services for other departments of the Institute (this was the time when IT devices became widely used in the county in more and more places). This objective was achieved by processing the data of geological mapping projects in GIS. Priority was given to the establishment of GIS databases through the digital acquisition of geological information available throughout the country; their processing and analysis facilitated the computer-assisted output of thematic base- and derived maps according to the scale and area required by its customers.
One of the chief aspects of the GIS activity at the Institute was to elaborate standard procedures for map processing and uniform legends, thus enabling a broad range of customers to use and interpret their products. The main advantage of standard procedures was that the thematic maps of any part of the country had consistent legends. We have to note that geological maps were probably the very first maps where the legends were standardized at international level (already in the second part of the 19th century). This means that standardization in geological mapping was a well-known and desired process.
Following the trends of recent years, the environmental aspect of geosciences has been putting great emphasis on the GIS processing of a large amount of data for addressing environmental issues. These include land use management, the deposition of communal, industrial, agricultural and radioactive wastes, the assessment of local and regional water supplies as well as of the effects of industrial and agricultural activity and large constructions on the environment, the monitoring of the regime and quality of ground- and subsurface water aquifers. These are some of the major environmental problems that cannot be addressed and reliably solved without the database and the professional knowledge of experts of the Institute. The GIS technology provided tools for experts to integrate the information into a topologically structured multidis-ciplinary database. Its sophisticated analysis results in producing derived maps specifically for decision-making.
In 1995, the following software products were used in the Institute's Department of Geoinformatics:
• the key software was Intergraph MGE (Base Mapper, Analyst, Grid Analyst, Terrain, Modeler, Map Finisher, Map Publisher),
• Bentley MicroStation,
• Autodesk AutoCAD,
• MapInfo,
• ESRI Arc/Info,
• Oracle RDBMS.
Intergraph MGE was the key software of the time in Hungary at governmental cartography: large scale state topographic maps (civil and military), cadastral maps. Intergraph was founded in 1969 as M&S Computing, and it was later renamed to Intergraph Corporation in 1980. In 2000, Intergraph exited the hardware business (this was a common trend in those years: to abandon workstation production because personal computers became more powerful) and became purely a software developing company.
Concerning the hardware components, the department had
• 5 Intergraph workstations,
• some Intergraph and Numonics digitizing tablets,
• plotters.
The following digital databases were already available or in developing phase:
Name Scale Content Area Preparedness %
Geological database of the Kis-alfold region and Zala county 1:100 000 Geology, geomorphology, hydrology, engineering geology, pedology, environment protection 15 000 km2 30
Geological database of the Balaton Highlands 1:25 000 Surface objects (21 coverages) 2000 km2 80
Engineering geology database of Budapest 1:40 000 Geology, engineering geology and hydrogeology 150 km2 100
Standardised geological database of Hungary 1:100 0001: 200 000 Geological maps 93 000 km2 25
Geology database of the West Hungarian Range 1:100 000 Geology and stratigraphy map 15 000 km2 50
Radioactive waste deposit database of the Paks Nuclear Power Plant 1:10 000, 1:100 000 40 thematic base maps and derived versions 5000 km2 100
County Maps of Hungary 1:100 000 19 counties; geology, exploration status, environmental sensitivity; 5 thematic maps per county 93 000 km2 5
Geology database of the Bukk Mountains 1:50 000 Geology, stratigraphy, hydro-geology maps for the hydrogeol-ogy model 5000 km2 100
Geochemistry database of Hungary 1:500 000 Distribution of 18 elements in the soils and in sub-soil layers 93 000 km2 100
One of the most important international research projects in the second part of the 1990's was the so-called DANREG project. This was a complex digital geological database of the DANube REGion with the cooperation of Austria, Hungary and Slovakia at 1:100 000 and 1:200 000 scale. The basic aim of the "Danube Region Environmental Geology Programme" (DANREG) was to arrange the geological and geophysical data of the border zone of the three partner countries in a unified framework, in particular of the band along the Danube where the three capitals (Vienna, Bratislava and Budapest) are situated, and to undertake their uniform interpretation. This was meant as a significant assistance to the decision makers dealing with the management of the region. There were 20 thematic layers (including geological maps, hydrogeological maps, engineering-geological maps, maps for the protection of the environment, geophysical maps). This was one of the first international projects when the participants faced the problem of data harmonization. With the map publishing on CD-ROM, the DANREG project was the first one when the institute tried to manage
the web publication (using GeoMedia WebMap). A worthy recognition of the cartographic achievements of the DANREG programme is that the DANREG map set won the first prize ("The Outstanding map of the year 1999") in the category of scientific maps and atlases at the Hungarian national map contest.
2.2 The next step of the transition process at the Hungarian State Geological Institute: change of the key software
By using the leading industry standard GIS software (Bentley MicroStation, Intergraph MGE and ESRI ARC/Info), the institute provided customers with digital data in any standard data format existing in the market around 2000. It was a very important step to use a relational database to store information. This was also the time when publishing of maps in earth sciences fell back in Hungary and the Geological Institute of Hungary remained actually the only map maker and publisher. Although its budget was reduced significantly, the institute continued to make remarkable efforts to follow its traditions in map publishing. This was also the time when the key GIS programs started to release their internet map server modules; however, this method of map publication became important only in the next era.
It is a very important fact that digital cartography became the dominant method and publishing concept was in line with the constant technological changes. The institute's concept was to preserve the traditional appearance of printed maps, especially at the systematic geological survey maps at various scales. This concept was adopted in the publishing of the geological maps of Hungary at that time. We have to remember that the laptop computers of the time were not really powerful and affordable and smaller mobile devices like smartphones and tablets were not yet invented.
Behind the traditional look, there were very deep and radical changes: the process of map making began with querying of the existing databases and using the capability of the GIS systems. The visualization also utilized the capability of these GIS systems. Building of databases was a very huge and persistent program of the Institute, because the use of spatial data of the past 140 years was very valuable in the accomplishment of the Institute's programs.
The most valuable result in map publishing was the compilation of the Geological Map of Hungary in 1:100 000 scale, which was finished in 2005. The 88 map sheets were prepared on Gauss-Krüger quadrangles and in local (EOTR, the Uniform National Map System for Hungary) coordinate system. Quaternary deposits are essentially classified on genetic basis (beside the age divided upon lithology), while pre-Quaternary assemblages were determined on litho-stratigraphic basis, divided mainly on formations. There are 651 different units in the harmonized legend. Because of limited requests, the plotting of sheets takes place on a 600 dpi printer upon commission with issuing additional CD-ROM and an explanatory booklet.
The topographic bases of the medium and small scale geological maps are derived from the digital state topographic maps of Hungary compiled by the Hungarian Military Mapping Service (the so-called DTA-50, the 1:50 000 scale topographic database completed in 2006, including the whole content of the paper map sheets). The DTA-50 provided very detailed relief representation (contour lines), which is an essential content of geological maps.
The main momentum of this era was the shift of the main GIS software from MGE to ArcGIS. It was not a simple process for the institute. The main reason of the change was that the further development and support of MGE was stopped, and Intergraph replaced MGE with GeoMedia GIS package. With this product, ArcGIS was really dominating the market area all over the world. The development of ESRI products in the map production phase was also important as well as the rapid development of internet services based on ArcGIS. Since the change from MGE to GeoMedia would have been as complicated as the change to ArcGIS, the decision was to move to ArcGIS. There was a similar shift in the Hungarian military mapping, when they also moved from Intergraph to ArcGIS.
2.3 The increasing role of internet: on-line map service instead of map production
2005 was an important year in cartography. Google launched its global mapping service, the GoogleMaps. This was not the first global map service (Xerox started its quite simple service about 10 years before, MapQuest had also released its service before Google), but this was the first global service with satellite images and street-level vector-based maps. Microsoft and Yahoo have also released their similar service (BingMaps, Yahoo Maps).
In the most developed countries the national mapping agencies also started to release their national map services, like GéoPortail in France (http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil) or Mapy.cz in the Czech Republic (http://mapy.cz/).
This is also the time that can be called web 2.0. The concept of web 2.0 started to be widely used around 2003-2004 at a conference where the organizers focused on the new generation web services in a brainstorming session. It is really difficult to formulate the term and there is still a huge amount of disagreement about just what web 2.0 means, with some experts characterizing it as a meaningless marketing buzzword, and others accepting it as the new term.
Although Web 2.0 is not a clear and easily definable term (the phrase may hint at an improved form of the World Wide Web), we can list the new features of the web which has formed this new term:
• Mostly not simple concrete applications, but rather philosophies.
• „Network as platform" - delivering (and allowing users to use) applications entirely through a browser.
• Users owning the data on a site and exercising control (maintain and distribute) over that data.
• An architecture of participation that encourages users to add value to the application as they use it.
• A rich, interactive, user-friendly interface.
• Social-networking aspects.
In 2006, the Time magazine appointed the Person of the Year YOU, the user of the new style web services. According to the citation although web 2.0 suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, it does not refer to an update to any technical specification, but rather to cumulative changes in the ways software developers and endusers use the Web.
One of the other important developments of these times is the spread of the mobile devices: smartphones and tablets. Having global mapping services and having more and more powerful mobile devices this produced the opportunity of a new era: the location-based services. As GPS chips were built in mobile devices and digital cameras, the users can easily identify and share their location.
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Figure 2: The Hungarian national INSPIRE portal (http://www.inspiregeoportal.hu).
Let me mention some important effects of the political change. Hungary submitted a membership application to the European Union in 1994, and the negotiations on entry began in 1998. Finally, Hungary was invited to join the EU in 2004. The EU has a directive called INSPIRE, which is the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community. The INSPIRE directive aims to create a EU spatial data infrastructure. This will enable the sharing of environmental spatial information among
public sector organizations and better facilitate public access to spatial information across Europe (Figure 2).
INSPIRE is based on a number of common principles:
• Data should be collected only once and kept where it can be maintained most effectively (global on-line services linking national spatial databases).
• It should be possible to combine seamless spatial information from different sources across Europe and share it with many users and applications (the data providing national organizations are not standardized, so the integration of data is really a challenge in certain areas).
• It should be possible for information collected at one level/scale to be shared with all levels/scales; detailed for thorough investigations, general for strategic purposes (this requires IT-driven hierarchical approach).
• Geographic information needed for good governance at all levels should be readily and transparently available (this should be managed by national mapping agencies).
• Easy to find what geographic information is available, how it can be used to meet a particular need, and under which conditions it can be acquired and used (we have to setup national INSPIRE sites, they should be user friendly not only for experts, but for the citizens too).
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Figure 3: The database of the 1:100 000 scale geological maps.
The internet service of 1:100 000 scale geological maps was released in 2011, which was the first national contribution to the INSPIRE directive (Figure 3). Being familiar with these technologies the Department of Geoinformatics was able to integrate their
data in one system and allow interactive combination of their data in an on-line environment. Some other important databases:
• GeoBank: the online database of Hungarian geological units, boreholes and other objects.
• KINGA, the public geophysical data service.
• The National Adaptation Geo-information System (the overall objective of the project is to develop a multipurpose geo-information system that can facilitate the policy-making, strategy-building and decision-making processes related to the impact assessment of climate change and founding necessary adaptation measures in Hungary).
• Engineering geology map database (Figure 4).
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Figure 4: The engineering geology database of Budapest (http: //map.mfgi. hu/mernokgeologia/).
It is also important to mention international projects. Geology has a long practice in international cooperation. Thanks to the European Union grants some very successful cooperation projects were completed. Such projects regularly use OpenStreetMap as a global mapping service to avoid copyright issues of other commercial services. One of the examples of such project is a ThermoMap. ThermoMap estimates the very Shallow Geothermal Potential in terms of Heat conductivity of unconsolidated underground up to 10 m depth. At the moment, nine European countries are involved and each of them has selected a test area to provide and share data (Figure 5).
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Figure 5: ThermoMap, the Budapest test area (http://geoweb2.sbg.ac.at/thermomap/).
Probably the most important international project was OneGeology. It is an international initiative of the geological surveys of the world. This project was launched in 2007 and contributed to the 'International Year of Planet Earth', becoming one of their flagship projects. Thanks to the enthusiasm and support of the participating nations, the initiative has progressed rapidly towards its target - creating dynamic geological map data of the world, available to everyone via the web. The OneGeology project has made geological spatial data held by the Geological Surveys of the countries more easily discoverable, accessible and shareable. It made a significant contribution to the progress of INSPIRE - i.e. to develop systems and protocols to better enable the discovery, viewing, downloading and sharing of core European spatial geological data. This project succeeded in developing a harmonised data model (based on existing international standards) for 1:1 million geological map data, and serving these data for 21 countries through OGC-compliant web services in a multilingual portal in 18 languages. The project also succeeded in developing a single license for the use of these data. Nowadays 116 countries are contributing to this project (Figure 6).
Summarizing the development of these years, we can say that in contrast to former classical cartographic compilation this radically new approach lets the users define the requested map content. It can be performed by the free selection of the graphical layers and by well-defined queries. According to the direction of development, these possibilities will get priority in the future cartographic activities.
Figure 6: The OneGeology website (http://portal.onegeology.org/).
2.4 Implementation of Open GIS, but focusing on information security
The Institute started to implement the two main standards of the OGC (Open Geospa-tial Consortium) after 2005: both the Web Map Service and the Web Feature Service. Since then, the role of OpenGIS in publishing geological data and maps on the internet became more and more important in the institute.
The Institute was re-structured by the Hungarian government in 2012, uniting the Geological Institute of Hungary and the Eotvos Lorand Geophysical Institute; the new name is the Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary. Both founding institutions have more than a hundred-year old history, and not only at national but also at international level they are considered pioneers in the field of geological and geophysical research. With the fusion of the two institutes, two complementary kinds of professional experience have been merged, which increases the efficiency of the institute on the field of geology, geophysics, mining, and climate policy.
Major developments in the Department of Geoinformatics, goals achieved:
• Most of the activities of the institutes are focusing on raw material potentials and geothermal energy.
• The GIS team carried out all the GIS activities and map productions for the projects that work on the geological and geophysical tasks of the Hungarian state.
• Data harmonization of borehole/well data and regional maps covering the whole country is continued.
• INSPIRE compliant data schemas and services for geological and geophysical databases.
The institute started to build a new server infrastructure in 2015. All the GIS and database servers are migrated to a new environment. Test servers are set up first, and an automated backup system serves all GIS and database data. The information security became a very important topic of the last year. The institute was forced (by the government) to build a more strict security. Due to this process, the security is now at a higher level and the background systems are regulated.
The institution is starting the implementation of the open source webGIS platform. They really understood that it is a must nowadays and they are working on this new transition process for a long time.
The implementation process of the web-based geological map service can be summarized in the following main steps:
• setup of the database structure,
• design, compilation and cartography of web-based digital geological map,
• implementation of map service,
• implementation of web-based application,
• optimization of the whole system.
The development of web services is a complex task. The complexity is due to the high number of the related components and to the sophisticated relationships between them. There is much more flexibility in the OpenGIS environment and in allowing the users to fine-tune the system to their special needs or make some programming to develop new functions and services.
3. CONCLUSION
The Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary is an interesting case study to present the effect of the development of the information technology on a national mapping agency or a similar national institute. The change from an analogue environment to digital was just the first step; these institutes have to follow the technological changes and continuously adopt new functions and technologies. MAFI and all other similar institutes produced paper maps for a very long time, and they have all data stored in paper records and maps till the end of 1980's years. The stages of the digital evolution from digitizing to web-based services are quite easily identifiable. The most recent challenges for these institutes are the handling of big data and the implementation of OpenGIS. It looks that OpenGIS can give such institutes more flexibility in their services and can provide more standardised environment on international level to support regional and international cooperation. The main elements of cartography 2.0 and web 2.0 are collaboration, interactivity and crowd sourcing. OpenGIS environment is able to support these activities, so it is a logical step for such institutes.
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present study was sponsored by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA No. K100911).
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© Laszlo Zentai, 2016
