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DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18454/RULB.9.08 Левина М.А.
Старший преподаватель, кандидат филологических наук, Саратовская государственная юридическая академия ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВТОРИЧНЫХ ПОДСИСТЕМ ТЕРМИНОВ ПРАВА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ПРАВА В РУССКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ)
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается актуальная проблема современного терминоведения, касающаяся формирования новых терминосистем вторичного типа на основе взаимодействия терминосистем, соотносимых с различными научными отраслями. Формирование таких терминосистем отмечено рядом закономерностей смешения разносистемных классификаций и лексических единиц, а также семантическими процессами, отражающими логико -языковые особенности формирования систем понятий и систем терминов и обусловленные воздействием экстралингвистических факторов - интеграцией и дифференциацией различных научных отраслей.
Ключевые слова: лексика, терминосистемы.
Levina M.A.
Senior lecturer, PhD in Philology, Saratov State Law Academy FORMATION OF SECONDARY SUBSYSTEMS OF LEGAL TERMS (WITH THE EXAMPLE OF RUSSIAN
AND ENGLISH MEDICAL LAW TERMINOLOGY)
Abstract
The article deals with the topical problem of the modern terminological science related to formation of new terminological systems of a secondary type based on the interaction of terminological systems associated with various spheres of human knowledge. The formation of such terminological systems is marked by a number of rules of mixing scientific classifications and lexical units belonging to different systems, and by semantic processes reflecting the logic and linguistic features of formation of systems of concepts and systems of terms determined by the influence of extra-linguistic factors - integration and differentiation of various scientific spheres of knowledge.
Keywords: lexic, terminological systems.
Почта авторов / Author Email: Levinama80@yandex.ru
The existing terminological systems vary greatly.
There are the following types of them:
1. Terminology systems related to different fields of knowledge (terminology of medicine, informatics, sports, etc.).
2. Terminology systems varying in degrees of remoteness from each other: a) those that are close to each other (e.g., terminology of literary criticism and linguistic terminology), b) remote from each other (e.g., terminology of linguistics and terminology of analytic geometry).
3. Terminology systems that serve the variety of scientific directions, schools, trends within one science (e.g., terminology of comparative linguistics and terminology of structural linguistics).
4. Personal terminological systems developed by one scholar (e.g., terminological system of an outstanding Russian linguist A. A. Potebnya, etc.).
5. Large and small terminological systems that differ in the number of their terminological units. Usually, small terminological systems are subsystems of large terminologies (e.g. terminology of law is a big one consisting of the following subsystems: terminology of civil law, terminology of criminal law, etc.) [1, p. 7-10].
Secondary terminological systems represent a large corpus of terminological units in different languages due to the bidirectional process of integration and differentiation of sciences correlated with various spheres of knowledge. The emergence of secondary terminological systems is due to the following extra-linguistic factors:
1) the influence of foreign legal practices and the terms of the development of law in a given state;
2) complexity of some areas of public life subject to governmental legal regulation;
3) emergence of new phenomena in society;
4) development of modern legislation and legal science;
5) influence of national legal culture.
From the point of view of their Genesis, the entire composition of nominative units in scientific texts can be divided into several categories:
1) terms that have arisen in the given terminological system, including those coined on the basis of different ways of term formation (affixation, coining of compound words, abbreviation and shortening, conversion, semantic changes on the basis of metonymy and metaphor, formation of terminological word-combinations, borrowings from other languages;
2) units attracted from other terminological systems for denoting special concepts of another field of knowledge;
3) the so called general scientific words - a set of nominative units, which function in scientific texts of various knowledge spheres, in addition to those expressing the concepts of the specific scientific field; such units are not do not belong to any specific terminological system, but to all of them.
Legal terminology in modern languages is also a very complex system represented by various subsystems of terminological units [4] forming complex fragments of legal world pictures. Law permeates all the spheres of life. The emergence of new socially significant phenomena requires legal regulation. Thus, medical law is designed to regulate the new problems that are important for the society and the state: lifespan and its quality problems, transplantation of organs, active euthanasia problems, etc. Modern medical law is closely associated with social, labor, civil, environmental, and criminal law [2, p. 11-13].
The analysis of extra-linguistic factors influencing the emergence and development of the new secondary terminological systems in different legal systems and languages shows the predominance of common trends in the formation of such terminological systems. The importance of international rules for the development of national law system is particularly noticeable in the fields of medicine and law. In 1967 the World Association for Medical Law:
WAML was founded, and its first Congress was held in the same year in Ghent (Belgium).
As far as medical law is part of law as a whole, it uses many traditional legal terms both in Russian and in English: гражданско-правовая ответственность, завещание, дисциплинарная ответственность, законные
представители, лицензирование, имущественный вред, моральный вред, незаконное усыновление, недееспособность, опека, охрана труда, добровольное страхование, тайна усыновления, халатность, трудоспособность; breach of contract, homicide, evidence, misdemeanor, felony, responsibility, exemption, negligence, undue influence, institutional liability, professional misconduct, audit.
Terminology of medical law includes a number of medical terms, which denote:
a) socially significant health measures (санитарно-эпидемиологическое мероприятия, sanitary and epidemiological activities, independent medical examination);
b) activities related to the medical services rendered to the population (разработка лекарственных средств, изготовление лекарственных средств, manufacture of therapeutics, development of medicines, production of medicines, development of therapeutics);
c) the activities of medical institutions aimed at protection of health (донорство, искусственное оплодотворение, health care, artificial insemination, transplantation);
g) persons involved in health protection activities (врач, медсестра, пациент, patient, physician, in-patient, nurse).
At the same time, this subsystem of legal terms includes terminological units of a mixed type. These units combine medical and legal terms. They denote:
a) medical law principles and legislation issues (государственные гарантии оказания медицинской помощи, государственное регулирование обращения лекарственных средств, гарантии медицинским работникам, государственные гарантии доступности лекарственных средств; abortion legislation, family health insurance, AIDS legal control, doctor-patient privilege, health insurance, defensive medicine, legal foundations of psychiatric aid, individual health insurance, health insurance plan, legal abortion, license to practice medicine, regulation of transplantation, legal regulation in medicine, legal foundations of transfusion, principles of medical law, medical duties);
b) various violations of legal rules in the health care sphere (некачественное оказание медицинской помощи, незаконное занятие народной медициной, незаконная стерилизация, неоказание медицинской помощи; failure
to treat, illegal abortion, failure to attend, illegal trafficking of medicines, illegal prescriptions, failure to monitor treatment, falsified prescription, medical neglect, prenatal tort, medical negligence, abuse of drugs, misuse of drugs);
c) rights of patients (права несовершеннолетних в области охраны здоровья, права граждан в области здравоохранения, права пациента, компенсация донору; eligibility to receive transplant, right to abstain from life-prolonging treatment, rights of HIV-positive people, right to medical aid, right to choose transplant);
d) rights and duties of medical personnel (право на занятие медицинской практикой, права работников здравоохранения, ответственность медицинского работника, responsibility in medicine, rights of medical personnel);
e) other miscellaneous notions (медицинское право, врачебная ошибка, судебно—медицинская экспертиза, medical expense, medical error, court medical expert, medical law, amnestic victim, health authorities, medical evidence, medical examiner, medical officer).
Though the composition of mixed terms differs in the two languages, general logic of mixing legal and medical terms and notions is obvious.
The mixed character of medical terminology units can be observed in their definitions representing not only medical, but also legal components of meaning, e.g.:
«doctor-patient privilege — The right to exclude from evidence in a legal proceeding any confidential communication that a patient makes to a physician for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment, unless the patient consents to the disclosure» [3].
«medical expense — In civil litigation, any one of many possible medical costs that the plaintiff has sustained because of the defendant's allegedly wrongful act, including charges for visits to physicians' offices, medical procedures, hospital bills, medicine, and recuperative therapy» [5].
«blood alcohol content — Blood alcohol content is used to determine whether a person is legally intoxicated, esp. under a driving-while-intoxicated law» [5].
Despite the fact that units of different terminological systems possess a system-forming function, the role of legal terms and terminological elements is most important in the organization of the terminological system and terminological fields of the secondary legal terminological system. Their place in the terminological system may be different, because they enter relations that are more diverse. They can be generic terms of micro-fields or are used as peripheral terms that enter into syntagmatic relations with terms of various origin and form mixed generic and specific terms. Therefore, legal terms in secondary terminological systems of law are the basic system forming units preserving the logic of law.
Список литературы / References:
1. Головин Б. Н. О типах терминосистем и основаниях их различения / Б. Н. Головин // Термин и слово. -Горький : Изд-во Горьк. ун-та, 1981. - С. 3-12.
2. Федорова М. Ю. Медицинское право: учебное пособие / М. Ю. Федорова. - М. : ВЛАДОС, 2004. - 320 с.
3. Black's Law Dictionary. 2-nd ed. / B.A. Garner ed. - St. Paul : West Group, 2001. - 796 p.
4. Khizhnyak S. P. The system of lexical units in legal terminology / S. P. Khizhnyak // Russian linguistic Bulletin. -2015. - № 4 (4). - P. 13-14. - DOI: 10.18454/RULB001
5. Medical-Legal and Health Law Dictionary [Electronic resource] // http://www.duhaime.org/ Legal Dictionary /Category/MedicalLegalDictionary.aspx. (accessed: 20.11.2017).
Список литературы на английском языке / References in English:
1. Golovin B. N. O tipah terminosistem i osnovanijah ih razlichenija [On types of terminological systems and grounds of their differentiation] / B. N. Golovin // Termin i slovo [Term and word]. - Gor'kij: Izd-vo Gor'k. un-ta, 1981. - P. 3-12 [in Russian].
2. Fiodorova M. Yu. Meditsynskoye provo [Medical law]: uchebnoje posobije / M. Yu. Fiodorova. - Moscow : VLADOS, 2004. 320 p. [in Russian].
3. Black's Law Dictionary. 2-nd ed. / B.A. Garner ed. - St. Paul : West Group, 2001. - 796 p.
4. Khizhnyak S. P. The system of lexical units in legal terminology / S. P. Khizhnyak // Russian linguistic Bulletin. -2015. - № 4 (4). - P. 13-14. - DOI: 10.18454/RULB001
5. Medical-Legal and Health Law Dictionary [Electronic resource] // http://www.duhaime.org/ Legal Dictionary /Category/MedicalLegalDictionary.aspx. (accessed: 20.11.2017).
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18454/RULB.9.03 Вьюшкина Е.Г.1, Хижняк С.П.2
1Доцент, кандидат педагогических наук, 2профессор, доктор филологических наук, Саратовская государственная
юридическая академия
Статья подготовлена при поддержке гранта РГНФ № 17-06-00315 «Предметно-коммуникативная междисциплинарная педагогическая технология обучения медиации в условиях межкультурной профессиональной
коммуникации».
ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ МЕДИАЦИИ КАК ВТОРИЧНАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПОДСИСТЕМА
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются проблемы формирования вторичной терминосистемы юридической медиации. Вторичные терминосистемы - относительно новое явление языка науки, характеризующееся формированием особых подсистем терминов, обладающих особыми лингвистическими характеристиками. В составе вторичных терминосистем можно выявить не только термины базовой науки, но и единицы, привлеченные из других терминосистем, а также термины смешанного типа. Тем не менее, характер проявления указанных трех типов единиц специфичен для каждой вторичной терминосистемы, в том числе для терминологии медиации.
Ключевые слова: вторичная терминосистема, терминология медиации, экстралингвистические факторы, лингвистические факторы, привлеченные термины, смешанные термины.
Vyushkina E.G.1, Khizhnyak S.P.2
Associate professor, PhD in Pedagogy, 2Professor, PhD in Philology, Saratov State Law Academy The article is supported by the grant of the Russian Foundation for Humanities 17-06-00315 "Content-communicative interdisciplinary pedagogic technology of teaching mediation in the situation of cross-cultural professional communication".
MEDIATION TERMINOLOGY AS A SECONDARY TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Abstract
The article deals with the problem of formation of secondary terminological system of legal mediation. Secondary terminological systems are relatively new phenomena of the language of science, characterized by the formation of special subsystems of terms that have specific linguistic characteristics. In the composition of the secondary terminological system it is possible to identify not only the terms of the underlying science, but also units drawn from other terminological systems and terms of a mixed type, however, the nature of manifestations of the three types of units is specific in each of the secondary terminological system, including the mediation terminology.
Keywords: secondary terminology, mediation terminology, extra-linguistic factors, linguistic factors, borrowed terms, mixed terms.
Почта авторов / Author Email: vyushkina@mail.ru, khizhnyaksp@inbox.ru
Introduction
In terminological studies, the problem of secondary terminologies' formation has been one of the most disputable during the last decades [see: 1], though some aspects of the problem have been considered for many years from the point of view of the process of attraction language units from one terminological system to another. In cognitive studies, this aspect of terminological character of language sign was studied in terms of cognitive metaphor and cognitive metonymy [2, 171]. Extra-linguistic background of such terminologies is determined by the fact of differentiation of the existing sciences and their terminological systems on the one hand and by the process of "borrowing" concepts and terms from one terminology into another. As a rule, terminological subsystems emerging because of such differentiation are formed within only one terminological subsystem. E.g. terminological system of biochemistry emerged as a branch of chemistry, terminology of medical law is a subsystem of legal terminology. Legal mediation terminology is also a specific subsystem of legal terminology as a whole.
Extra-linguistic factors of mediation terminology formation
At present mediation is an interdisciplinary field. It worked out not only research and working tools, theoretical assumptions and scientific approaches, but also developed its own terminology. Having gained an interdisciplinary character, it still retains close connections with such disciplines as philosophy, law, diplomacy, conflict management, psychology and political science, etc. Therefore, the extra-linguistic characteristics of mediation sphere and its terminology are very complicated, because within the secondary system of mediation terminology we may single out mediation terminology subsystems referring to separate scientific areas (philosophy, law, psychology, ethics, etc.). Each of the sciences forms its own thematic and conceptual body of knowledge on mediation. Thus, each subsystem may be studied both separately and within the scope of the big system. The subject of this article is the subsystem of mediation referring to law.
Legal theory explores mediation as a legal institution existing within the framework of current legislation. Abstracting from the specific procedures and principles developed by legal practice, theoretical legal disciplines explore mediation as one of the subjective and objective legal phenomenon that serves as collateral of law. Mediation is an
