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УДК 81'38; 801.6; 808
Tagiyeva Elnara Ilham gizi
Candidate of philological sciences Baku State University DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2022-28151-27-29 FEATURES OF MONOLOGIC AND DIALOGIC SPEECH
Тагиева Эльнара Илхам кызы
Кандидат филологических наук Бакинский Государственный Университет
ОСОБЕННОСТИ МОНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ И ДИАЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕЧИ
Abstract
When communicating using a language, a person not only exchanges the information, but also thinks, realizes the secrets of the nature around him/ her. The language is a mode of communication, but speech is the communication itself. The speech has historical character, but a language is outside of the history. The speech is mental phenomenon, and a language is social one. The participation of the speaker and the listener in the speech process is not always in the same way. Thus, monologic and dialogic speech forms are formed. Monologic speech is also accompanied by facial expressions and gestures. An idea of a work of art is compactly expressed in the hero's monologue. A monologic speech is able to include comment on certain problem, lecture, informing, speech, etc. Dialogic speech is a conversation between two or more persons. In case of monologic speech, one speaks and others listen. And dialogic speech is going on between the conversation participants. It should be noted that the elements of dialogic speech are reflected in the monologue, and the elements of monological speech are reflected in dialogic speech.
Аннотация
В процессе общения, с помощью языка, человек не только осуществляет обмен информацией, но и мыслит, осознает тайны окружающей его природы. Если язык является средством общения, то речь -есть само общение. Речь несет в себе исторический характер, а язык находится вне истории. Речь является психическим, а язык - общественным явлением. Участие в речевом процессе говорящего и слушающего не всегда одинаково. Так, формируются монологическая и диалогическая формы речи. Монологическая речь также сопровождается мимикой и жестами. В монологе героя компактно выражается идея произведения. К монологической речи можно отнести комментарий к определенной проблеме, лекцию, информирование, выступление и т.д. Диалогическая речь - это разговор между двумя и более лицами. Если при монологической речи один говорит, а остальные слушают, то диалогическая речь протекает между участниками разговора. Следует отметить, что элементы диалогической речи находят свое отражение в монологе, а элементы монологической речи - в диалогической речи.
Keywords: dialogic speech, language, work of art, communication, lecture, monologic speech
Ключевые слова: диалогическая речь, язык, художественное произведение, общение, доклад, монологическая речь
The term "communication" is defined in the scientific literature. For instance, the encyclopaedic dictionary defines it as follows:
1) connection, a mode of communication; connection of one place with another; and 2) contact, or the transmission of information from one person to another, is a cognitive activity.
The main task of language is communication. A person does not only exchange information through language while communicating but also thinks and perceives the secrets of the existence of the surrounding nature.
This is the communicative task of language. This task is essential and determines the existence of the language.
The communicative task is so important that it determines language formation and development. Scientists have concluded that 70 percent of a person's time is spent in communication.
"Speech is the activity of a person who uses language to communicate with other members of a certain group. Conversation is the use of different means of language for the expression of complex content-both information and requests or appeals. " Language is necessary for the clarity and effectiveness of speech, and speech is necessary for the existence of language. Speech not only manifests language but also forms it.
If language is a means of communication, then speech is communication itself.
Although they are closely related and interconnected, language and speech have features that distinguish them from each other. Thus, language is a means of communication. Speech is the process of communication. Speech is individual. It is the speech acts, habits, speech, and writing of separate people. It is impossible to observe language as a means of communication. Speech is historical, but language is beyond history. Speech depends on the circumstances in which it is used. Speech is dynamic compared to language. Speech
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is an individual and mental phenomenon, but language is a social phenomenon. Speech is a creative activity and a habit of an individual.
Speech and language are different in terms of structure as well. The structure of the language shows itself in its largest unit, the sentence. The structure of speech includes sentences, paragraphs, and text.
Although the differences exist, speech and language are interrelated. "Language is essential for speech to be clear and to show its full effect; speech, in turn, is essential for the establishment of language; historically, the presence of speech always precedes language."
The participation of the speaker and the listener in the speech process is not always the same. The speaker and the listener almost act equally in the speech process: the speaker asks, and the listener responds; the speaker expresses his/her opinion; the interlocutor expresses his/her attitude. In another form of speech, the listener does not interfere with the conversation of the interlocutor due to a need or opportunity. Such interpretation and listening create monologic and dialogic forms of speech.
Monologic speech. The main essence of a mono-logic speech is that any idea, opinion, issue, problem, information, etc. is presented as a coherent, orderly, long, or short speech by one person.
Monologic speech includes an explanation of a certain problem, lecture, information, speech, etc. Moreover, the speech made by one of the main characters of the fictional work to himself or to others also belongs to the category of monologic speech. This requires the speech to have a high culture. In lyrical works, monologic speech plays a leading role, while it has a secondary role in prose.
Monologic speech is accompanied by facial expressions and gestures. The idea of the work is concisely expressed by the monologue of the main character. Monologic speech can be found in the speeches of Iskander in J. Mammadguluzade's comedy "The Dead's," Najafbey in A. Hagverdiyev's play "The Collapsed Alliance," Farhad in the work "Ill-fated young man," and Elkhan in J. Jabbarli's tragedy "Bride of Fire."
Monologic speech is mostly based on the rules of standard language. Monological speech comes out in different forms depending on the expressed content, moment, and composition of the audience. Monologic speech has types such as informative, describing (describing a certain event), persuasion, lecture, report, speech, discourse, etc.
Lecture. The lecture is an interpretation of the material on a certain subject, mostly in universities, based on concrete facts instead of broad theoretical judgments and generalizations. This form of speech is used in other research offices, mass events, etc. The difference between a lecture and a report is that in the first you can have a dialogue.
Like other forms of monologic speech, a lecture is an effective interpretation method if the lecturer is well prepared for it, knows what, how, and where to say, and makes the interpretation relevant to the audience level.
Reporting. It is a well-prepared speech about a topic. Reporting can be done on various topics and conditions: a report on the conclusion of the executed work, a report to the management on the situation, a report at scientific-practical conferences, etc. The report can be short or long, depending on the topic.
The report is divided into three parts: the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The first part describes the importance and relevance of the discussed issue and shows the ways and methods that are used to achieve the goal. The body paragraphs discuss the content of the work and show the attitude of the writer toward the subject. At the conclusion, the studies are completed and relevant suggestions are made.
Speech. It is the expression of the audience's opinion and attitude towards the report made at official and public events (meetings, events, demonstrations, etc.). The term "speech" is currently used in a wide range of situations: speeches made during discussions; speeches of a campaign nature; speeches made during mourning; speeches made on radio, television, newspapers, etc. However, speech is more generally understood as a form of speech delivered in public.
Dialogical speech
This is a type of speech where two or more people communicate. If during a monological speech a person speaks and the others listen, dialogic speech takes place between the participants of the conversation. It is worth noting that the elements of dialogic speech are reflected in monological speech and vice versa. The remarkable feature of dialogical speech is that the topic of such speech is very specific and concise. The speech is often accompanied by sentence substitutes such as "Yes!" or "No!". Incomplete sentences, intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are widely used in dialogic speech. Dialogical speech is popular in fiction.
In dramatic works, dialogue serves to advance the plot and reveal the characteristics of the characters. Dialogue can be short or long, depending mainly on the content of the speech. The best examples of dialogue can be found in the works of Azerbaijani writers -H.Javid, J.Jabbarli, S.Vurghun, and so on. S.Vurgun's drama "Vaqif" is particularly praiseworthy in this regard:
Qajar: "And you did not bow..."
Vagif: I did not bow, right
A great statue of unyielding conscience!
As it is seen from the example, common speech plays a primary role in dialogic speech.
Dialogic speech has types such as question-and-answer, interview, discussion, etc.
During the dialogue, lexical repetitions, responding to questions with questions, word order violations in sentences, elliptical construction of thoughts, pauses, etc. are acceptable. Certainly, expect normal intonation to be followed to ensure understanding in such a communication process, along with observing all the norms of the language. Dialogic speech is also referred to as dialogue. It is a brief and abbreviated form of speech, characteristic of spoken language. The phrases are slightly short, and the syntactic structures are simple. Incomplete sentences are frequently used. Gestures, facial expressions, hand movements, etc. are extensively
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used in this type of speech. Intonation plays a significant role in dialogic speech.
Dialogue can be micro-dialogue or macro-dialogue. A micro-dialogue consists of short dialogues between several people.
Examples of micro-dialogue can be found in fiction-examples of epic oral literature: fables, fairy tales, legends, anecdotes, and epics, as well as memoirs, essays, stories, novellas, narratives, and novels.
Macro-dialogue covers the structure of works of art. Dramatic works are created based on macro-dialogue.
Dialogical speech has five forms of dialogue: 1) monologic dialogue; 2) conversation or conversational dialogue 3) question-and-answer dialogue; 4) interview dialogue; 5) discussion dialogue.
The participants of the monologic dialogue describe the event, person, or matter in detail; express
their negative or positive attitude toward them; and convey the person, thing, or event they are discussing to their interlocutor and listeners using various proofs and evidence.
The frequent change of intonation in a conversational dialogue increases the emotionality and impact of the speech without additional words as an artistic tool.
In the question-and-answer dialogue of dialogic speech, the main terms for the speaker are to have a rich vocabulary and to perfectly master the rules of our language to convey the idea to the listener clearly.
References
1. Muradov, B., Bayramov, H. Culture of Speech. - Baku: 2008
2. Huseynov, S. Speech Culture. - Baku: 2010
3. Abdullayev, N. Basics of Speech Culture. -Baku:2014
