Научная статья на тему 'First records of freshwater testate amoebae in Turkey'

First records of freshwater testate amoebae in Turkey Текст научной статьи по специальности «Биологические науки»

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Ключевые слова
ПРЕСНОВОДНЫЕ РАКОВИННЫЕ АМЕБЫ / НОВЫЕ ЗАПИСИ / РЕКА ТИГР / FRESHWATER TESTATE AMOEBAE / NEW RECORDS / TIGRIS RIVER

Аннотация научной статьи по биологическим наукам, автор научной работы — Varol Memet, Mazei Yuri Alexandrovich, Bekleyen Aysel

The freshwater fauna of testate amoebae of Turkey are practically unknown. In this study, we report the first records of freshwater testate amoebae in Turkey. Three species of the testate amoebae were found in the Tigris River.

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Текст научной работы на тему «First records of freshwater testate amoebae in Turkey»

№ 2 (10), 2015

Естественные науки. Биология

УДК 592

M. Varol, Yu. A. Mazei, A. Bekleyen

FIRST RECORDS OF FRESHWATER TESTATE AMOEBAE IN TURKEY

Abstract.

The freshwater fauna of testate amoebae of Turkey are practically unknown.

In this study, we report the first records of freshwater testate amoebae in Turkey. Three species of the testate amoebae were found in the Tigris River.

Key words: Freshwater testate amoebae, new records, Tigris River.

M. Varol, Yu. A. Mazei, A. Bekleyen

FIRST RECORDS OF FRESHWATER TESTATE AMOEBAE IN TURKEY

Аннотация.

Фауна пресноводных амеб в Турции практически не изучена. В данной работе приводятся первые записи о пресноводных раковинных амебах в Турции. Три вида раковинных амеб были найдены в реке Тигр.

Ключевые слова: пресноводные раковинные амебы, новые записи, река Тигр.

1. Introduction

Testate amoebae are a group of free-living heterotrophic protists thathave an organicshellor test (Bobrov et al., 2012). The shells can be covered by secreted siliceous or calcarous plates (autogenous test) or by agglutinated external particles such as mineral grains and diatom frustules glued with mucopolysaccharides (xe-nogenous test) (Wanner, 1999; Pattersonand Kumar, 2000; Kihlman, 2012). These unicellular organisms are found in various aquatic and terrestrial habitats (Bobrov, 2014). They play an important role in material cycling and energy flux in microbial food webs (Qin et al., 2011), and mainly feed on bacteria, microscopic algae and fungi, but some forms are thought toprey on otherprotozoa (Kihlman, 2012; Jassey et al., 2012).

They form a functional grouping of organisms with broadly similar ecologies, being an important component of aquatic ecosystems and playing a significant biogeochemical and ecological role in both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems (Mitchell et al., 2008; Ju et al., 2014). Testate amoebae have recently been increasingly used as biotic proxies of environmental change because of their rapid population growth rates, high abundance and diversity, well preserved tests and most importantly environmental sensitivity (Roe et al., 2009; Ju et al., 2014). Testate amoebae have been shown to be good indicators of eutrophication, acidification, urban, industrial and mine-derived pollution, and other characteristics of water chemistry (Escobar et al., 2008; Qin et al., 2009, 2011; Roe et al., 2010).

Until now, more than 1900 testate amoebae species or subspecies have been reported in published studies, from different regions of the world (Qin et al., 2011). The fauna of testate amoebae of Turkey remains poorly known. Until now, only two articles have been published, one onthe testate amoebae population in soils of the Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Bobrov, 2014), the other on the testate amoe-

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bae fauna of a peatland in Surmene Aga?ba§i Yaylasi (Payne et al., 2008). In this study, we report the first records of freshwater testate amoebae of Turkey.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Study area

The Tigris River is animportant freshwater source for Turkey. The river, originating in the Eastern Anatolia of Turkey, follows a southeastern route to Cizre. From there it forms the border between Turkey and Syria for 32 km before entering Iraq.The total length of the river is approximately 1900 km of which 523 km is within Turkey.

Maximum river discharges occur from February through April, while minimum discharges occur from August through October. Most of the Tigris River basin has a subtropical Mediterranean climate. The summer is hot and dry, but the winter is wet. Annual total precipitation in the basin is 294.1-611.1 mm, of which about 82 % falls from October to April. The annual mean air temperature is 14.621.8 °C with the highest and the lowest temperature of 35.9 °C and 0 °C, respectively (Varol, 2011).

2.2. Sampling and identification

Material for this study came from one research project. It was a survey of the plankton and water quality of the Tigris River in Turkey. The samples were collected from seven sites at monthly intervals between February 2008 and January 2009 (fig. 1).The samples were examined by using an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP71 digital camera. Inaddition, micrographs of some-species of testate amoebae were also taken by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) LEO906E. Identifications of species of testate amoebae were carried out according to Ogden and Hedley (1980), and Mazei and Tsyganov (2006).

Fig. 1. Map the showing the sampling sites in the Tigris River

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3. Result and Discussion

Three species of the freshwater testate amoebae were identified for the first time in Turkey. General information on themorphology and taxonomy of species and genera of testate amoebae presented in this paperare given below.

Taxonomy of testate amoebae (Macumber et al., 2014; Patterson, 2014).

Phylum: Amoebozoa Luhe, 1913

Class: Lobosia Carpenter, 1861

Order: Arcellinida Kent, 1880

Superfamily: Arcellacea Ehrenberg, 1830

Family: Arcellidae Ehrenberg, 1843 Genus: Arcella Ehrenberg, 1832 Species: Arcella sp.

Family: Centropyxidae Jung, 1942 Genus: Centropyxis Stein, 1859 Species: Centropyxis aculeata Ehrenberg, 1832 Species: Centropyxis ecornis Ehrenberg, 1841

Genera and species of testate amoebae are mostly distinguished using differences in test shape and dimensions. Tests show great diversity and variations include: shape and composition of tests; nature and shape of xenosomes and idio-somes; presence or absence of spines; number of spines and morphological features associated with the apertures, such as lobes, diaphragms, collars and teeth (Qin et al., 2011; Meisterfeld, 2002). Test sizes of different species can vary between 10 and 400 pm or sometimes even greater (Bobrov and Mazei, 2004).

Genus: Arcella Ehrenberg, 1832

Arcella is one of the largest testacean genera. Arcella species have more or less umbrella-shaped testthat has a single central invaginated aperture through which the pseudopods extend out. In lateral viewthe test changes from flattened to spherical. In dorsal view the shape of the shellsare circular, broad elliptical or rarely irregular square (fig. 2). Most species have hemispherical shells. The aperture is normally circular and in some species elliptical, in many species surrounded bya ring of small pores (Neville, 2014).

Fig. 2. Schematic outline of test of a Arcella species, showing position of measured axis. a. Lateral view, b. Apertural view. Abbreviations: th, test height; td, test diameter; ad, aperture diameter (From Lahr and Lopes, 2009)

The test is completely composed of organicmaterial. In young Arcella species, the testis colourless (transparent), but brown swhileaging due to the progressive deposition of iron and manganese compounds. In the building process organic

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granulesare arranged in a single layer and cemented together, resulting in an areolar surface. Contrary to other genera, nosandgrains or other foreign bodiesare incorporated during test construction (Neville, 2014).

Most of Arcella species are cosmopolitan, inhabitingmainly freshwater pools, eutrophic waters, mosses and marshes. They are rarelyfound in soil. They feed on diatoms, unicellular green algae or protozoa such as flagellates and ciliates.

Species: Arcella sp. (fig. 3a)

Fig. 3. Arcella sp. (a), Centropyxis aculeata (b-e) and Centropyxis ecornis (f)

Description: Shell yellow-brownandcircular in dorsal view; aperture invagi-nated and circular. Diameter of shell 96-111 pm; diameter of aperture 28-32 pm.

Occurrence: Collected at sites 4 (Bismil) and 5 (Batman) of the Tigris River.

Genus: Centropyxis Stein, 1859

Centropyxis species have a discoid, flattened test, somewhat cap-shaped. Its dorsal surface is rounded, the ventral side is flat to concave. Aperture ventral, may be circular to uneven, but displaced towards one end. The test may be flattened at the apertural end. Some fine spines may be present at one end only or all around the periphery (fig. 4). Within a population, the number of spines can vary from zero to thirteen. The shell surface is smooth, dorsally with many quartz grains and a little cement, ventrally polished-looking due to more cement and much smaller grains in the test.

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Fig. 4. Schematic outline of test of a Centropyxis species, show ingposition of measured axis and polarity. a. Apertural view, b. Lateral view. Abbreviations: tl, test length; tb, test breadth; th, test height; ad, aperture diameter; sl, spine length (From Lahr et al., 2008)

There are two different shell forms. The first form is bilaterally symmetrical, rounded, flattened more at the front than at the rear. The ventral face is flat. There are often spines at both sides and at the rear. The aperture is ventral, anterior, roundish, dorsal and has ventral lips, recurved and invaginated where the ventral margin of the aperture is often connected to the dorsal face of the test by some bridges. The shell may be organic or made of mineral particles or diatom frustules. Form, size and number of spines are variable. Species of this group prefer freshwater habitats. In the second form, the shellis circular or is elongated in ventral view. The oral region is slightly flattened in lateral view, the aperture is subterminal, only the ventral lip incurved, no bridges from the ventral to dorsal face. Although some species prefer freshwater habitats and sphagnum, most speciesof this groupinhabit drier mosses and humus.

Species: Centropyxis aculeata Ehrenberg, 1832 (fig. 3b-e; 5a, b)

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Centropyxis aculeate (a, b) observed in thisstudy

Description: Shell 102-158 pm in diameter, cap-shaped, circularor ovoid and usually with about four or more lateral spines; in lateral view spherical and tapering towards the aperture; shell surface rough, often covered with sand grainsex-cept for a smooth region around the aperture; aperture invaginated, circular to oval and sub-terminal.

Occurrence: Collected at sites 1 (Maden), 4 (Bismil), 5 (Batman) and 7 (Cizre) of the Tigris River.

Species: Centropyxis ecornis Ehrenberg, 1841 (fig. 3f)

Description: Shell 125-175 pm in diameter, usually circular to ovoid. The aboral region in lateral view is spherical and tapers from the mid-body position to

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the apertural lip. Aperture invaginated, oval or circular, not very much eccentric, sub-terminal with a thick apertural rim. The shell surface is rough, covered with quartz sand grains. The apertural surface usually has a covering of organic cement overlying the irregular mineral particles.

Occurrence: Collected at site 4 (Bismil) of the Tigris River.

In this paper, three species of testate amoebae were reported for the first time in freshwater testate amoebae fauna of Turkey. Information about testate amoebae fauna in Turkey is scarce. Taxonomic, faunistic and ecological studies on testate amoebae are required to establish freshwater testate amoebae fauna in Turkey. This study is considered an important contribution toward determining freshwater testate amoebae fauna of Turkey.

References

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8. Lahr, D. J. G. Evaluating the Taxonomic Identity in Four Species of the Lobose Testate Amoebae Genus Arcella Ehrenberg, 1832 / D. J. G. Lahr, S. G. B. C. Lopes // Acta Protozool. - 2009. - № 48. - P. 127-142.

9. Lahr, D. J. G. Taxonomic Identity in Microbial Eukaryotes: A Practical Approach Using the Testate Amoeba Centropyxis to Resolve Conflicts Between Old and New Taxonomic Descriptions / D. J. G. Lahr, P. J. Bergmann, S. G. B. C. Lopes // J Eukaryot Microbiol. - 2008. - № 55. - P. 409-416.

10. Macumber, A. L. Autecological approach estoresolve subjective taxonomic divisions within Arcellacea / A. L. Macumber, R. T. Patterson, H. M. Roe, E. G. Reinhardt, L. A. Neville, G. T. Swindles // Protist. - 2014. - № 165. - P. 305-316.

11. Mazei, Yu. A. Fresh water testate amoebae / Yu. A. Mazei, A. N. Tsyganov. - M. : KMK, 2006.

12. Meisterfeld, R. Order Arcellinida Kent, 1880 / R. Meisterfeld // An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa / ed.: J. J. Lee, G. F. Leedale, P. Bradbury. - Lawrence, Kansas, USA : AllenPress, 2002. - P. 827-1084.

13. Mitchell, E. A. D. Testate amoebae analysis in ecological and paleoecological studies of wetlands: past, present and future / E. A. D. Mitchell, D. J. Charman, B. G. Warner // Biodiver Conserv. - 2008. - № 17. - P. 2115-2137.

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14. Neville, L. A. High resolution paleolimnology of lakes in the Athabasca oil sands mining region, Alberta, Canada / L. A. Neville. - Ottawa ; Ontario, 2014.

15. Ogden, C. G. An atlas of freshwater testate amoebae / C. G. Ogden, R. H. Hedley. -Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press, 1980.

16. Patterson, R. T. Mediolus, a newgenus of Arcellacea (Testate Lobose Amoebae) /

R. T. Patterson // Palaeontol Electron. - 2014. - № 17. - 28A.

17. Patterson, R. T. A review of current testaterhizopod (the camoebian) research in Canada / R. T. Patterson, A. Kumar // Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. - 2002. -№ 180. - P. 225-251.

18. Payne, R. J. Testate amoebae as paleohydrological proxies in Surmene Agagba§i Yaylasi Peatland (Northeast Turkey) / R. J. Payne, D. J. Charman, S. Matthews, W. J. Eastwood // Wetlands. - 2008. - № 28. - P. 311-323.

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19. Roe, H. M. Controls on the contemporary distribution of lake the camoebians (testate amoebae) within the Greater Toronto Area and their potential as water quality indicators / H. M. Roe, R. T. Patterson, G. T. Swindles // J Paleolimnol. - 2010. -№ 43. - P. 955-975.

20. Qin, Y. Diversity, distribution and biogeography of testate amoebae in China: Implications for ecological studies in Asia / Y. Qin, S. Xie, H. G. Smith, G. T. Swindles, Y. Gu // Eur J Protistol. - 2011. - № 47. - P. 1-9.

21. Qin, Y. Testate amoebae as indicators of 20th century environmental change in Lake Zhangdu, China / Y. Qin, R. K. Booth, Y. Gu, Y. Wang, S. Xie // Fundam Appl Limnol. -2009. - № 175. - P. 29-38.

22. Roe, H. M. Controls on the contemporary distribution of lake the camoebians (testate amoebae) within the Greater Toronto Area and their potential as water quality indicators / H. M. Roe, R. T. Patterson, G. T Swindles // J Paleolimnol. - 2009. -№ 43. - P. 955-975.

23. Varol, M. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indicesand multivariatestatistical techniques / M. Varol // J Hazard Mater. - 2011. - № 195. - P. 355-364.

24. Wanner, M. A review on the variability of testate amoebae: methodological approaches, environmental influences and taxonomical implications / M. Wanner // Acta Protozool. - 1999. - № 38. - P. 15-29.

References

1. Bobrov A. 9th International Soil Science Congress on The Soul of Soiland Civilization (Antalya, Turkey, 14-16 October 2014). 2014, p. 9.

2. Bobrov A., Mazei Yu., Chernyshov V., Gong Y., Feng W. Front Earth Sci. 2012, no. 6,

pp. 1-9.

3. Bobrov A., Mazei Yu. Acta Protozool. 2004, no. 43, pp. 133-146.

4. Escobar J., Brenner M., Whitmore T. J., Kenney W. F., Curtis J. H. J Paleolimnol. 2008, no. 40, pp. 715-731.

5. Jassey V. E. J., Shimano S., Dupuy C., Toussaint M. L., Gilbert D. Protist. 2012, no. 163, pp. 451-464.

6. Ju L., Yang J., Liu L., Wilkinson D. M. MicrobEcol. 2014, no. 68, pp. 657-670.

7. Kihlman S. Testate amoebae (thecamoebians) as indicators of aquatic mine impact. Espoo, Finland: Geological Survey of Finland. Espoo, 2012.

8. Lahr D. J. G., Lopes S. G. B. C. Acta Protozool. 2009, no. 48, pp. 127-142.

9. Lahr D. J. G., Bergmann P. J., Lopes S. G. B. C. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2008, no. 55, pp. 409-416.

10. Macumber A. L., Patterson R. T., Roe H. M., Reinhardt E. G., Neville L. A., Swindles G. T. Protist. 2014, no. 165, pp. 305-316.

11. Mazei Yu. A., Tsyganov A. N. Fresh water testate amoebae. Moscow: KMK, 2006.

12. Meisterfeld R. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Allen-Press, 2002, pp. 827-1084.

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13. Mitchell E. A. D., Charman D. J., Warner B. G. Biodiver Conserv. 2008, no. 17, pp. 2115-2137.

14. Neville L. A. High resolution paleolimnology of lakes in the Athabasca oil sands mining region, Alberta, Canada. Ottawa; Ontario, 2014.

15. Ogden C. G., Hedley R. H. An atlas of freshwater testate amoebae. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1980.

16. Patterson R. T. Palaeontol Electron. 2014, no. 17, 28A.

17. Patterson R. T., Kumar A. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 2002, no. 180, pp. 225-251.

18. Payne R. J., Charman D. J., Matthews S., Eastwood W. J. Wetlands. 2008, no. 28, pp. 311-323.

19. Roe H. M., Patterson R. T., Swindles G. T. JPaleolimnol. 2010, no. 43, pp. 955-975.

20. Qin Y., Xie S., Smith H. G., Swindles G. T., Gu Y. Eur JProtistol. 2011, no. 47, pp. 1-9.

21. Qin Y., Booth R. K., Gu Y., Wang Y., Xie S. Fundam Appl Limnol. 2009, no. 175, pp. 29-38.

22. Roe H. M., Patterson R. T., Swindles G. T. J Paleolimnol. 2009, no. 43, pp. 955-975.

23. Varol M. J Hazard Mater. 2011, no. 195, pp. 355-364.

24. Wanner M. Acta Protozool. 1999, no. 38, pp. 15-29.

Варол Мемет

Факультет рыбных промыслов, Отдел основных водных наук, Университет Иноню, Малатья, Турция (Университет Иноню, 44280,

Малатья, Турция)

Varol Memet

Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Basic Aquatic Sciences, inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

(inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey)

E-mail: mvarol23@gmail.com, memet.varol@inonu.edu.tr

Мазей Юрий Александрович доктор биологических наук, профессор, кафедра зоологии и экологии, Пензенский государственный университет

(Россия, г. Пенза, ул. Красная, 40) E-mail: yurimazei@mail.ru

Беклейен Айзел

Факультет наук, Отдел биологии, Университет Дикле, Диярбакир, Турция (Университет Дикле, 21280, Диярбакир, Турция)

E-mail: dekanlik@dicle.edu.tr

Mazei Yuri Alexandrovich

Doctor of biological sciences, professor,

sub-department of zoology and ecology,

Penza State University

(40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)

Bekleyen Aysel

Faculty of Science, Biology Department, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey (University of Dicle, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey)

УДК 592 Varol, M.

First Records of Freshwater Testate Amoebae in Turkey / M. Varol, Yu. A. Mazei, A. Bekleyen // Известия высших учебных заведений. Поволжский регион. Естественные науки. - 2015. - № 2 (10). - С. 101-108.

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