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de logische Begründung verständlich: sie reflektiert im Schriftbild die Reihen-und Rangfolge der Gedankengänge, in denen die Substanz als selbständig Bestehendes die Spitzenstellung einnimmt gegenüber den Veränderungen, denen sie unterliegt, und den Bedingungen, unter denen sie sich ereignen. Die Großschreibung der Substantive ist als
ein Versuch konzipiert, den sprachphilosophisch begründeten Rang des Substantivs als Haupt-Wort graphemisch zu kennzeichnen. Heute ist für uns selbstverständlich, dass im Deutschen Substantive großgeschrieben werden. Aber dieser Regel ging eine lange und widerspruchsvolle Geschichte voraus.
Referencez:
1. Bach A. Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. - Heidelberg, - 1965. - 495 s
2. Back O. Zur Klein- und Großschreibung im Deutschen. - Wien, - 1979. - 101 s.
3. Bublyk W. N. Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. - Moskau, - 2004. - 266 s.
4. Garbe B. Die deutsche Rechtschreibung und ihre Reform - 1722. - 1974. - Tübingen, - 1978. - 299 s.
5. Hennig B. Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch. - Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, - 2001. - 180 s.
6. Hotzenköcherle R. Großschreibung oder Kleinschreibung? In Deutschunterricht. - Heidelberg, - 1955. - 120 s.
7. Luther M. Die ganze Heilige Schrift - Stuttgart, - 1919. - 2639 s.
8. Mentrup W. Materialen zur historischen Entwicklung der Groß- und Kleinschreibung. - Tübingen, - 1980. - 336 s.
9. Mose H. Groß- oder Kleinschreibung? - Mannheim, - 1958. - 91 s.
10. Paul H. Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte. - Tübingen, - 1995. - 234 s.
11. Risse U. Untersuchungen zum Gebrauch der Majuskel in Deutschsprachigen Bibeln des 16.Jahrhundrets. - Heidelberg, -1980. - 251 s.
12. Sonderegger S. Althochdeutsche Sprache und Literatur. Einführung in das älteste Deutsch. Darstellung und Grammatik. - Berlin, - 2003. - 388 s.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLL-17-1-51-54
Rahimov Mehdi Nizami, PhD., assistant professor, Gandja State University E-mail: [email protected]
Formal variation of phraseological units in america Areal
Abstract: The article deals with formal variation ofphraseological units in source language in American area. With all the variety of possible ways of formal variation of phraseological units of areal variation is equally inherent in all the ways that are typical for the phraseological system of English as a whole. Productive way of variation and the formation of phraseology is reducing the components of phraseological units.
Keywords: phraseology, variation, language, synonym, dialect.
Formal variation of phraseological units "is deter- word forms or word orders" [2, 62]. Along with all diver-mined in the account of wholeness of phraseological mean- sity, adaptation of formal variation of phraseological units ing" [1, 20-21]. However, V. M. Mokienko notes relative to areal variety is typical for phraseological system of Eng-stability ofphraseological meaning in diachrony, and shows lish language also. Wider variation opportunities of phra-that the problem ofvariety ofphraseological units is related seological fund ofEnglish language have been described in with their historical similarity/resemblance. Preservation A. V. Kunin's works and theoretical principles of this case of variants of phraseological units indicating their multi- have been given [2, 79] and it was noted that this problem type character is proved during their synchronic analysis. needs diachronic researches [2, 41]. In accordance with "Such resemblance shows itself in the meaning and quan- this plan, firstly, we will look through areal variants of the tity, style and syntactic functions, in general lexical invari- phraseological units ofBritish origin. Let's pay attention to ant with a slight different lexical composition, in differing the samples; To be called to the bar — to be admitted a bar-
rister. 1650. I was call'd to the barre six years ago [3, 661]. To admit to the bar—to give authority to practice law. In England, a barrister is never admitted to the bar, but is always called - Mencken [4, 14]. There appears an areal variation of the phraseological unit within the stability framework from object and logical aspect: Not to know a B from a buffalo's foot, or from a broomstick. English variant — from a bull's foot (1401), from a battledore (1609). You don't know a B from a bu ffalo's foot [4, 104] — to be completely ignorant, not to know anything.
There appears a synonym with different quantity in the areal variant of the phraseological unit of such a structure (in American variant- from M. R.): Not to know beans-to be very ignorant. He doesn't know beans [4, 171]. Let's compare: in America variant of the English language; to know beans — to know what is what, to be wide aware. — to be aware, to be in the course of happenings. In American variant of the English language in the second part of the XIX century there appears a phraseological unit "to get even — to get revenge upon an enemy or opponent; to retaliate. — to revenge". One should always "get even" in some way, else the sore place will go on hurting [4, 902]. In "A dictionary of American English (DAE)" in the XVI century British variant of this phraseological unit no reference is shown to "to be even" to its historical variant with "to be". For example, That Sir R. Plomp-ton is even for every thing to this present day of August [3, 344]. (J. Swift) "Now we are even" quoth Steven, when he gave hi s wife six blows to one [5, 710].
Violation of historical similarity variant in phraseological units is not so rare in "A dictionary of American English (DAE)". Some of these violations are explained in such a way that in American linguistics such issues in phraseology as phraseological synonymy, limitations in occasional or ordinary variants of usage ofphraseological units etc. have not been solved yet. For example: In "A dictionary ofAmerican English (DAE)" there were notes as occasional formation, American innovation in phraseology, old or out-of-use unit etc. which were indicated by the compilers of the dictionary showing peculiarities of the phraseological unit. But analyses of the dictionary shows that marking with these notes were not carried out systematically. These shortcomings are especially noticed in phraseological units with the verb [6, 2]. The XVIII century British variant of English "To whip the devil or the old gentleman round the post" — to achieve illicitly or surreptitiously what can be accomplished honorably or openly. obs. [7, 952], American areal variant formed on the basis of replacement of "post" lexeme with "stump" lexeme: whip the devil round the stump — to avoid
or overcome a difficulty by roundabout means [4, 1755].
Not only lexical, but also grammar components of phraseological units can undergo an areal variety. For example: to take a shine out of (from) US off — to deprive (a person, a thing) of his brillance orpreeminance, to outshine, surpass [3, 700]. 1834. The review of Captain Fanny's company did take the shine off these New Yorkers [4, 2096]. Historical areal diversity in phraseological units shows itself in usage of pronouns: for example: to beat about the bush (in American English around the bush) — to fail or refuse to come to the point in talking [8, 79].
This phraseological unit existed in British English and English dialects at the end of the XVII century and since the first days of its formation it allowed great changes in its component elements: Beat (formerly also go, wend, seek) about the bush. 1658. We have beaten the bush, & not come plainly to the point. 1705. I went round the bush, & round the bush before I came to the matter. 1819. He never goes about the bush for a phrase [3, 1201]. To beat the devil round the goose-berry bush. 1875. (Dictionary of Sussex Dialect) He didn't think the new curate was much of a hand in the pulpit, he did beat the devil round the gooseberry-bush so [9, 149]. Since the beginning of the XIX century in American variant ofEnglish language the pronoun "around" began to being regularly used in the structure of this phraseological unit: 1840. He & Col. Arbuckle had a great regard for each other but often disputed about Indian matters; both were prone to beat around the bush [10, 178]. The case of this type refers to the row of functional divergents because usage of the pronoun "around" is due to the impact of the dialects of the English language. Mutual influence ofAmerican variant and dialects of English language in the field of lexis and phraseology led to formation of two new synonym phraseological units with different structures; to cap the climax-to beat or surpass everything. 1804. Your correspondent caps the climax or misrepresentation [4, 416]. to beat the Dutch — to excel, to beat the band. 1775. Our cargoes of meat, drink & clothes beat the Dutch [4, 849]. In the north dialects of the English language there existed a verb "to cap-ustun olmaq" — to overtop, excel, beat (at first north dial.). Hence — to cap the climax, to cap all [3, 88], Cap v. (English Dialect Society. Northumberland Words): "This caps the stack" — is proverb, meaning something overtopping [9, 81]. The lexical and dialectic origin of the phraseological unit "to cap the climax" is so evident that the compilers of "Oxford English Dictionary of the English Language" while characterizing it as a phraseological unit of American origin do not refer it to the group ofphraseological units formed within America territory: 1836. (W. Irving) He capped
the climax of this intelligence, by informing them that, etc. [3, 88]. In spite of this, in "Dictionary of American English" it is talked about other four variants which were used earlier and one of them has already been mentioned above. Impact of English dialects showed itself in formation of the phraseological unit "to beat the Dutch" which had existed in American English. According to the information denoted in "The English Dialect Dictionary", this phraseological unit existed: to cap the Dutch — to be above all — to beat, to excel everything. (Lancashire Dialect) It caps the Dutch that I can't find a bit o' can'le... [11, 514]. As in other cases, in "Oxford English Dictionary of the English Language" dictionary although American origin is noted, but American source is not shown. Let's pay attention to the change taking place under the influence of another phraseological unit existing since the XVI century: to have a finger (obs. hand) in the pie — to have a part or share in the doing of something (often implying officious intermedding) [3, 834].
Synonym variant has been formed on the basis of this phraseological unit: to cut a pie (US) — to become involved in a particular matter; to put a finger into (another's) pie — to meddle in (someone's) business. 1843. By gosh, Aunty,... you had better not cut their pie: you will find it rather sour in the apple sauce, & though in the paste [4, 479; 1730]. To seek the origin of Americanisms and phraseological units in British variant of the English language can be difficult due to existing phraseological units having the same main word but with different semantics. Because of this, phraseological units used both in American variant and British dialects of the English language can be compared using the dictionary compiled by I. Edvards in 1881 [12]: to hang up one's fiddle — to give up, to quit [4, 1215], to hang up one's fiddle on the door-sneck — to be in bad temper; to hang up one's fiddle when one gets home; to be good company abroad but bad company at home [11, 347]. The history of this phraseological unit in American variant of the English language is explained by I. Edvards as follows: "Hang up one's fiddle — it is a proverb in American English, means to give up, to surrender.
This phrase in England is used with quite different meaning. "To hang up one's fiddle with one's hat" means a person who is pleasant one outside, but in fool position at home" [12, 266]. In this case, the semantic development leading, on one hand, to formal change of phraseological units, to be more precisely, shortening of the existing phrase, on another hand, to formation of a new phraseological homonym should be admitted.
It should be noted that the development was proposed by I. Edvards seems less likely, at least because of
the fact that phraseological units of dialect origin were used in American variant of the English language: to hang up one's fiddle when one comes home. (previous American sample): 1836. He doesn't hang his fiddle up behind the street-door when he comes home [3, 1067]. Lack of general connections with the first up to the latest meaning of the phraseological unit throughout its development is a long process and it is evident that supposition of existence of the meanings at the same time period and in the same structure form is very suspicious. Let's pay attention to the samples: No love lost between them-No friendship between [8, 649]; there is no love lost between them-1. old. They do not like each other; they dislike each other [8, 984]. So, the supposition that the phraseological unit "to hang up one's fiddle" in American variant of the English language appeared as an areal variant on the basis of the stem in the British variant which was no more used seems more believable; to hang up one's hatchet — to cease from one's labours, to take a rest [3, 116]. The next sample proves formation of independent parallel phraseological units with one component structure but with homonym semantics in different variants of the English language. Since the beginning of the XIX century, in the British variant of the English language there exists such a phraseological unit with the verb; to show a leg — to get out of bed, to make one's appearance. 1831. I say, Master, do you mean to relieve the deck to-night? Here it's almost two bells, & you have hardly shown a leg yet [3, 633]. At the same time in American variant of the English language there appears a phraseological unit practically with the same component, but with different semantics; to show leg — to run away 1837. I'll fight for you, or run for you... shake fist or show leg [4, 21]. Here it is seen that usage of phraseological homonyms can be possible either in different national variants or in different stylistic semisystems; the phraseological unit to show leg — to run, [8, 358] was not known in American variant of the English language. Let's have a look at another sample.
In modern English language there are a lot of phraseological units with the first component "Big" (in the meaning of an important person, a great figure. From M. R.). Although these phraseological units were formed in the British variant of the English language, at present time, they make components of phraseological fund of General English. But it should be noted that among such type of phraseological units the phrase "big dog" is an exclusion; 1847. At any rate, he belonged to "one of the first families in Virginia", ... and was altogether, the "Big dog" at P. [4, 202].
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLL-17-1-54-57
Reshetova Elena Georgievna, Zaporizhzhya National University, graduate student, Faculty of linguistics E-mail: [email protected]
Socio-functional characteristics of phraseological units with somatic component in the texts of technology, politics and sport
Abstract: The article deals with phraseological units with somatic components which being of a high-frequency, are divided into a number of thematic groups, which are inclined to temporal dynamics and are the material substratum of human consciousness. Phraseological units connected with the spheres of politics, sport and computer are examined according to their metaphorical meaning. The peculiarity of phraseological units of these spheres is given in the article.
Keywords: phraseology, somatism, idiom, phraseological unit, anthropomorphism, neologism, meta-forization.
The development of idiomatic terms with somatic component related to the field ofcorporeality actualizes the emergence ofnew thinking and promotes means of idiomatic expression, which are widely used as the phraseological units are the quintessence of national experience "and the archive history of the human spirit and life" [1, 56].
Everyday consciousness is manifested in the fact that the idea of the human body underlies anthropo-
morphism, contributing remove of old phraseologisms and as a result we can observe a unique case of intensive and rapid evolution of the language, in other words conceptualization of the world. Somatisms, being of a high-frequency, are divided into a number of thematic groups, which are inclined to temporal dynamics and are the material substratum of human consciousness. Bright metaphorization can be illustrated in the texts of news-
