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15АРХИТЕКТУРА
FEATURES OF HOUSING FOR WORKERS IN THE ХIX CENTURY
IN RUSSIA Samoilov K.I.1, Mukasheva M.M.2
'Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of architecture, Professor;
2Mukasheva Madina Malikkyzy - Doctoral Student, Assistant Professor, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SATBAYEV UNIVERSITY,
KAZGASA, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: considered the features of a dwelling for workers in Russia in the XlX century. Given the brief overview of the stages in the formation of housing architecture for workers during this period. Keywords: workers housing, workhouse, history of architecture.
UDC 72' (574)
60-70s of the XIX century - the beginning of great changes in the country. It was also a time of intensive start in trying to resolve the "working issue". The fall of serfdom was one of the greatest events in the history of Russia in the 19th century.
In the second half of the 19th century, with the development of capitalism, the construction of tenement houses flourished, when the need for labor led to an increase in the population in cities, an increase in land prices, and the transformation of home ownership into a profitable business. Huge multi-story adjoining friend to a friend's house, the streets of large cities began to fill. Outwardly, they were decorated in some famous style - classicism, baroque, modern. In such houses there were several types of apartments. Expensive, comfortable apartments for rich people (regardless of their social status) were located on the mezzanine.
Buildings were built mainly in the height of 2 ^ 3 floors (sometimes 4, rarely 5 floors). The sizes of apartments in these houses were different, mainly from 4 to 8 living rooms, with a kitchen and sanitary facilities. In the first houses there were no bathrooms, as a mandatory part of the apartments they appeared at the very end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The heating in these houses was stove, in the kitchens there were kitchen (cooking) stoves. Often, kitchens, along with sanitary services and rooms for servants, were taken out into separate building volumes attached to the main residential volume of the building.
All of the above allowed the construction of buildings to use simpler structural solutions compared to those that are currently accepted:
- Buildings were built on strip foundations.
- The outer load-bearing walls formed a continuous closed loop of a complex outline; the internal load-bearing walls were not linear in plan and were often open.
- As internal bearing walls, wooden partitions from vertically placed thick boards were used.
- At the end of the 19th century, wooden staircases were arranged in 2-3-storey houses, the stairwells were also wooden; the walls of the stairwells were partially made of plank partitions (evacuation requirements were violated).
Apartment buildings became a habitat for workers, who also lived in working barracks - barracks. They were, as before, cramped, dirty, low buildings with a common long room with bunks and partitions from boards, and more often from blankets and sheets. Some areas of the city were completely built up with such houses, forming slums - an indispensable attribute of a capitalist city.
For those who did not have a roof over their heads, since the middle of the 19th century, charitable organizations began to build shelters in large cities - shelters, very similar to working barracks.
During the October Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent civil war, the estate of people living in apartment buildings almost completely disappeared (they were liquidated or left the country). Society is largely mixed up. Part of the rural population moved to cities. Part of the urban population was sent "to the village", for the proletariat of agriculture (movement of 25- and 30-thousanders). It took a lot of new housing.
This problem was solved in two ways: using existing buildings and building new residential buildings.
Under these conditions, new forms of hostel took shape. In the former apartment buildings, household communes were created with public kitchens and dining rooms, laundries, kindergartens, red corners. In Moscow in 1921 there were 865 household communes. In Kharkov in 1922 there were 242 household communes [1, p. 656].
However, since the end of the 19th century, the general tendency has become the construction of improved design by the owners of enterprises of working dwellings. So, in Borovichi, the owners of a ceramic factory of acid-resistant products, engineers, the Kolyankovsky brothers, built for their workers in the village of Velgiya wooden one-story houses with separate exits and personal plots. A worker could purchase this housing on credit. The initial contribution amount was only 10 rubles [2, p. 287].
The wage labor system has become the basis for the development of the national economy of Russia. The rapid development of capitalism in the post-reform period increased the ranks of wage workers and turned them into a class of Russian society [3].
In the 90s of the nineteenth century, the urban proletariat began to take shape in the industrial centers of Russia, which finally broke ties with the village. [4, p. 284].
Most of the wages at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. "Eaten up" housing charges. Highly skilled workers were able to pay for renting an apartment."[5, p. 580].
Since the end of the nineteenth century, the general trend has been the construction of workers' housing enterprises improved layout. The Law of 1892 "On Strengthening Zemstvo Sanitary Supervision" permitted the construction of residential buildings only after the conclusion of the sanitary doctor or county sanitary council [6, p. 264].
The beginning of the 20th century as a whole was for Russian society a time of rather rapid movement along the path of modernization, the transition from traditional to modern society.
References
1. Ikonnikov A.V. «Arkhitektura KHKH veka. Utopii i real'nost'» tom I. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2001, 656 s.
2. Kir'yanov Yu.I. Zhiznennyy uroven' rabochikh Rossii (konets KHIKH - nachalo KHKH v.). M.: Nauka, 1979. 287 c.
3. Solov'yevaA.M. Promyshlennaya revolyutsiya v Rossii v XIX v. M., 1990.
4. Rossiya: Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' [Reprintnoye izd. Vykh dannyye originala: SPb., 1898]. L.: Lenizdat, 1991. 874 s.
5. Uvarov M.S., Lyalin L.M. Okhrana zhilishcha i zdorov'ya rabotayushchikh. Sistematicheskoye izlozheniye professional'noy gigiyeny. Vracha M.S. Uvarova i fabrichnogo inspektora L.M. Lyalina. M.: Tip. tov-va I.D. Sytina, 1907. 580 s.
6. Kir'yanov Yu.I. Zhiznennyy uroven' rabochikh Rossii (konets KHIKH - nachalo KHKH v.). M.: Nauka, 1979. 287 c.
