CC BY
10
© O.Tanculescu, A.Doloca, I.Cliveti, 2008
O.Tanculescu, A.Doloca, I.Cliveti
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF FIRING BEHAVIOR OF METAL-
CERAMIC CROWN MARGINS
Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr.T.Popa", Iasi, Romania
Abstract:
Considering the deformations appeared after the firing process of ceramic, we tried to establish if there is any relation between these and the type of peripheral preparation, on the one hand, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of metal and porcelain, on the other hand.The study is original and was conducted in COSMOS DesignSTAR, consisting in finite element analysis of firing process. The tested objects were created in RhinoCeros Nurbs modeling for Windows, version 4.0. It consists of three models, each one with abutment, metal cape and ceramic veneer, but with different type of peripheral preparation: shoulder with metal collar, shoulder without metal collar and chamfer with metal collar.The results suggested that the shoulder without metal-collar model recorded the highest marginal distortion and the chamfer model the smallest, and the higher the difference between thermal expansion coefficients the higher the marginal distortion . Ключевые слова:
finit element analyses, ceramic firing, peripheral preparation, thermal expansion coefficient
Introduction
The deformation of the metal-ceramic bridges, appeared after casting the metal framework or after applying the ceramic veneer, leads to the appearance of a marginal discrepancy or a hiatus between restoration and the abutment. This area will represent a place for plaque accumulation, evolving to cervical caries and periodontal lesions.
The deformation of the metal framework per se has as etiology technological stages which can lead to alterations of the inner structure of the alloy or which can explore limits of physical parameters of the materials: dilatation at the level of concentration areas in the alloy (Tuccillo, Bertolotti, Anusavice, Yamamoto), the release of the residual stress resulted after casting (DeHoff, Campbell), the release of the residual stress resulted after processing and finishing the surface of the metal-framework (Yamamoto, Campbell, Shillingburg, Anusavice), the discordance between the thermal dilatation coefficients of the alloy and ceramic (Bridger, Silver, Tuccillo), the formation of an inadequate layer of oxides at the surface of the alloy, the metallurgical changes in the mass structure of the alloy (Silver).
The purpose of this research was to quantify and visualize the deformations which can appear in different hypothesis / working scenarios using finite elements analysis as an experimental method. The method suited to our intention to eliminate the variables induced by the laboratory phases and, therefore, to isolate only the deformations resulted from the firing process.
Materials and methods
The finite element method is a numerical approach and offers considerable advantages compared to other. The method is available for analysis of complex geometries and can determine the solicitations and deformations of a tridimensional component.
The stages of the research consisted of: object 3D modeling (transformation into solid) (RhinoCeros Nurbs modeling for Windows, version 4.0); export of the 3D model to FEA software (COSMOSDesignSTAR 4.0); defining the physical properties of the used material; constraints definition = definition of the thermal cycle; meshing of the models; defining of the contact types between the components of the models; running the working hypothesis = solving the equation system; results display (chromatic and alpha-numeric); running
Fig. 1
metal
. Shoulder with collar
Fig.2. Shoulder without Fig. 3. Chamfer with metal collar metal collar
the diagnostic study
The models are designed as 3 solid bodies: the tooth abutment (which varied in the 3 models only by the type of peripheral preparation), and three correspondent metal-ceramic crowns (Fig. 1, 2, 3) with different cervical margins: shoulder with metal collar, shoulder without metal collar, chamfer with metal collar. The width of the threshold is 1 mm and of the metal cape is 0,4 mm.
In a first phase of the experiment, we set to asses the importance of the crown cervical margins design. Therefore, we tested all three thresholds under identical conditions: same materials, same thermal conditions. The used materials were: an Au-Pb based alloy - Olympia (J.F. Jelenko and Co, Armonk, N.Y.) and the Will-Ceram (Williams Dental Co.) ceramic, strictly respecting the properties of the materials and the firing cycle established by the producers (Tabel 1).
In a subsequent phase, in order to establish the role of dilatation coefficient of materials, we chose to consider three different coefficients for Will-Ceram, creating therefore two
Table I
The parameters of the studied materials
parameters of material
Contact Information:
Dr. Oana Tanculescu E-Mail: ot@umfiasi.ro
Elasticity module (N/m ) Constant of Poisson Density (kg/m3) Stretch resistance (N/m2) Compression resistance (N/m2) Coefficient of thermal expansion
Olympia
nr
Will-Ceram
10,8x10 0.33 0.013 672x10-6 672x10-6 14,1x10-6
6,3xl01ü_ 0.19 0.0024 24,8x10-6 21,6x10-6 15,94-16,23x10"e
2008", March, 2008
Fig. 4. Meshing of the 3D models
Table II:
Thermal cycle for firing the Will-Ceram opaque for ceramic
Preheating Rate of temperature increase Maximum temperature
Will-Ceram opaque 538°C / 6 min. 55°C 999°C / 30 - 60 s
new materials, one with a very low thermal dilatation coefficient and one with a very high value of the dilatation coefficient. In this new test scenario, for the designated alloy (14,1x10-6) we used the three above mentioned ceramic masses: with lower, equal and higher coefficients than that of the alloy. Therefore, we established for the ceramic mass the following coefficients: 1,27x10-5/°C , 1,4x10-5/°C and also the highest value declared by the producers, 16,23x10-6.
The imposed thermal cycle was identical to that of opaque firing in Will-Ceram technique. We chose this firing phase because it takes place at the highest temperature, favoring deformations (Tabel II).
Results and discussions
Through running this working hypothesis on the computer, the following results were obtained, at the cervical margins of the metal framework, in the middle of the buccal and lingual surfaces (Fig. 5, Table III).
The marginal adaptation of the crowns and the deformations of metal-ceramic reconstructions were studied in literature in different stages of ceramic layers applying.
Fig. 5. Chromatic display of the results Red (dark gray) - maximum deformations Blue (light gray)- minimum deformations
Table III.
Recorded displacements at the cervical margins of the metallic cape (x10-5)
SHOULDER SHOULDER
WITHOUT METAL WITH METAL CHAMFER
COLLAR COLLAR
Low dilatation buccal 4.735 2.173 2.475
coefficient lingual 5.014 2.338 2.581
Equal dilatation buccal 5.109 2.322 2.6
coefficient lingual 5.459 2.436 2.799
High dilatation buccal 5.438 2.51 2.913
coefficient lingual 5.743 2.725 3.093
Only two from the early studies reported that the highest deformation appears during porcelain applying (Shillingburg). These results seem controversial because more recent research sustain that the highest alterations appear during the oxidation cycle, being minimal in the following firing stages (Anusavice, Campbell, Buchanan, Gemalmaz). Besides, also recent investigations reveal that there is no concordance between the type of reconstitution margins and the degree of deformation (DeHoff), compared to older research that sustain the opposite (Shillingburg, Anusavice, Campbell, Silver, Tuccillo, Buchanan).
These last authors explained the appearance of the deformations through the difference between the thermal dilatation coefficients of ceramic and metal and not producing a sufficient thickness of the metal at the level of threshold. If to all that an incorrect fire cycling and a critical design of cervical margin are added, the result can be striking through the obtained dimensional error. On the other hand, there are authors who sustain that there is no clear evidence that the incompatible materials would determine essential deformations (Anusavice).
These experiments, developed in the laboratory, suppose different stages before firing which can be sources of errors. Therefore, there are theories which sustain that the deformation of the metal frame noticed after the oxidation process may be due to the residual stress accumulated in the phase of casting the metallic component and after processing and finishing the metal framework and which is released after the first thermal treatment.
As it can be noticed from the table and graphics, our study reveals that there are important differences between the three types of threshold, which sustains the idea that the marginal design has importance in marginal adaptation and in the technological stage of making metal-ceramic restorations.
The highest displacements appear in the case of shoulder without metal collar, deformation explained by a ceramic/metal report favorable at this level for ceramic, which makes the binding contraction to be even more powerful, and the metal not being capable of opposing to that tendency.
A cervical hiatus of 40 ^ is permitted, from the clinical point of view, but what it exceed that threshold is a potential source for the periodontal disease.
The smallest displacements were recorded at the level of shoulder with metal collar, due to high thickness in the area of para-pulpar angle.
The chamfer presented reduced displacements, close as value to that of the shoulder with metal collar, but higher than that.
Through the change of dilatation coefficients of the ceramic mass, there were also obtained variations of deformations, which sustains also the importance of this technological aspect. It should be remembered that it is absolutely necessary to know the material parameters of the alloys and ceramic masses, to be sure of their compatibility.
The minimal deformations were found in the case of reduce expansion coefficient, which incriminates, one more time, the ceramic mass. The highest deformations, cumulated, were recorded in the case of the shoulder without metal collar, with a ceramic mass with increased dilatation coefficient.
It is proven, one more time, how important the making of a metal collar is, despite the fact that it comes against the esthetical principles, but it is a factor that contributes to the guarantee of abiding by biological principles.
The study forewarns on the importance of realizing a correctly configured metal framework, which could efficiently oppose to the tendency of accentuated shrinkage of ceramic. In the case of superficial preparations on the cervical level, there is the tendency to reduce the thickness of collar, which does not resolve the situation itself and, be-
2008", March, 2008
sides, it comes with a supplementary, error generating factor.
The advantage of such a method is that there can be tested multiple variants, changing one or more parameters and without material waste. But, on the other hand, for an analysis to be pertinent, there should be elaborated some models according to the anatomical reality.
The most existent experiments, with an analysis through finite element analysis, start with bi-dimensional modeling or with some plates of material being in contact.
Associating this kind of data, obtained through simulations, with those from the laboratory, which we will certify or infirm, it will be possible soon to reach chance to anticipate and predict the behavior and evolution of some restoration effectively made.
Naturally, there should be an unlimited and easy access to a series of information which help taking decisions when using these materials is desired. Unfortunately, often, the producers keep silence on some disadvantages of materials, from commercial reasons, remaining for the practitioner to understand from where some of the failures of his activity appear.
Conclusions
• The study of the behavior of cervical margins of mixed crowns, as a consequence of ceramic sintering realized through finite elements analysis thermal study, in Cos-mosDesignStar. The obtained results were similar to those from literature, which entitles us to sustain that the method was reliable or, at least, has a considerable potential.
• The verification of the method was realized through rolling "scenarios" with known results and which were considered as references.
• The present study aims for establishing an inter-relation between the type of threshold and the behavior of the cervical margins of metal-ceramic restorations, subjected to the thermal treatment of firing for ceramics, and also between the margins deformation of the metal-ceramic restorations and the coefficients of thermal dilatation of the interested materials.
• Both the type of threshold and the thermal dilatation coefficients have an uppermost influence on marginal deformation. The type of marginal termination in the shape of shoulder without collar presents the highest deformations, and the chamfer termination with metal collar the lowest.
• The more reduced the threshold and the thinner the metal framework were, the higher the displacement was, a sufficient thickness of metal not being able to oppose to the ceramic contraction.
Literature
1. Anusavice KJ, Gary AE: Influence of framework design, contraction mismatch, and thermal history on porcelain checking in fixed partial dentures: Dent Mater 1989; 5: 58-63.
2. Bertolotti RL, Moffa JP. Creep rate of porcelain-bonding alloys as a function of temperature. J Dent Res 1980;59:2062-5.
3. Buchanan WT, Svare CW, Turner KA. The effect of repeated firings and strength on marginal distortion in two ceramometal systems. J Prosthet Dent 1981;45:502-6.
4. Campbell SD, Pelletier LB. Thermal cycling distortion of metal ceramics:part l - metal collar width. J Prosthet Dent 1992;67:603-8.
5. Campbell SD, Pelletier LB. Thermal cycling distortion of metal ceramics: part II - etiology. J Prosthet Dent 1992;68:284-9.
6. Campbell SD, Sirakian A, Pelletier LB, Giordano RA. Effects of firing cycle and surface finishing on distortion of metal ceramic castings. Prosthet Dent 1995;74:476-81.
7. Dederich DN, Svare CW, Peterson LC, Turner KA. The effect of repeated firings on the margins of nonprecious ceramo-metals. J Prosthet Dent, 1984:51:628-30.
8. DeHoff PH, Anusavice KJ. Effect of metal design on marginal distortion of metal-ceramic crowns. J Dent Res 1984;63:1327-31.
9. Gemalmaz D, Alkumru HN. Marginal fit changes during porcelain firing cycles. J Prosthet Dent 1995;73:49-54,
10. Hojjatie B, Anusavice KJ. Effects of initial temperature and tempering medium on thermal tempering of dental porcelains. J Dent Res 1993;72: 566-571.
11. Isgro G, Kleverlaan CJ., Wang H and Feilzer AJ. The influence of multiple firing on thermal contraction of ceramic materials used for the fabrication of layered all-ceramic dental restorations Dental Materials, Volume 21, Issue 6, June 2005, Pages 557-564
12. Nakamura Y, Anusavice KJ. Marginal distortion of thermally incompatible metal ceramic crowns with overextended margins. Int J Prosthodont 1998;11:325-32.
13. 0ilo Mt, Gjerdet NR, Tvinnereim H M. - The firing procedure influences properties of a zirconia core ceramic Dental Materials, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 25 July 2007
14. Papazoglou E, Brantley W., Johnston WM - Evaluation of high-temperature distortion of high-palladium metal-ceramic crowns, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2001, 85:133-140
15. Shillingburg HT Jr, Hobo S, Fisher DW. Preparation design and margin distortion in porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. J Prosthet Dent 1973;29:276-84.
16. Silver M, Klein G, Howard MC. An evaluation and comparison of porcelains fused to cast metals. J Prosthet Dent 1960;10:1055-64.
17. SRAC - Oficial CosmosDesign StarTraining Manual, 200
18. Tuccillo JJ, Nielsen JP. Shear stress measurements at a dental porcelaingold bond interface. J Dent Res 1972;51:626-33.
19. Yamamoto M. Marginal fit. In: Metal-ceramics. Chicago: Quintessence; 1985. p. 203-18
O.Tanculescu, A.Doloca, I.Cliveti
АНАЛИЗ МАРГИНАЛЬНЫХ МОДИФИКАЦИЙ МЕТАЛЛОКЕРАМИЧЕСКИХ КОРОНОК В ПРОЦЕССЕ СЖИГАНИЯ МЕТОДОМ КОНЕЧНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ
Эфедра Ортопедической Стомитологии Медицинского Университетa г.Иассы, Румыния
Аннотация:
Исходя от появления модификаций и деформаций во время процесса сжигания при изготовлении металло-керамических коронок, в этой работе мы предлагаем исследовать роль влияния методов препарирования зубных субструктур и коэффициента термической экспансии на финальную маргинальную адапта-цию.Исследование проводилось методом С0SM0S Design STAR. Тестированные модели были изготовлены в Rhino-Ceros Nurbs modeling для Windows version 4.0. На основании экспериментальных исследований можно констатировать что коефициент термической экспансии и методы препарирования зубов для металло-керамических коронок играет важную роль в финальной маргинальной адаптации .
Ключевые слова:
металло-керамические коронки, коэффициент термической экспансии, деформация, маргинальная адаптация, метод конечных элементов
