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Dusaliev M. teacher "History" department Shahrisabz State Pedagogical Institute
FOREIGN TRADE - COMMERCE OF THE KOKAN KHANATE: THE ROLE OF THE BUKHARA KHANATE IN THE EFFECT OF IMPORT AND EXPORT GOODS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE
ECONOMY
Abstract. Relations between the khanates in Central Asia in the economic sphere are among the current topics that have gained significant importance in the field of history. In this regard, this article analyzed the economic relations between the Khanate of Kokand and the Khanate of Bukhara. Also, the impact of trade relations between the two countries on the development of the economy of the countries was also studied.
Keywords: Kokan, Bukhara, foreign trade, market, H. Bobobekov, caravanserai, artisans.
Introduction. The Khanate of Bukhara was of special importance in the development of foreign trade relations of the Kokan Khanate. The Uzbek khanates border each other, and the language, culture, religion, and history of the people living in the country are extremely similar, and this process was an important factor in mutual relations. The Khanate of Bukhara played an especially important role in the foreign trade of the Kokand Khanate. The merchants of the Khanate were engaged in trade in the markets of Bukhara and had the opportunity to conduct trade with Iran, Arab countries and Turkey in the east, Afghanistan, India and other countries in the south through the caravan routes that passed through its territory. Bukhara (sharif), one of the prestigious cities of the ancient East, was one of the major trade centers of Central Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries. In particular, during this period, the largest market in Central Asia was located in Bukhara, where merchants from Iran, Afghanistan, India, Kashkar, Russia, China, Turkey, Kokand and Khiva khanates had intensive trade relations.. According to historical sources (beginning of the 19th century), there is a wholesale (wholesale) market of trade products on Mondays, Tuesdays and Saturdays in the city of Bukhara, and also outside the city (near the mausoleum of Khoja Bahovuddin Naqshband) on Wednesdays. market operated [1:48]. It is also known that in the 60s of the 20th century, there were more than 50 caravanserais, about 30 small markets, as well as 5 large markets built of baked bricks in the city of Bukhara[2:70]. The bazaar located in the square near the registon of the city is considered to be the largest of the bazaars, and the remarkable thing is that the bazaar consisted of small
stalls named after the products sold here. In the 70s of the 19th century, the annual turnover of trade in the markets of Bukhara was 40 million. It is noted in the sources that it is equal to rubles. In the researches of Kokanologist H. Bobobekov, while emphasizing the importance of trade relations in Kokan-Bukhara relations, he provides information based on the travelogues of Russian researchers that the Kokan khanate of Bukhara merchants is the main intermediary in foreign trade relations. In particular, the Kokan merchants had the opportunity to communicate with the cities of North India through Bukhara and Samarkand, and later through the Indian colonies spread throughout Central Asia. Goods brought from India, Tibet, Kashgar, Bukhara, Afghanistan and Russia were exchanged in Khanate caravansary [3:118].
Literature analysis. The markets of the Bukhara Khanate are supplied with products made by artisans from the Kokan Khanate or from ready-made products - raw silk, silk gauze and semi-silk fabrics, kalava threads, wet and dry fruits from horticulture, iron and cast iron and steel weapons brought from Russia. given. Silk and silk fabrics were imported from Kashgar, tea, porcelain, attar goods and silk fabrics from China. In the diary of F. Nazarov, a tourist who visited the Kokan Khanate from Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, it is recorded that "... in the Kokan Khanate, artisans make various gauzes from silk and cotton and exchange them for Russian goods brought by merchants from Bukhara." The city of Margilan is the center of silk production of the khanate, where there are various handicraft factories. From the products made in them, there was a high demand for Persian pieces, velvet and various gauzes in the markets of Bukhara and Kashgar. In addition to the markets of the Begasam Khanate, the silk fabrics made by the artisans of Margilan, the silk fabrics in Namangan were delivered to Samarkand and Bukhara [4:49].
H. Bobobekov, a Kokan scholar, reveals the possibilities of the khanate in internal trade based on the analysis of the manuscript entitled "Trade Importance of the Kokan Khanate for Russians" written in 1854 by the Russian orientalist V. V. Velyaminov-Zernov. In particular, "Kokan is a completely unindustrialized country, the peoples around it are developed at the same or lower level than it. Among its neighbors, there is not a single developed country except Russia. This situation is very convenient for us. Obviously, Kokan cannot meet its basic needs with local resources. If he wants to buy goods from somewhere, he can only buy them from Russia [3:122].
Discussion. In the 60s of the 19th century, on the initiative of the merchants of Kokand Khanate, about 12,000 pounds of silk fabrics and products were sent to Bukhara Emirate on average, on 1,000 camels. "Chilla" is considered the best type of silk. One pound of it is priced at 52 gold in the markets of Kokan, and 1110 coins in the markets of Bukhara [5:31]. Researcher O. Sukhareva analyzes the fact that silk fabrics developed by Kokan artisans are popular in Central Asia. In particular, in one of the stalls in Bukhara markets, it was called "Akhsi silk Guzari" after the name of Akhsi silk brought from
Kokand Khanate [6:112]. Or, it is noted in the sources that there is a great demand for Kokan khanate kalavas in the markets of Bukhara, and the 1st grade Namangan kalava was valued at 32 gold. In Bukhara itself, this kalava was sold for 30 Bukhara gold. Information about this is mentioned in the newspaper "Turkestanskiye vedomosti" [5:31]. Also, kalavas made by Kokan craftsmen were in great demand in Bukhara markets. This can be seen from the prices assessed in the markets in the central cities. In particular, the 1st grade kalava ball is valued at 27 gold, and in the markets of Bukhara itself it is valued at 25 Bukhara gold. Among the craftsmen, the profession of dyeing fabrics in different colors is sufficiently developed, especially in Bukhara. Many fabrics were brought here from neighboring khanates for dyeing throughout the year. In his memoirs, the Russian researcher YE.K. Meiyendorf records the information that "... traders from Kogan brought white cloth to be dyed in Bykhop [7:130]".
Also, rice from agricultural products was brought to Bukhara Khanate from Koko. The price of rice in the market (one bushel) was 42-44 coins. Another valuable product is Kokan paper, whose "appetizer" type is appreciated not only in Kokan, but also in Bukhara. Another type of paper is "abreshim", which was imported in large quantities from China through Kokan. Research scientist L. Rempel mentions this in his works [8:250]. But due to the high demand for high-quality "ishtarkhani" type in Bukhara, Bukhara "pen people" mainly used this type of paper. Even the rulers mostly wrote their letters on the paper of Kokand "Ishtarkhani". In particular, the fact that 139 pages of 279 letters of Amir Haydar's library treasure were written on "ishtarkhani" paper on the basis of a letter of reference was analyzed in the works of research scientist Sh. Tilavov[9:12]. Also, the letter sent by Amir Muzaffar to the Turkish Sultan Abdulaziz (on February 7, 1868) was written by the calligrapher Mulla Wahid based on a nastaliq letter on "ishtarkhani" paper.
Above, it was mentioned about the activity of horse market from cattle on Wednesday of the week near the tomb of Khoja Bahavuddin Naqshband in Kokhan Khanate. From the same and similar livestock markets, cargo-carrying and thoroughbred horses were delivered to the markets of the Bukhara Khanate. Kokan horses are valued from 5 gold to 15 gold in Bukhara markets. Also, in the city of Gijduvan, near Bukhara, there is the largest livestock market in Central Asia, and the world-famous Turkmen horses were also brought to this market, and many of these horses were bought by Kokan merchants. There is a famous Barra caravanserai in Bukhara, where merchants from Kokan usually stopped and had the opportunity to trade there. The city of Samarkand played an important role in the development of trade relations between Bukhara and Kokand. Trade caravans from Turkey, India, Iran, Afghanistan and other regions visited the cities of the Kokand Khanate through the cities of Karshi and Samarkand. Or, trade caravans going from Kokand and Tashkent to Bukhara must have stopped in Samarkand. Usually, cocoons, raw silk, silk fabric, dried fruits and other items were brought to Samarkand from the Kokand Khanate. In
the middle of the 19th century, there was a separate cocoon market in Samarkand, and the cocoon market operated twice a week - on Wednesdays and Sundays. The cocoons brought from Kokan were in great demand among Khanate craftsmen. The trade of the cocoon was fast, 700 gold per day, and 5000 gold per month were purchased [10:33].
These trade goods were valued at 120 rubles on average, and their total value was estimated at 750,000 rubles. In addition, 100,000 sheep were driven from the Tashkent region to the Bukhara khanate for sale by livestock traders. In addition, a large amount of livestock was brought to the markets of the central cities of the Bukhara Khanate from the cities of Turkestan and Avliyoota, which belonged to the Kokan Khanate. Bukhara merchants themselves took 50100,000 rubles of livestock from Turkestan every year, and in 1862 alone, 240,000 rubles worth of livestock. According to some reports, more than 150,000 sheep were driven to the Khanate of Bukhara and Kokan through the territory of Avliyota until the 1960s [2:70]. Thus, by the beginning of the 19th century, central regions such as the capital Kokan and Tashkent became one of the important transit cities. As a result, merchants from Kokan started to take a leading position in the trade relations of the countries on the western and eastern borders, which are conducted through the territory of the Kokan Khanate. As Chinese historians have stated, "... the Kokan people were very capable of trade."
According to the information of the researcher tourist G. Spassky, raw silk and silk fabrics, Chinese porcelain, tea, silk fabrics, and silver goods were brought from Kashkar to the markets of the Bukhara Khanate. During his stay in Bukhara in 1825, he remembers in his diary that blackbuck skin was taken from Bukhara through Kokan to Kashkar, and from there raw silk, silk fabrics, yarns, Chinese porcelain, tea, rovoch, etc. were brought to the khanate.
It can also be said that the Kokand Khanate played an important role in the implementation of trade between Central Asian countries and China. If the political aspect of the process is analyzed based on the information of the work "History of Turkestan", in the 20s of the XIX century, due to the actions of the owners of the Kokand state, he wanted to lead the uprising of the people of East Turkestan against the Chinese government. This policy is led by Haqquli mingbashi ibn Irsqulibek, who wants to restore the government of Akhojas in Eastern Turkestan, that is, the government of Jahangirhoja Mahdumi Azam. Jahangirkhoja was a descendant of Mohammad Amin, the eldest son of Mahdumi Azam, and according to the treaty signed with the Chinese state of Kokand, they were obliged to keep them in the Kokand state. The Karakhojas, namely Offaqkhoja Mahdumi Azam, recognized the Chinese government and maintained their government in Eastern Turkestan [11:9].
In turn, they brought "tuktachoy" (brick tea) and "white tail" (blue tea) teas from China to the markets of Bukhara in bags made of horse skin through Yorkent and Kokan, and sold them at the price of 200,000 pounds. The reason
for such a high price is that the original taste of Chinese tea is preserved in horse skin khurjuns. In terms of quality, they differed from other teas brought by sea [12:101].
While Chinese tea was brought from plantations along the Yangtze River to Yorkent and Kashgar, and from there to Bukhara through Kokand, this process was temporarily halted in 1852 after the uprising of East Turkestan Muslims in Western China against the Chinese government. the rest Kashkar silk is also competitive, and at the time it was equal to Kokan silk in terms of quality. While the silk was transported to the markets of Bukhara through Kokan, one pood of Kashkar silk of the 1st grade was sold in the Bukhara Khanate for 20 Bukhara gold. At the same time, silver yambi from Kashkar were brought to the Khanate of Bukhara, the price of which was equal to 32 Bukhara gold [13:105].
Another Kokandologist Sh.Koldoshev emphasized in his research that the Kokand khanate has a large contribution to the foreign trade and commercial affairs of the neighboring khanates and bordering countries, including the Kokand merchants, the Bukhara and Khiva khanates. and remembers that the centers located in them had important trade relations with Khiva, Bukhara, Tashkent, Samarkand and other cities. Also, Kokand Khanate had trade relations through Kashgar, China, Khiva, Bukhara and Iran. According to Chinese documents, at the end of the 18th century, the annual income of the Kokand Khanate from general trade reached 60,000 or 70,000 gold, sometimes 130,000 to 140,000 gold. Especially in Chinese documents, trade with East Turkestan and the Chinese Empire was developed, and it is stated that "the annual trade turnover of tea reached from 100,000 to 300,000 ching" [14:89-108].
Researcher T. Khudoykulov, while showing the important aspects of handicrafts in trade relations in the Kokan Khanate, recalls that the raw materials needed for handicrafts were purchased from the territory of the Khanate, neighboring countries and abroad [15:77]. Artisans mined iron ore, lead and other such minerals from the foothills of the Aloy ridge and Karatov [16:23]. It should be mentioned that the extraction of underground resources was so simple and few that it could not satisfy the need at the level of demand. That is why most of the metals were imported from Russia. As a result, merchants from Kokan brought a lot of Russian iron and steel products to the markets of the Bukhara Khanate. Another main reason for this can be explained by the fact that the borders of the Khanate are close to the borders of Siberia. At the same time, merchants from Bukhara also took an active part in the market of Akmasjid fortress. Here, among the Kokan merchants, they traded Russian and Kazakh goods. Some sources provide information on the activities of Kokand and Bukhara merchants along with Kokand soldiers in Akmasjid. It is also noted in the sources that in the 60s of the XIX century, a caravan led by Sadiq Yodgorov, a merchant from Kokand, brought Russian goods from Semipalatinsk to the Kokand Khanate, and also actively traded with China, India and Bukhara
[17:27]. Therefore, it can be concluded that the merchants from Kogan actively participated in the foreign trade relations of the Bukhara Khanate. Kokan markets were considered very profitable. It was also convenient for Bukhara merchants, who could be found in the khan's bazaars throughout the year. In the receipt book of the treasury of the Kokan Khanate, it is noted that the most income came from trade caravans from the Bukhara Khanate.
Turkmen and Mashhad carpets, famous in the Eastern world, were also highly valued in the Kokand Khanate, and they were mainly imported through the Bukhara Khanate. Usually, the trade profession is very demanding and requires patience and courage from the trader. For example, a large caravan entered Tashkent from Bukhara once every 40 days through the Chinese customs [18:66]. Problems such as distance, time, weather, geographical environment, lack of water were a constant companion of the merchant. Researcher Z.Madrahimov said that the markets of Tashkent were overflowing with the goods of Bukhara merchants. Only in the middle of the 19th century, an average of 3,000 camels of cotton, 10,000 camels of gray, flower-printed gauze, silk and semi-silk gauzes were brought to Tashkent markets from the Khanate of Bukhara., analyzes the importation of karakul, fox fur, cloaks, blankets, Indian, Afghan, and Persian goods [2:70].
Also, Samarkand merchants brought dried fruits to Tashkent every year on 500 camels. In the markets of Tashkent, carpets are considered a rare commodity, and they are mainly bought from the Bukhara Khanate. Among the food products, table salt was also brought to Tashkent markets from Karshi via Samarkand. Table salt known as "Samarkand salt" has been around since the 18th century. The merchants of the Bukhara khanate mainly stopped at the caravanserai of Isabek and Mulla Imamboy Rais in Tashkent and traded there.
In general, trade relations between Kokand and Bukhara were significantly damaged after the capture of a certain part of the Khanate by Tsarist Russia. Even the merchants of two countries will have to pay customs duties in the territory of three countries. According to the analysis of some researchers, from the second half of the 60s of the 19th century, 7,500 camels of goods were brought from the Khanate of Bukhara to the Khanate of Kokan through Khojand. In the early days of the occupation of Khojand, 13 thousand 141 rubles were collected from the Kokand-Bukhara trade caravans in Khojand customs, and in 1866, 22 thousand 950 rubles. 81 copies, 1872 22 thousand 950 rubles, 80 copies. duty was taken [19:103]. Also, tolls were charged in these cities from merchants of Kokand-Bukhara trade caravans who used the road passing through Oratepa and Jizzakh. According to the information in the archival documents on foreign import and export of the Kokan Khanate, there was silk fabric, dried apricots and other goods in the caravan led by the merchant Dustmuhammad sent from Bukhara to Kokan via Oratepa on June 1, 1865, or on December 31, 1866. In the trade caravan led by Aminboy, there were 2 camels of tea, paint and pepper, the merchant Saidboy from Samarkand
carried 50 camels of tea, paint and Indian goods, the merchant Muhammad Rizaboy carried tea and other handicrafts in 2 carts, and the merchant Nazarmuhammed carried yarn in 1 cart in his caravan. it is noted that he has paid tax for transporting gas.
Also, in 1868, 7 thousand 309 rubles were collected from the Kokan-Bukhara caravans at the Oratepa customs house alone. 70 copies. the fact that the duty was collected is also recorded in archive documents [20:1]. The interesting thing is that despite the large amount of taxes and various artificial barriers collected from the merchants of the two countries at these customs offices, trade relations have not stopped. Kokan Khanate was considered a good transit trade route for Bukhara merchants. This can be seen from the fact that caravans of 700-800 camels go from Bukhara to Kashgar through Kokan every year. There are even reports that traders from Bukhara went as far as Tibet through this road. Or, tourist Mir Izzatulla notes in his diaries that in the beginning of the 19th century, a number of merchants took jewelry products from Bukhara through Kokan to Yorkent. According to the researcher Ch. CH. Valikhonov, famous Bukhara fabrics and black and gray black leather were brought to Kashgar through Kokan. Also, at the beginning of the 19th century, Russian goods were transported from the Bukhara Khanate to Kashgar through Kokand. The reason for this was that the Chinese government prevented Russian goods from coming to Kashkar through Gulja.
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