CC BY
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Нащональний лкотехшчний унiверситет Украши
В.В. Копшка, А.В. Шурдак, В.Н. Прокопенко // Еколопя. Людина. Суспшьство : зб. тез доп. IX М1жнар. наук.-практ. конф. студ., асп. та молодих вчен., Кив, 13-17 травня 2008. - К. : [б. и.],
15. Шалашова Н.Б. Культивирование съедобных грибов / Н.Б. Шалашова. - М. : Изд-во "Никола-Пресс", 2007. - 208 с.
Овчарук В.И. Экологическая особенность вишенки обыкновенной во время экстенсивного способа выращивания
Содержание радионуклидов определено особенностями биологии гриба, плотностью радиоактивного выпада, формами их поступления, свойствами почвы, особенностями водного режима, погодными и другими условиями роста. Для снижения содержания радионуклидов необходимо применять термическую обработку плодовых тел, что уменьшает их загрязнение в 2-20 раз, или использовать отвары из солевого раствора, которые способствуют снижению цезия-137 на 85 %.
Ключевые слова: продукт, плодовое тело, способ, тяжёлые металлы, радионуклиды, концентрация, загрязнение, среда, температурная обработка.
Ovcharuk V.I. Ecological peculiarity of oyster mushroom in conditions of extensive growing method
The content of radionuclides is determined by peculiarities of mushroom biology, density of radioactive fall-out, forms of their inflow, soil qualities, water regime peculiarities, weather and other growing conditions. To reduce the content of radionuclides, application of thermal processing of fruit bodies is necessary, which limits their pollution by 2-20 times. Another method is the use of saline decoction, which helps to lower cesium-137 by 85 %.
Keywords: product, fruit body, method, heavy metals, radionuclides, concentration, pollution, environment, thermal processing.
UDC 631.147 Prof. S. Stankowski1, dr hab.; adjunkt J. Smagacz?, dr.;
specialist M. Sobolewska1, mgr inz.; adjunkt U. Bashutska3, dr.;
aspir. M. Kazmierczak, mgr inz.
FORECROP AS AN ECOLOGICAL METHOD FOR IMPROVING GRAIN QUALITY OF WHEAT CULTIVARS
Experimental material were grain samples obtained from field experiment conducted by Institute for Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in 2010 year. The effect of 4 forecrop variants (potato, pasture, pea, rye) on grain quality of 5 winter wheat cultivars (Satyna, Akteur, Muszel-ka, Mulan, Meteor) was investigated. Higher quality of winter wheat grain was obtained after potato and pea cultivation. There was no interaction between forecrop variants and cultivars. Akteur cultivar had the better grain quality than the other cultivars.
Keywords: forecrop, cultivars, winter wheat, grain quality.
Introduction. Wheat is the main cereal cultivated in Poland. For consumption is used about 45-50 percent of grain, The other part - low quality - is used as feeding stuff. Production of grain with good milling and baking quality depends on cultivar, weather conditions and agronomical factors (Derylo 1994, Suwara, Gawronska-Kulesza 1994, Koszanski at all. 1995, Smith, Gooding 1999, Waclawowicz at all 2005). Among agronomical factors the most significant effect on grain quality was noticed for nitrogen fertilization. Application of high doses increase protein and gluten content (Guarda at all.
1 West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland;
2 Instytut of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation- State Research Instytut, Pulawy, Poland;
3 National Forestry University, Lviv, Ukraine
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HayKOBMM KknnK II..I I y yKpai'HM. - 2013. - Ban. 23.18
2003). Other agronomical factors have lower influence on quality traits (Smagacz 1997, Weber at all. 2005). Important reason for decreasing technological value could be fungi infection of roots and stem, as effect of cultivation wheat by wheat or by other cereals (Rozbicki 1999). The influence of those factors could be modified by weather conditions during plant vegetation, specially by rainfalls at the ripening of grain. In the literature there are no a lot papers considering the effect of forecrops on baking quality of grain. Some of them indicated for possibility of improving quality.
The subject of his work was estimation if the effect of forecrops on grain quality is significant and the reaction of some investigated cultivars of winter wheat for this factor is similar or different.
Material and methods. Experimental material were grain samples obtained from field experiment conducted by Institute for Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in 2010 year. The effect of 4 forecrop variants (potato, pasture, pea, rye) on grain quality of 5 winter wheat cultivars (Satyna, Akteur, Muszelka, Mulan, Meteor) was investigated. Characteristcs of cultivars: Satyna - fodder cultivar from C class of quality, high tolerance for lodging, frost resistant, low baking quality, Akteur - quality cultivar (E/A class), high protein content, sedimentation Zeleny test and falling number, the best from cultivars used in the experiment, Muszelka - wheat with good baking quality (A/B class), high content of protein and gluten, Mulan - bread quality cultivar (B), tolerant to environmental conditions, high falling number values, intensive, Meteor - also bread quality (B) cultivar, high falling number values.
The following characteristics were estimated using methods: weight of 1000 grains, test weight, nitrogen content using Kjeldahl method - protein content was calculated by multiply N x 5,7, sedimentation Zeleny test - made on 3,2 g of flour suspended in lactic acid solution, gluten content - using Glutomatic System and farinograph measures using mixer for 50 g of flour at consistency of 500 FU. The following traits were estimated: water absorption (%), dough development (min), dough stability (min) and dough weakening (FU)
The analyses were made in 2 replications and statistically worked out using analyses of variance in complete randomized design. The LSD value were calculated by Tukey's test at p=0.05. Variability of results was calculated by dividing the difference for maximum and minimum result in each factor by mean value and multiple by 100 %.
Results and disscusion. Forecrop variants (Tab. 1) had significant but not very strong effect on physical properties of grain (weight of 1000 grains and test weight). The highest weight of 1000 grain weight of wheat was obtained after potato cultivation. It was about 2 grams higher than after pasture and pea used as forecrop. The lowest value was noticed after cereal forecrop - rye. The differences between test weight values obtained by potato and rye (maximum and minimum values) were significant but the practical importance was really small. The highest value was obtained for variant of forecrop with potato and lowest for variant with rye. Also Gontarz (2006) indicate, that physical parameters of grain are not strong affected by forecrops. In general agronomical factors, including nitrogen fertilization, has not very strong influence on physical parameters of grain (Smith, Gooding 1999). Bigger differences in weight of 1000 grains and grain diameter could be caused by weather condition (temperature and amount of rainfall) during vegetation, especially during the end of vegetation period.
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Tab. 1. Effect of forecrop on quality traits of winter wheat
Trait Forecrop LSD
potato pasture pea rye
Weight of 1000 grains (g) 42,1 40,6 40,4 39,5 0,61
Test weight (kg hl-1) 75,4 74,3 74,8 73,0 1,10
Protein content (%) 15,2 14,3 15,3 15,5 0,78
Zeleny test (cm3) 24,1 22,3 32,2 30,2 1,07
Gluten content (%) 29,6 26,7 31,7 27,9 1,09
Water absorption (%) 55,2 54,6 55,0 54,5 ns
Dough development (min) 2,42 2,48 2,49 2,19 ns
Dough stability (min) 3,73 2,82 3,90 2,59 0,93
Dough weakening (FU) 90,7 108,4 82,3 106,3 13,0
Positive influence on protein content was noticed after potato, pea and rye forecrop compared to pasture forecrop. The difference was about one percent. The Zeleny test values for investigated variants was highest for wheat grain, when it was cultivated after pea. The next was variant with rye and for remaining variants (potato and pasture) value of this trait were much lower. Klimkova and Lechocka (2009) obtained different protein content as effected by forecrops. Piekarczyk (2010) report, that blue lupine, spring rape and barley do not change quality traits of wheat grain. He also indicate that effect of different forecrop could be connected with soil quality and the level of nitrogen fertilization. When soil quality is very low, influence of this factors could be much stronger. In the opinion of Wozniak and Gontarz (2005) effect of agronomical factors could be much lower than other environmental factors. Water absorption and dough development was not affected by different forecrop variants. Higher dough stability and lower dough weakening was obtained after potato and pea as a forecrop plant.
In this experiment there was no interaction between cultivars and forecrops variants. That means, that differences in grain quality of 5 compared wheat cultivars was similar at different forecrop.
Characteristic of quality traits of cultivars used in the investigation are presented in Table 2. Weight of 1000 grains was not very high. The mean value was at the level of 40 g. Cultivars Satyna, Muszelka and Mulan had higher grains weight than Meteor. The difference was significant but it ranged from 41,9 g to 38,3 g. Test weight of grains was about 75 kg hl-1. Difference in this trait was really small, because it amounted 3,0 kg hl-1. Such a small difference has no practical effect on grain quality. Protein content was high - about 15 %. There was no significant differences between cultivars, but we can see the tendency for higher protein content in grain of Satyna than for Mulan cultivar. Protein content is generally strong correlated with gluten content. Result of this experiment indicated for such regularity, but not in all cases. Satyna has the highest protein content and the highest gluten content. The same we can observe for Akteur cultivar, but Meteor with protein content at almost the same level has the lowest gluten content. High content of total protein and gluten content not always is a good indicator of baking quality of grain. Zeleny test values, which could be treated as indicator of baking quality of grain are on the highest level for Akteur (35.2) and Muszelka (30.9). For the other cultivars - Satyna, Mulan and Meteor was on relatively lower level. It ranged from 23.4 to 24.1 percent. That indicated cultivars qualified as quality cultivars to be better than cultivars from other groups.
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HayKOBMM KknnK II..I I y yKpaïHM. - 2013. - Ban. 23.18
Effect of forecrop was different for investigated farinograph properties. The lowest influence was observed for water absorption. Also dough development values were similar for compared variants. Dough stability values was higher after pea and potato forecrop. Similar results were obtained for dough weakening.
Difference between faringraph properties between cultivars was generally larger. The best quality was noticed for Akteur culivar. It was expressed by very high dough stability and low dough weakening.
Tab. 2. Grain quality traits of winter wheat cultivars
Trait Cultivar LSD
Satyna Akteur Muszelka Mulan Meteor
Weight of 1000 grains (g) 41,9 40,5 41,1 41,4 38,3 0,74
Test weight (kg hl-1) 74,9 76,4 73,4 74,6 73,5 1,23
Protein content (%) 15,8 15,2 14,9 14,3 15,0 r.n
Zeleny test (cm3) 23,4 35,2 30,9 22,7 24,1 1,28
Gluten content (%) 33,5 30,5 28,5 27,4 24,6 1,28
Water absorption (%) 57,6 53,4 53,8 56,8 53,8 1,18
Dough development (min) 2,54 2,45 2,38 2,58 2,04 r.n
Dough stability (min) 1,99 5,04 3,40 3,52 2,35 1,15
Dough weakening (FU) 140 67 86 77 113 15.7
Satyna, the pastry cultivar, has high protein and gluten content, but the dough stability and dough weakening was much worse than for other cultivars.
Properties of cultivars are developed in long time breeding processes to obtain proper characteristics (Guarda at all 2004). The reaction of cultivars for agronomical factors could be different. In some experiments were noticed interaction between cultivars and some factors nitrogen fertilization, sowing date or soil cultivation.
The lowest variability of results (Tab. 3) was observed for physical properties of grain (weight of 1000 grains and test weight). It amounted for forecrop variants 6.4 an 3.2 %. Cultivars variability was a little bigger - 8.9 and 4.0 %. The highest changes was noticed for dough stability and Zeleny test. It acceded for dough stability even 90 % and for Zeleny test - almost 50 %. Variability between cultivars was generally higher than for forecrop variants.
Tab. 3. Variability of quality traits as affected by _ forecrops and cultivars
Trait Variability (%) Mean
Forecrop Cultivar
Weight of 1000 grains (g) 6.4 8.9 40.6
Test weight (kg hl-1) 3.2 4.0 74.5
Protein content (%) 8.0 10.0 15.0
Zeleny test (cm3) 29.7 43.0 27.3
Gluten content (%) 17.3 30.1 28.9
Water absorption (%) 1.2 7.6 55.1
Dough development (min) 12.5 22.5 2.40
Dough stability (min) 34.9 93.5 3.26
Dough weakening (FU) 27.0 29.6 96.6
Conclusions:
1. Higher quality of winter wheat grain was obtained after potato and pea cultivation.
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Нащональний лкотехшчний унiверситет УкраХни
2. There was no interaction between forecrop variants and cultivars, it means that effect of forecrops examined in this experiment changed baking quality of cultivars in the same degree.
3. Akteur cultivar had the better baking grain quality than the other cultivars. The lowest baking quality was noticed for Satyna cultivar.
References
1. Derylo S. 1994. Wplyw mi^dzyplonów scierniskowych na ksztaltowanie si^ struktury i jakosci plonu pszenicy ozimej i j^czmienia jarego w róznych plodozmianach. Zesz. Nauk. ATR Bydgoszcz, Rolnictwo, 35, 187. - S. 103-111.
2. Guarda G., Padovano S., Delogu G. 2004. Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. Europ. J. Agronomy. -Vol. 21. - S. 181-192.
3. Klimkova M., Lechocka Z. 2009. Comparison of yields and quantitive characters of spring barley grown after three preceding crops in an organic farming systems in the years 2003-2008. Agronomy Research, 7 (special issue I). - S. 335-340.
4. Koszanski Z., Kaczmarczyk S., Podsiadlo C., Sciezko D. 1995. Wplyw deszczowania i nawozenia azotem na pszenicy i zyto ozime uprawiane na glebie kompleksu zytniego dobrego. Cz. II. Sklad chemiczny plonu. Zesz. Nauk. AR Szczecin, Rolnictwo, 59, 165. - S. 43-49.
5. Piekarczyk M. 2010. Effect of forecrops and nitrogen fertilisation on the yield and and grain technological quality of winter wheat grown on light soil. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura. - Vol. 9(2). - S. 25-33.
6. Rozbicki J. 1999. Jakosc ziarna na potrzeby przemyslu przetwórczego. Mat. konf. nt. "Srodowiskowe i agrotechniczne uwarunkowania jakosci plodów rolnych" Fundacja "Rozwój SGGW", Warszawa : Wyd-wo 13-27.
7. Smagacz J. 1997. Porównanie wydajnosci zbóz jarych po róznych przedplonach. Fragm. Agron. 3(34). - S. 35-39.
8. Smith G.P., Gooding M.J. 1999. Models of wheat grain quality considering climate, cultivar and nitrogen effects. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. - Vol. 94. - S. 159-170.
9. Suwara I., Gawronska-Kulesza A. 1994. Wplyw przedplonów i nawozenia azotem na plony pszenicy ozimej. Zesz. Nauk. ATR Bydgoszcz, Rolnictwo, 35, 187. - S. 113-119.
10. Waclawowicz R., Parylak D., Sniady R. 2005. Nast^pczy wplyw nawozenia organicznego oraz mineralnego azotowego na plonowanie oraz wybrane cechy jakosciowe ziarna pszenicy jarej. Pam. Pul. 139. - S. 277-288.
11. Weber R., Hrynczuk B., Kita W. 2005. Wplyw przedplonu i sposobu uprawy roli na porazenie kilku odmian pszenicy ozimej przez grzyby wywohjce choroby podstawy zdzbla. Pam. Pul. 139. - S. 299-310.
12. Wozniak A. 2006. Wplyw przedplonów na plon i jakosc ziarna pszenicy ozimej. Acta Sci. Agricultura 5 (2). - S. 99-106.
13. Wozniak A., Gontarz D. 2005. Wplyw zróznicowanego udzialu pszenicy ozimej w zmianowaniu i poziomu agrotechniki na cechy jakosciowe ziarna pszenicy jarej. Biul. IHAR, 327/328. -S. 3-11.
Станковст С., Смагач Я., Соболевска М, Башуцька У.Б., Кажмерчак М. Попередня культура як еколопчний метод пщвищення якост1 зерна культур пшенищ
MaTepÍMOM для дослщжень були зразки зерна Í3 польового експерименту, що про-водився 1нститутом грунтознавства i рослинництва у Пулавах у 2010 р. Дослщжено вплив 4 варiантiв попереднiх культур (картоплi, кормових трав, гороху, жита) на яюсть зерна 5 видiв озимо! пшеницi (Satyna, Akteur, Muszelka, Mulan, Meteor). Вищу яюсть зерна отримано шсля вирощування картоплi й гороху. Не встановлено взаемодп мiж варiан-тами попереднiх культур i вирощуваними видами пшенищ. Вид Akteur мав кращу яюсть зерна, нiж iншi види.
Ключовi слова: попередня культура, культура, озима пшенищ, яюсть зерна
Станковски С., Смагач Я., Соболевска М., Башуцкая У.Б., Кажмерчак М. Предварительная культура как экологический метод повышения качества зерна культур пшеницы
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Науковий вкпик НДТУ Украши. - 2013. - Вип. 23.18
Материалом исследований были образцы зерна из полевого эксперимента, который проводился Институтом почвоведения и растениеводства в Пулавах в 2010 г. Исследовано влияние 4 вариантов предварительных культур (картофеля, кормовых трав, гороха, ржи) на качество зерна 5 видов озимой пшеницы (Satyna, Akteur, Muszelka, Mulan, Meteor). Высшее качество зерен получено после выращивания картофеля и гороха. Не установлено взаимодействия между вариантами предварительных культур и выращиваемыми видами пшеницы. У вида Akteur качество зерен было лучше, чем у других видов.
Ключевые слова: предварительная культура, культура, озимая пшеница, качество зерна.
УДК 5(069):504.054 Доц. Л.М. Ковалiв, канд. бюл. наук -
Львiвський НУ ветеринарног медицини та бютехнологт т. С.3.1жицького
ЕКОЛОГ1ЧН1 ПРОБЛЕМИ ТЕПЛОВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОСТАНЦ1Й
Наведено еколопчш проблеми та ризики теплово! енергетики. Показано техноген-ний стан, р1вень забруднення пов^я i грунту та шляхи утилiзащl вiдходiв. На бшьшост ТЕС очищения димових газiв здшснюють в електрофшьтрах з проектним показником ефективност очищення 98 %. Однак через фiзичну i моральну застарiлiсть електро-фшьтр1в, низьку якiсть ремонтiв, фактична ефектившсть роботи електрофiльтрiв стано-вить 60-70 %. Величин викидiв зовсiм не вщповщають европейським нормам. Оксиди азоту та ирки викидаються взагалi без очищення.
Виробництво теплово! енерги пов'язане з економiчною доцiльнiстю, не враховуючи екологiчного стану довкiлля i здоров'я людей.
Окреслено окремi шляхи зниження забруднення иовiтря i довкiлля.
Ключевi слова: мазут, нафта, оксид вуглецю, дюксид азоту, ирчистий ангiдрид, тепловi електростанци, парниковий ефект, кислотнi опади.
Постановка проблеми. Теплова енергетика займае чiльне мiсце в енерге-тичному балансi свiту. Тепловi електростанцií (ТЕС) працюють на природному ор-гашчному паливi - газоподабному, рiдкому i твердому паливi, в якосп якого вико-ристовують порiвняно дешевi вуплля (40 %), яке мiстить близько 5-15 % срки, нафту (27 %), газ (21 %) та мазут [11,14,15].
1х спалювання призводить до утворення продуктав згорання: летючо1 золи, часток пилоподiбного палива, срчистого i сiрчаного ангiдриду, оксидав азоту i га-зоподабних продуктав неповного згоряння, сполук ванадда, солей натрда, миш'яку, вiльного дюксиду кремнда, вшьного оксиду кальщю, сажi тощо. У разi нестачi якiсного палива ТЕС використовують неяшсне, яке у процес згоряння бiльшою мiрою забруднюе атмосферу з димом, створюючи парниковий ефект i грунт шляхом випадання кислотних опадав [1, 8].
ТЕС викидують в атмосферу, в основному, техногенний вуглець (~32 %), двоокис сiрки (~50 %), окис азоту (~35 %) i пил (~35 %). Одночасно вiдбуваеться зменшення частки кисню в атмосферi, який витрачаеться для спалювання палива [12]. Використання застарших фiльтрiв призводить до викид1в ТЕС в атмосферу щорiчно понад 250 млн т дабнодиспесних аерозолiв, зокрема бензопирену, окисiв кремнiю i алюмшда. 3 íх даею пов'язане збiльшення респiраторних та онколопч-них захворювань [7].
Серйозну проблему поблизу ТЕС створюе наявшсть золи i шлакв, рiзних класiв небезпеки [2, 4-6; 9-11]. Для розмщення потребуються великi територií, що е джерелами нагромадження важких металiв i шдвищено! радiактивностi. Крiм
2. Екологiя довкшля
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