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476 ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА: ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ И СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ, №7 (25), 2017 УДК 339.9:502.12
FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF «GREEN» CONSTRUCTION Zhemerdeeva Ekaterina Alekseevna, student (e-mail: [email protected]) Lyudmila Vasilyevna Strekozova, associate Professor (e-mail: [email protected])
Abakumov Roman Grigorievich, Cand. Econ. Sciences, associate Professor
(e-mail: [email protected]) «Belgorod Shukhov State Technological University»
Nowadays, one of the most urgent topics is the protection of environment and its improvement. Successful modern construction is directly related to environmental standards, that's why it is important to introduce "green" technologies into construction activities.
Keywords: green construction, environment, development.
In Russia, the Concept of Long-term Development for the period until 2020 has been adopted, where along with environmental protection, a strategic goal -transition to the best available technologies (BAT) - has been adopted. The requirement of practical implementation of BAT for modernizing industrial enterprises and ensuring environmental safety and resource efficiency is also contained in the Decree of Russian Government "On a set of measures aimed at refusing to use obsolete and inefficient technologies, switching to the principles of best available technologies and introduction of modern technologies". In accordance with these documents, Russia should create a new system for rationing and minimizing the negative impact on environment, which provides for the issuance of integrated environmental permits to enterprises and for standards and plans of phased reduction of pollution to levels corresponding to BAT. At the same time, special attention is paid to large enterprises of key economic sectors that consume a significant amount of natural resources and have a serious negative impact on the environment. The construction sphere, of course, belongs to such industries in the first place.
In 2015, a new edition of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" came into force, providing for large Russian enterprises the introduction of integrated environmental permits based on BAT. Many research centers participated in the rationale for this strategy - scientific collectives of the Academy of Standardization, Metrology and Certification, the All-Russian Research Institute for Standardization of Materials and Technologies, the Research Institute "Moscow Power Engineering Institute", the Russian Chemistry and Technology University named after D.I. Mendeleyev, the St. Petersburg Scientific Research Center for Environmental Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other organizations. Leading scientists and practitioners estimate the duration of transition period from the existing system to integrated environmental as 7-15 years. At the same time, it is stressed that at the first stage, tools for resource saving
and environmental safety that are applicable in Russian environment should be developed and also sources of systematized information on BAT for industries whose enterprises should receive integrated environmental permits (IEP) [1].
In this regard, the evaluation of management systems of products suppliers for "green" construction is one of the most important structural steps in following this strategic goal - the transition to BAT in construction sector according to environmental protection, which determines the relevance of this work.
Green construction is the practice of buildings constructing and operating, the purpose of which is to reduce the level of energy consumption and material resources while maintaining or improving quality of buildings and comfort of their internal environment.
Green construction is a complex knowledge, structured by design and construction standards. The level of its development directly depends on science and technology achievements, on the activity of industrial engineers and on the public's awareness of environmental principles.
The concept of green construction includes not only minimizing the negative impact on the environment and human health, but also reducing the energy and material consumption throughout the building life cycle.
Green standards are designed to accelerate the transition from traditional design and construction of buildings and structures to sustainable. In this regard, we can distinguish the following principles of "green" construction:
• safety and favorable healthy living conditions of people;
• limiting the negative impact on environment;
• consideration the interests of future generations
Green standards are designed to regulate a sustainable approach to construction and assess the degree to which buildings meet the original principles [2].
Let's present the history of "green" construction:
In the 1970s, concepts of a healthy lifestyle and environment cleanliness were popularized.
The first exotic private houses appeared, in which ecological approaches were implemented and alternative energy sources were used.
From 1974 to 1993 - promotion of energy efficiency strategy:
• Construction of demonstration energy-efficient buildings began in 1975.
• An understanding of the importance of energy efficiency at the state level has been formed, and state support for private initiatives has emerged. The goals and objectives of the "green" construction were formulated;
• 1990 - implementation of the BREEAM standard in the UK;
• 1992 - the launch of the Energy Star program in the USA.
From 1993 to 1998 - Promotion of a resource-saving strategy and rational management and use of resources consumed in construction.
• The increased computing power significantly improved the quality of state statistical data processing, and it turned out that 40-45% of the energy resources produced were used for building maintenance;
• Serious impact on the development of green construction was provided by the movement at national and intergovernmental levels for the prevention of climate change and the reduction of CO2 emissions;
Collective efforts of developers have formalized complex approaches or Green Standards.
Based on the aspirations of public and business groups, developed countries have a state policy regarding "green" construction. Henceforth, investors and developers were forced to adhere to it.
From 1998 to 2005 - Promotion of innovative approaches in construction and transition from complex efficiency to buildings with zero impact and zero emissions:
• 1998 - the appearance of the LEED rating system
• 1999 - the first meeting of the World Council for Environmental Construction with the participation of 8 countries: USA, Australia, Spain, UK, Japan, UAE, Russia and Canada;
• 2002 - establishment of the World Council for Environmental Construction.
8. Since 2005 - the application of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA and LCC) method, where at the level of ecological and economic trace it will be possible to calculate all the costs, risks and feasibility from end to beginning, that is, from recycling to the original idea.
Let's present the tasks of green construction:
• Reduction of the total (for entire life cycle of building) detrimental impact of construction activities on human health and environment
• Creation of new industrial products;
• Reducing the burden on regional energy networks and increasing the reliability of their operation;
• Creation of new jobs in the intellectual sphere of production;
• Reducing the cost of maintaining new buildings;
• Effective use of energy resources and, as a result, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions accompanying the production and transfer of energy resources to buildings;
• Reducing the consumption of natural resources, in particular water;
• Minimization of solid domestic waste and sewage;
• An integrated approach to the planning of building systems, which involves the synergy and interdependence of its various functions and mechanisms;
• Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions arising during the transportation of construction materials to construction site, using local construction products [3].
Standards of "green" construction in Russia. One of the distinguishing features of modern construction sector in Russia is the increased attention of both the largest companies and their associations and interested parties to resource saving and environmental protection in the construction and operation of buildings. The share of construction accounts for 6.5% of the gross domestic product of Russian Federation.
At the beginning of XXI century, international consulting companies began to promote the "green" (friendly in relation to environment, ecological) construction in Russia. The marketing strategy was based on a variety of documents, but a comparative analysis of known international and national standards indicates that they are based either on the BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), developed and constantly improved by the UK Construction Research Institute (Building Research Establishment (BRE), or the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification program developed by the US Council for Environmental Construction (US GBC). Both systems of evaluation and certification are often mistakenly called standards.
Some features there are also in the approaches of DGNB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nach haltiges Bauen, German Council for Sustainable Construction (Figure 1) [4].
In 2009, Russian Federation created a Non-Commercial Partnership - the Council for Environmental Construction, which at the first stage also promoted the BREEAM scheme and the LEED certification system, and then proceeded to develop national standards for green building.
The growing interest in "green" construction was clearly reflected in policy and activities of largest non-governmental non-profit association of self-regulating organizations in the field of construction - the National Association of Builders (NAB or NOSTROY).
Rational water use 9,1%
Energy conservation and atmosphere protection 31,8% Materials and resources 12,7% Quality of the internal environment 13,6% Innovation and organization of design 5,5%
Regional Priorities
3,6%
DGNB (GERMANY)
BREEAM 1 NOSTROY
(UK) (RUSSIA)
Г Д г з
Location Quality
Technical quality
22,5%
Environmental quality
22,5%
Economical 22,5%
Sociocultural and
functional qualities 22,5% Quality of design and construction processes 1D%
Land use and
ecology 9.5\12.5% Water 8\5.5% Environmental pollution 14\13%
Energy 26,5\31.5%
Transport 11,5\0%
Health and wellness 17\15%
Garbage 5\D% Materials 8,5\7,5% Control 0\15%
Comfort and quality of the environment 11% Qu a I ity of a re h itectu re and layout 9%
Comfort and environm e nta qua I ity of the internal environment
Q u a ty of sanitaiY protection and waste management
Rational water use 6%
Energy savingand energy efficiency 19%
Alternative and renewa b I e energy 9%
Ecology of creaton, ope-at'on and disposal of the object 10%
Economic efficiency 10%
Qua I ity of project preparation and management 10%
Fig. 1. Comparison of the main criteria of rating systems for evaluation of real
estate objects
The association was created in 2009, and already in 2010 in Russia was developed and in 2011 registered a universal, industry-wide, national certification
system in construction - the system of voluntary conformity assessment "NOSTROY" (further System). The main objectives of System [5]:
• organization an assessment of compliance with safety and quality requirements;
• reduction of certification costs for construction organizations;
• the introduction of principally new certification services in construction.
Within the discussed system the following standards were prepared:
STO NOSTROY 2.35.4-2011 "Green" construction. Residential and public buildings. A rating system for assessing the sustainability of habitats;
STO NOSTROY 2.35.68-2012 "Green" construction. Residential and public buildings. Consideration of regional features in the rating system for assessing the sustainability of habitats [6].
The practice of "green" construction development in Russia. Every year in Russia the number of objects certified according to international standards system is increasing.
So, according to director of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly solutions and technologies department of the Department of Engineering Evgeny Tesly in 2010-2012 15 buildings was certified (LEED - 5, BREEAM - 10). More than 40 objects were certified later by 2015 or are at the stage of preliminary assessment. In particular, a large-scale innovation cluster of complex development with a complex infrastructure "Skolkovo" is a large test site for using LEED. At least four projects of key facilities in "Skolkovo" are designed taking into account LEED. The first constructed facility - the Hypercube office building - is at the final stage of LEED certification.
According to the BREEAM standard, more than 10 objects have been certified, including the Ducat Place III business center in Moscow, the first commercial property in Russia certified by the BREEAM standard. The facility received the "Very Good" certificate for BREEAM Offices, Europe.
One object (the hotel "Russian Seasons" in Sochi, Olympic construction) was certified in accordance with GOST R 54964-2012. A number of other projects are under development [7].
Twelve Olympic facilities of various types (closed and open sports arenas, cottage community, university, office buildings, hotels and spa resorts, railway station) in Sochi are certified according to individual criteria developed in accordance with BREEAM Bespoke International scheme - 2008-2011.
Important results of Olympic facilities certification were development and approval of check list A10 - tables of European regulations compliance used in the BREEAM system and Russian regulations. In case the check-list A10 is approved by the BREEAM system operator, BRE Global, a number of Russian standards will be recognized as valid for obtaining a BREEAM certificate, which will simplify the certification process.
Examples of objects certified and claimed for certification on BREAM, LEED systems are given in Table [8].
Table
Objects in Russia, certified and claimed for BREAM, LEED certification
Objects in Russia, certi: ?ied by the BREEAM system
Name City Rating / points
Business-center «Dukat Place III» Moscow Very good 56,48%
Business-center «Dukat Place II» Moscow Good 41,13%
Business center "Japanese House" Moscow Good 40,92%
Objects in Russia, certified by the LEED system
Name City Rating / points
Headquarters of Deutsche Banks Moscow Gold/ 50
Factory of concern SKF Tver Gold /-
Headquarters of Siemens Moscow Gold /77
Objects in Russia, claimed for certification under t ie LEED system
Name City Rating / points
Barkley Park Moscow 77
GE Energy Production Kaluga -
Shopping center "Gallery" St. Petersburg 78
Training Center St. Petersburg 78
Business Center MEBE PLAZA Moscow 50
Oriflame distribution center Moscow 50
"Sunflower House", the first carbon neutral building Moscow -
From this table we can see that the "green" objects are certified not only in Moscow, spreading throughout Russia.
Bibliography
1. Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 7-FZ of February 10, 2002 (as amended on November 24, 2014) "On Environmental Protection" // SZ RF, 2002. № 2. Art. 133.
2. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 17.11.2008 № 1662-r. (Edited on 08.08.2009) "On the Concept of Long-Term Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation until 2020" // SZ RF, 2008. 2008. No. 47. Art. 5489.
3.Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 19, 2014 No. 398-r (Edited on 17.03.2015) "On a complex of measures aimed at refusing to use outdated and inefficient technologies, switching to the principles of the best available technologies and the introduction of modern technologies" // SZ RF, 2014. № 13. Art. 1494.
4.GOST R 54964-2012. Conformity assessment. Ecological requirements for real estate objects // Consultant Plus
5. Green building. The buildings are residential and public. Rating system for assessment of habitat stability. STO NOSTROY 2.35.4, 2011, Moscow: NP "AVOK", OJSC "Center for Design Products in Construction", 2011.
6. Green building. The buildings are residential and public. Consideration of regional features in the rating system for assessing the sustainability of habitats. STO NOSTROY 2.35.68-2012.
7. Russia 2014. Statistical reference book. Moscow: Rosstat, 2014. 62 p.
8. Abakumov RG, Naumov A.E., Malikova E.V. Methodological recommendations on the economic reproduction of housing stock on the basis of reconstruction of houses of the first period of industrial housing construction // Bulletin of the Belgorod State Technological University named after. V.G. Shukhov. 2016. № 5. P. 179-183.
9. Abakumov RG, Unejeva VA, Strakhova A.S. Analysis of system problems of housing and communal services in the city of Belgorod and application of foreign experience in the development of innovative activities in the housing and communal services // Vestnik Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov. 2016. № 6. P. 226-234.
Zhemerdeeva Ekaterina Alekseevna, student (e-mail: [email protected]) Lyudmila Vasilyevna Strekozova, associate Professor (e-mail: [email protected]) Abakumov Roman Grigorievich, Cand. Econ. Sciences, associate Professor (e-mail:[email protected]) FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF «GREEN» CONSTRUCTION
Abstract. Nowadays, one of the most urgent topics is the protection of environment and its improvement. Successful modern construction is directly related to environmental standards, that's why it is important to introduce "green" technologies into construction activities.
Keywords: green construction, environment, development.
УДК 378
ОСОБЕННОСТИ АДАПТАЦИИ ИНОСТРАННЫХ СТУДЕНТОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ ФГБОУ ВО КРАСНОЯРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ АГРАРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ) Айснер Лариса Юрьевна, кандидат культурологии, доцент (e-mail: [email protected]) Трашкова Светлана Михайловна, к.ю.н., доцент (e-mail: [email protected]) Красноярский государственный аграрный университет
В данной статье исследуются вопросы адаптации иностранных студентов, обучающихся в российских высших учебных заведениях, затрагиваются социальный, жилищный, языковой, коммуникативный аспекты, а также способы преодоления возникающих в связи с адаптацией трудностей.
Ключевые слова: русский язык как иностранный, адаптация, иностранные студенты.
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Для того чтобы избежать подобного негативного сценария, большинство развитых стран прилагает усилия для быстрого решения возникающих
