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АРХИТЕКТУРА. ДИЗАЙН
УДК 69.001.5
A COMPARISON STUDY ON THE GREEN BUILDING DESIGN CONCEPT OF
IRKUTSK REGION AND TAIWAN
© A.A. Zarubina, A.E. Saushkina, E.A. Musikhina
In article features of design decisions in the field of "green" construction, depending on a geographical position of object of construction are considered. Comparison and an estimation of design decisions with reference to natural-climatic, economic and legal aspects, on the basis of applied rating systems is spent.
Key words: "green" architecture, certification of ecologically clean construction, rating systems.
Introduction
Green building has become one of the most efficient measures to pursue a sustainable built environment over the past fifteen years. Therefore, the government of Taiwan established Commission on Sustainable Development in 1996 under Executive Yuan, to come up with policy guidelines and implementation plans. Theconcept of green building and its corresponding promotion programs were thus initiated and later involved into "National Development Plan -Challenge 2008" as one of the major priority works.
In further response to the public concerns of improving the deteriorating living environment, the ABRI proposed "Green Building and Living Environment Technology Research Plan" in 1998, which first stage was from 1998 to 2001 and the second one from 2002 to 2006. The Plan essentially emphasized on the topics of sustainability and efficiency, such as ecological environment design for building sites,building energy saving, resources recycling, building pollution prevention, indoor environmental quality, and green building demonstrative projects. In comparison with green building studies around the world, the compatibility of these systems that were developed within temperate or frigid zones with subtropical Taiwan needs to be investigated. The evaluation system for green building in Taiwan should be simplified and localized, in order to accommodate with the climatic characteristics (high humidity and high temperature), and to solve Taiwan's local environmental problems, in particular. In 2007, the ABRI further prolonged and expanded the research scope based on the results gained from the first and second stage research and started the "Green Building and Sustainable Environment Technology Plan" focusing on topics of human health, environmental sustainability, and industrial development, in order to create a sustainable development turning point with the balance of Life, Ecology, and Production. With respect to policy implementation, the concept of green building was further extended its scope into eco-community and eco-city to establish pilot evaluation indicators and implementation strategies as a preparation for the nextphase policy making work.
The city of Irkutsk is located in Asian part of Russian on the territory of Eastern Siberia in the 66 km to the west from the lake of Lake Baikal, in the 5042 km to the south-east from the capital of Russian - the city of Moscow (Fig. 1).
Region concerned is located on the Eurasian of the tectonic plate, main part of it lies on the of the Siberian platform, the southern a part - on baikalides. Baikal rift - this is the area of the Baikal folding; the system is relatively narrow geosynclinals troughs alternating with geosynclinals uplifts. Line-type folds are folded sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary deposits, inherited the structural plan of the previous (Proterozoic) stage of development.
Figure 1. "The lake Baikal in winter" Photographer: Arbatskaya Tatyana. [F1] Natural conditions in Irkutsk
The territory of Irkutsk region is included in the Mongolia-Baikal active earthquake zone, where one earthquake recorded every three hours. From 3 to 7,000 small earthquakes recorded annually sensors Irkutsk seismic stations. Fluctuations in the Earth's crust can reach 8 points.
The climate in Irkutsk region is continental with significant temperature changes, due to the location of the region in the center of continent, remote from the sea.
Lake Baikal and the reservoir, located in close proximity to the city, have an impact on the climate of Irkutsk. In the surrounding areas cooler summers and winters are milder. This is blocked, the large amount of water in reservoirs which serves temperature stabilizer.
Average temperatures in January, the coldest month of the year, range from -18 ° C in the south and -35 ° C in the north of region. In some northern areas in January, the thermometer can fall below -50 ° C. The duration of winter is about 180 days, and in the northern areas and in the mountains - to 200. Duration of ice cover - 160-200 days and the maximum ice thickness can reach 1000 mm. The value of the snow cover in different areas of the Irkutsk region ranges from almost complete lack of it up to 600 mm and more. Maximum snow depth (over 1000 mm) is noted in mountains.
The rainfall distribution is uneven. About 60% of the annual total falls in the summer, the spring has 12-15% and 20% fall in the winter as snow falls only 10%. Maximum rainfall occurs in July and August, the minimum in February and March. On the flat area - average annual rainfall of 300-400 mm of rainfall in the mountains - more than 600 mm.
A large number of sunny days are a feature of the Irkutsk region. The annual number of sunshine hours, depending on the area ranges from 1700 to 2500.
During the year, the area is dominated by north-westerly and south-easterly winds, and in the northern parts added to them the southwest. At the direction of the wind is greatly influenced by topography.
Demand for the design of buildings in Irkutsk region.
Construction is one of the leading industries in Russia. During the past five years there has been increasing demand for the design of buildings in Irkutsk region. In 2012 our region took fourth place in the amount of square meters built in the Siberian Federal District.
In recent years, the tendency for the construction of "green" buildings in Russia has increased.
The consumers' desire to save on exploitative costs and to reduce the negative effects on the environment has provided a demand for environmentally friendly architecture. However, the number of people willing to finance environmentally friendly construction is not as high as it could be.
"Green buildings" are also coming to light in Siberian region but, unfortunately, these are few and far between. This can be explained by the lack of compulsory certification of buildings in accordance with the international green standards, the lack of need (because Irkutsk region has an energy surplus) and a desire to save on costs during construction.
Figure 2. "Project of building under construction in Irkutsk". [F2]
The deciding factors in the design of buildings in our region are primarily weather and seismic activity.
The Irkutsk Region is located in a seismic zone, where the force can reach 8 points (Set of Rules and Regulations SNIP II-7-81). Preference is given to simple rectangular symmetrical forms and monolithic framework and foundation in building design.The body of rules and regulations contains clearly stated requirements for designing buildings in areas of high seismic activity. In mass civil engineering, both prefabricated and monolithic concrete are used (Fig. 2).
Siberian region has severe climatic conditions, which complicates the course of construction work, as well as increases their costs. Because of the long winter season in some Siberian cities, downtime per month can reach 10-15% of the time and some work can't be executed.Also it is difficult to comply with temperature and humidity conditions during the solidification stage of some solutes, such as concrete. To solve this problem, special additives or use the "method of the thermos" (the essence of this method is to create necessary conditions with heat guns and
heat-insulating materials) are introduced to the concrete composition. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the deformation of buildings by changing temperature conditions, because in Irkutsk region the temperature difference for year is 27 degrees. Low temperatures accompanied by wind serve as a hindrance in the construction. The wind load in Irkutsk in winter is 0.38kPa (38kg/cm2) (SNIP 2.01.07-85*). This fact limits the architects and designers in choosing the angle of the roof. Snow load in the Irkutsk region is 1.2kPa (120 kg/cm2) [1-3].
All these factors have an adverse effect on the structure of the building both during construction and operations. One should take into account that during seasons such as spring, summer and autumn, the melting of snow and the rain also has a devastating impact on the building. Therefore, we must apply waterproofing to protect buildings from this.
A view from the economic point
Global investment in the construction industry continues to grow. However, this trend is not applicable to Irkutsk region. This is connected to factors such as remoteness of region's economic centers, a large number of monuments of wooden architecture, which are located in the economically advantageous areas for building. Caused by adverse weather conditions as described above, the high costs of construction also play a big role. As for economic investments in ecological building, almost all developers of Irkutsk region refer to them as their lowest profitability investment and an economic disadvantage. The main determining factor is not the concern for environment and future of our planet, but the pecuniary profit (Fig. 3-4). However, the economic advantages of "green building" have been proven. Advantages such as:
• Saving resources during construction
• The relative price reduction of restructuring and building maintenance
• Minimization of the operating cost of the building
• Highly competitive industry
Figure 3. "Wooden house, Baikalsk" Figure 4. "Reconstruction of wooden
house". [F3]
LEED system
In Russia, as elsewhere in the world, attention is now paid to "green building" certification. There are different types of construction that receive certificates universally recognized as Green Building", such as LEED and BREEM, to name a couple [4-5].
Moreover, has a national certification system, such as GOST R 54964-2012 "Evaluation of conformity". Ranking system for assessing the stability of the environment, "SRTNOSTROY 2.35.68-2012 Green Building" are being developed, implemented and used. Developed in Germany, "International standard" (Passive House), has now come to be quite popular and has a great future ahead of it.
The officially recognized certification system in Russia is LEED "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design" is a ranking system of certification for the "Green buildings". This system was developed in 1993 as a green building standard for measuring the energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of projects and buildings. The LEED system was developed by
the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) as a standard measure of energy efficiency projects, including environmentally friendly and sustainable building for the transition of the construction industry's design, construction and operation of buildings.
In total, the LEED system has certified more than 10,000 buildings with a total area of 608 million square meters in 135 countries. This is based on the U.S. standards ASHRAE (the national company ABOK has been an associate member of ASHRAE since 1991).
The USGBCLEED 2009 (v4) standard is issued when an object according to the following requirements, in particular, should be carried out measures to establish a system of protection against various environmental pollutants.
The LEED system has its own rating system, according to which the certificates are issued. This system is based on the compliance of the object to the requirements mentioned above [table 1].
Table 1
RatingsystemLEED-2009
Rating Points
Certified 40-49
Silver 50-59
Gold 60-79
Platinum from 80
The factory and office of building firm SKF, which produces bearings for Railways, became the first object of industrial real estate in Russia and in Europe, to be certified by LEED ®. The facility was certified with a "gold" LEED ® rating. All green initiatives cost the client approximately 7% of the contract value. However, do not forget about the selling price, which, after obtaining the certificate, immediately increased by 12% [6-7].
Figure 5. The headquarters of the company "Siemens" in Moscow (LEED "Gold").
[F4]
The first building in Russia, which is certified under this system, LEED, with the use of numerous innovations "Siemens" [Fig. 5].
The LEED system in Russia has some nuances. Based on climatic, geological, social and economic characteristics of our country, the system has undergone some recent changes [table 2].
Table 2
Examples of green technologies and activities, which are relevant to Russian projects
1) Choosing walling, parameters, selection of insulation 17) Handlingofbuildingsystems
2) Absorption heating and cooling systems 18) Mathematical modeling as a guarantor of energy efficiency and comfort of the internal environment
3) LEDLighting 19) Water-savingplumbingfixtures
4) Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery 20) Stormwater flow
5) Energy-efficient elevators and escalators 21) Finishing and furnishing materials of wood certified by FCS
6) Stand-alone support for outdoor lighting 22) Exterior and interior finishing materials with eco-label, low air pollution
7) Solarpanels 23) Re-use of treated water for irrigation and flushing
8) Solarcollectors 24) Greenroofs
9) Verticalwindturbines 25) Internalgreening
10) Air and ground source heat pumps 26) Managinghouseholdwaste
11) Pelletheatingsystem 27) Transport planning: public transport, social infrastructure, and other aspects of transport accessibility,
12)Natural light in 80% of office space 28) Accessibility for people with limited mobility
13)Shade structures on the facade 29) Availability of infrastructure for the use of bicycles
14)presencedetectors 30) Prevention of pollution from construction
15)Consideration of heat, electricity and water
16)Building management systems (ATC equipment)
The green building design in Taiwan
Island of Taiwan lies some 180 kilometers (110 mi) off the southeastern coast of mainland China, which lies across the Taiwan Strait, and has an area of 35,883 km2 (13,855 sq mi). East China Sea lies to the north, Philippine Sea to the east, Luzon Strait directly to the south and South China Sea to the southwest. The shape of the main island of Taiwan is similar to a sweet potato seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Taiwanese, especially the Min-man division, often call themselves "children of the Sweet Potato".
Island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling Chianan Plains in the west that are also home to most of Taiwan's population. Taiwan's highest point is Yu Shan (Jade Mountain) at 3,952 meters (12,966 ft), and
there are five other peaks over 3,500 m (11,500 ft). This makes it the world's fourth-highest island.
Taiwan lies on the Tropic of Cancer, and its climate is marine tropical. The northern part of the island has a rainy season that lasts from January through late March during the northeast monsoon, and experiences medium in May. The entire island experiences hot, humid weather from June through September. The middle and southern parts of the island do not have an extended monsoon season during the winter months. Typhoons are common between July and October.
Penghu Islands, 50 km (31.1 mi) west of the main island, have an area of 126.9 km2 (49.0 sq mi). More distant islands controlled by Republic of China are Kinmen, Wuchiu and Ma-tsu Islands off the coast of Fujian, with a total area of 180.5 km2 (69.7 sq mi), and the Pratas Islands and Taiping Island in the South China Sea, with a total area of 2.9 km2 (1.1 sq mi) and no permanent inhabitants.
Island of Taiwan lies in a complex tectonic area between Yangtze Plate to the west and north, the Okinawa Plate on the north-east, and Philippine Mobile Belt on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of terraces, mostly old island arcs which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of Eurasian Plate as it was sub ducted beneath remnants of Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Taiwan more buoyant.
The east and south of Taiwan are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between North Luzon Trough portion of Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China, where accreted portions of Luzon Arc and Luzon fore arc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Taiwan respectively.
The major seismic faults in Taiwan correspond to the various suture zones between the various terraces. These have produced major quakes throughout the history of the island. On 21 September 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the "921 earthquake" killed more than 2,400 people. The seismic hazard map for Taiwan by the USGS shows 9/10 of the island as the highest rating (most hazardous).The conducting evaluating system for green building in Taiwan [4-7].
EEWH system
Executive Yuan launched the Eco-City Green Building Implementation Program in 2008 and the Intelligent Green Building Implementation Program in 2010 to extend green building policies to the areas of sustainable homeland and industry development. However, the application of one single evaluation manual for all types of buildings, new and old was clearly insufficient to take into considerations green design variations across different building types. Nor does it develop the full environmental potential of a good green building evaluation system. Hence, following the popular suggestions of emulating the different categories in the U.S. and Japanese systems, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI) commissioned the National Cheng Kung University to develop green building evaluation systems tailored to different types of buildings, giving birth to the EEWH family.
The ABRI has amended the 1999 Evaluation Manual for Green Building and named it as the EEWH-BC (Basic Category) in 2011. Using it as the most generic version of green building evaluation and the basis for other categories, the following four were added to complete the initial framework for a family of five specific evaluation manuals: EEWH-EC (Ecological Community, 2009), EEWH-GF (Green Factory, 2010), EEWH-RN (Renovation, 2010) and EEWH-RS (Residential, 2011).
As of 2011, green building evaluation in Taiwan has moved from a one-size-fits-all system to a more effective, rational and diversified multi-category one towards forming green building policies with higher environmental benefits. The five specific systems and their applicable subjects are detailed in the table 3 [4-7].
Table 3
Specific EEWH System Applicable Subjects
EEWH Evaluation Manual t EEWH-BC (Basic Category) Any new or existing buildings not covered in types II, III and IV below
EEWH Evaluation Manual D: EEWH-RS (ResidentiaÉ) New or existing buitdings for accommodating specific groups for tong or short terms (Types HI & H2)
EEWH Evafuation Manual BT: EEWH-GF (Green Factory) New or existing factories with primarify indoor operations
EEWH Evaluation Manual IV: EEWH-RN (Renovation) Existing buildings which have obtained an occupancy permit for three years or mere and with a renovated floor area not exceeding half the floor area of the existing building
EEWH Eva tu at ion Manual V: EEWH-EC (Ecolcglca! Community) Neighborhood community units, newly developed residential communities, existing residential communities, agricultural or aboriglnat villages, science parks, industrial parks, campus towns, commercial areas and mixed-use residential/commercial communities
There are four major index for the EEWH system, they are ecology, energy saving, waste reduction and health.
Government promotes this policy in the past 20 years
Taiwan's green building labeling system was initiated in 1995 by National Council for Sustainable Development under Ministry of the Interior (MOI). In 1999, the highest advising agency of architectural research and development, ABRI, implemented a rating system based on studies into Taiwan's subtropical climate and the energy use, water supply, sewage discharge and environmental conservation patterns of local buildings. There were seven indicators including Greenery, On-site Water Retention, Daily Energy Saving, CO2 Reduction, Construction Waste Reduction, Water Resource and Sewage & Garbage Improvement. Incorporating past experience and feedback from various disciplines, this early form was refined in December 2002 with the official addition of two more indicators, Biodiversity and Indoor Environment, to complete the new rating system with nine indicators.
To demonstrate the government's determination in promoting green building, the MOI passed the Green Building Promotion Program in 2001. All new public buildings owned by the central government or receiving more than half of their funding there from, with a total construction cost of over NT$50000000, were required to obtain a green building candidate certificate before being granted a construction permit.
In addition to the above regulation, a set of "green building standards" were also added in Taiwan's building code, Building Technical Regulations, requiring the design of all buildings to conform to the basic requirements outlined therein. In January 2008, the "Eco-City Green Building Project" was passed by the MOI to further reinforce and foster green building policies. Green building candidates now must acquire the Green Building Label before final inspection and acceptance of the project can proceed, so as to strengthen functional validation related to the building's green features. The goal is to ensure the sustainable development of green building and elevate it to the level of an eco-community or eco-city, ultimately propelling Taiwan further forward toward a sustainable society.
The possible adopted policy of green building design in Russia
There is 22% of the world's supply of forest in Russia. Most of it is located in the Siberian region. The territory of Irkutsk region has the highest percentage of forest (78%) among the subjects of the Russian Federation. Due to the exclusivity of physical and geographical features in the Irkutsk region, there is an extraordinary variety of flora and fauna which provides an excellent opportunity for the arrangement of gardens and parks.
Conifers such as a pine, larch, cedar, spruce, fir dominate in forests. Pine and larch are high-quality materials for buildings. They are durable and resistant to decay. Along with conifer-
ous forests, deciduous forests can be found. These mainly are a birch and aspen, poplar, alder, cherry, ash and some other trees and shrubs. Green spaces provide recreation facilities for the urban population. They also improve the microclimate, adorn the streets and parks as well as protect residential areas from an industrial waste. There are five national parks which are federal and local in the territory of the Irkutsk region (Vitimsky, the Baikalo-Lensky, Sayansky, South Baikalsky and reserve Floodplain of Tunguska river) and also Baikal National Park and a large number of reserves [Fig. 6-7]. The area of the largest reserves has 659,900 hectares. There are the main types of landscapes, rare species of animals and birds of the Baikal in the territory [8-9].
Figure 6. "The Barguzinsky reserve" Figure 7. "The Baikal-Lensky Reserve.
[F5]
Much attention is paid to preserving wetlands. A bright example is the New Leninsky marshes located in Irkutsk. Here is a unique food base for rare birds, many plants and fish. During the long years of struggle was waged for the preservation of the place. Today marshes acquired the status of a protected zone. Equally important is the preservation of the soil and living organisms in it. In the process of cities building is destroying valuable topsoil. An example is the inefficient use of soil from under the pits. In most cases, the soil is transported to the construction site, thus the natural balance is disturbing and the local microclimate is destroying [Fig. 8-9].
Figure 8. "Novo-Leninskymarshes". [F7] Figure 9. "Wintering of ducks on the river
Angara". [F7]
Paying attention to landscaping and artificial cities in Eastern Siberia. The government finances the creation and renovation of existing parks, squares and promenades. Again become relevant ideas of the garden city. Over the past three years talking about the creation of the gardens on the roofs of houses in Irkutsk, but so far none of the conceived not to make a reality.The reason, again, an economic one. Price of materials for such projects is too high [10-14].
CO2 emission reduction
Irkutsk, Shelehov, Angarsk and other nearby cities are included in the list of 45 Russian cities with high levels of air pollution over the past 10 years. The major polluting factors are automobile exhaust emissions CHP, as well as residues of various manufacturing companies [Fig. 10-11].
Because of inclement weather the heating season in Irkutsk region is eight months. Dwelling buildings are heated by the thermal power station, which works on different fuels. During the processing of the fuel toxic substances (particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide) are released into the atmosphere [15-16].
Because of the lack of opportunities to acquire modern equipment capable of processing fuel with less damage for the environment, our region uses outdated technology. In private houses environmentally friendly heating with under-floor water heating and heat pumps can be found. Such systems can save money in the process of operation and require only a one-time investment for the purchase and installation.
As a source of thermal energy to heat the house with the heat pump natural sources of heat (outside air, the warmth of ground, artesian and thermal waters, waters of rivers, lakes, seas) can be used .The main advantage of this is the lack of heating emissions CO2, NOX.
The use of solar panels for electrically heating homes is less common, oddly enough, because the use of this natural energy source would be important for our region. The annual number of sunny hours depending on the area ranges from 1,700 to 2,500. Another ancient and environmentally friendly method of heating is wood burning.
Wood in the combustion process, unlike gas, coal and petroleum products, does not increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The process of burning wood produces the same amount of carbon dioxide that would be allocated in the process of organic decomposition [Fig. 12].
As mentioned earlier, plants play an important role in regulating of climate and processing carbon dioxide. Forests and swamps are the lungs of the planet. Every year 600 million tons of carbon are deposited in the forests of Russia. For this reason, we should not forget about the use of green space both inside the house and outside.
Figure 12. Scheme of circulation O2
Another important step towards the reduction of CO2 emissions is the economical use of building materials and equipment, which will reduce its production, and, in turn, the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere [13-16].
Indoor environmental quality
Nowadays, most of the human life occurs indoors, so another important factor is environmental friendliness and comfort of the internal environment of the building.
There are four main groups of factors that could have an adverse effect on the ecological state in the house: the effect of chemical agents, physical factors, biological factors, architectural and spatial solutions. The main threat to human health is poor indoor air quality, which is caused by inefficient circulation of air masses, excessive dust, harmful bacteria from air conditioners, and contaminated ventilation systems. Also, the materials used in the construction and decoration of the building influence the quality of air. Irkutsk region has a long winter and a relatively low level of moisture in the air, which makes the natural ventilation of air in the room possible. Therefore, a small percentage of the population uses the air conditioner. Homes mainly use natural ventilation and air vents inside the building. Office buildings are exceptions, where air conditioners are used quite frequently. On the other hand, we use the heating systems often, about eight months per year. Due to this long heating season, the city of Irkutsk has a large amount of soot, as well as many other chemical elements entering in the air due to the combustion of fuel in the local CHP. This overabundance of harmful elements in the air enters the housing without obstacles, causing irreparable harm to human health.
sound I of Indoor Environment
Figure 13. The main factors of Indoor Environment
Unfortunately, dust, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, lead, hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide is recorded in excess of the maximum permissible concentration very often in the city's houses and offices .
Recently, much attention has been paid to environmental interior spaces. In our region, widespread environmentally friendly materials such as wood, ceramics, gypsum sheets, paper wallpaper, Venetian plaster and more. But these decoration materials have a significantly higher cost than the environmentally unfriendly materials. The average urban citizen finds it easier to buy cheaper materials for house decoration, without thinking about the negative impact on health [Fig. 13].
Waste reduction
The problem of waste recycling is most acute in Irkutsk region. We are on the 9th place in Russia in the number of generated waste. There are defeatist landfills for disposal. Recycling plants on the territory of Priangarye today does not exist. Bulky waste, which includes construction and waste being buried at best, and at worst simply dumped in illegal dumps.
Construction waste requires special conditions, starting with the specialized equipment and manpower, and the last diverting landfill by recycling, presents in the sanitation code SP 2.1.7.1038-01 "Hygienic requirements for design and maintenance of landfills for municipal solid waste". For the issuance of export permits and disposal of bulky waste legislation of Russian Federation establishes the state fee. However, a large number of construction companies and chutney persons seeking to save their means of unauthorized dumping waste in landfills. The forests are in close proximity to human settlements can be seen piles of debris. The above aspects are a fact of violation of Federal Law "On Production and Consumption" [Fig. 14-15].
Figures 14-15. "Dumps on the island of Olkhon". Photographer: ElizavetaSauko. [F9]
An example of the consequences of such violations can serve as an environmentally poor state of air quality in cities of Irkutsk region, muddy waste water, forests and fields, the spread of life-threatening human health and disease, the extinction of rare species of birds and animals.
Now the government says Irkutsk region to build a plant for recycling before the end of 2020, also attract private investors. Special attention should be given to re-use waste to produce a variety of materials that will reduce the consumption of mineral resources, emissions of harmful substances in the production and area under the landfills [16-18].
One of the not harmless industrial area is Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill. Scientists speak about the possibility of using waste to create building materials. "In the ash derived from the combustion of waste BCBK, contains about 70% alumina in the gamma form, in fact, is a basic component that can be added to concrete, sand blocks, cinder blocks, etc". said Baykal info. An example of re-use waste materials can serve as fly ash (a product obtained in the process of high-temperature coal combustion). This component is used to create cement, concrete, mortar, brick, dry mixes, chemically bonded ash gravel and other building materials.
East Siberian District needs to build waste treatment plants with modern equipment, as well as increase the life of the buildings in order to reduce waste [19-20].
Conclusion remarks
Today, the environmental situation in Irkutsk region is estimated as critical. We have not considered all ecological problems of our region. The natural wealth of Siberia used unwisely and with large negative consequences for human health and the environment. Interest in economic and ecological housing rather weak, but, as you know, demand creates supply. In construction, rarely use modern environmentally friendly technologies, this is due to the high cost of equipment and the irresponsibility of the population.
The authorities should pay more attention to preserving and increasing natural heritage by strengthening laws and their enforcement. Introduce obligatory certification of objects according to the standards of LEED, as well as to adapt these standards to climatic conditions of the region. All of the above will help to better effectively manage with the existing problems, and most importantly - to prevent the emergence of new problems. To increase financing of construction projects "green living" and production, as well as promotional events for businesses that use innovations in the field of environmentally friendly construction.
We must learn from the experience of foreign developed countries in the construction of environmentally friendly buildings, increase the level of awareness and responsibility of citizens. And most important to understand that the introduction of "green building" in the mass will not only save you personally in the process of operation and reduce the consumption of materials, but also to increase the number of jobs in the area of research and development of new environmental technologies, and most importantly - maintain a clean planet for our children.
Information received 20.05.2015
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Information about the authors
Zarubina A.A., student, Architecture Projection Department, tel.: 89086679080, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 83 Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664074, Russia.
Saushkina A.E., student, Architecture Projection Department, tel.: 89501285410, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 83 Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664074, Russia.
Musikhina E.A., candidate of technical sciences, professor, Architecture Projection Department, tel.: 89149057099, e-mail: [email protected]; Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 83 Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664074, Russia.
УДК 725.96
ОСТРОГИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ИРКУТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
В XVII ВЕКЕ
© В.В. Астраханцева, И.Е. Дружинина
В статье рассматриваются возникшие в XVII веке на территории Иркутской области остроги, как специальные сооружения, строительство которых велось в связи с потребностью в них государства. Описаны ситуационные особенности их размещения и условия возникновения, ставшие предпосылкой к развитию поселений и зарождению сибирских городов, даны основные характеристики параметров, компоновки и состав.
Ключевые слова: крепостные сооружения; острог; фортификационные сооружения; тыновая ограда; сторожевая башня.
