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8FEATURES OF HOUSING FOR WORKERS IN THE XX CENTURY IN RUSSIA
Samoilov K.I.1, Mukasheva M.M.2
'Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of architecture, Professor;
2Mukasheva Madina Malikkyzy - Doctoral Student, Assistant Professor, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SATBAYEV UNIVERSITY,
KAZGASA, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: considered the features of a dwelling for workers in Russia in the XX century. Given the brief overview of the stages in the formation of housing architecture for workers during this period. Keywords: workers housing, workhouse, history of architecture.
UDC 72' (574)
For Russia the beginning of the 20th century was a time of serious social upheavals and serious disasters, which greatly influenced the development of the country. The first among these cataclysms was the revolution of 1905-1907.
The most acute problem is the agrarian question, peasant land shortage. This is the result of the population explosion. And the population explosion is a consequence of modernization, improved health care. The outflow of the population from the countryside to the cities was, but industry was not able to absorb the entire liberated mass.
The number of industrial, primarily factory workers, was relatively small. In 1900, there were about 3 million people, and together with those employed in construction, earthwork, agriculture, as laborers, movers, as well as in handicraft and handicraft production, about 14 million [1, p. 273]. The proletariat was young and has not yet gone through a thorough "training" capitalism. A significant part of not only non-industrial, but also factory workers remained connected, if not with agriculture, then with the countryside [2].
Since the beginning of the 20th century, at the state level, a search has been made for ways to resolve the housing problem. During this period, on the initiative of P.A. Stolypin adopted the law "On the right to development", which became one of the first housing regulations in Russia. The progressiveness of this law is evidenced by the fact that it acted not only during the Soviet era, but also later, and in a revised form was included in the Civil Code of the USSR.
In April 1903, the lawyer and scientist Dmitry Andreyevich Dril and Dr. M.N. Nizhegorodtsev founded the Partnership for Housing and Home Improvement for the working needy population (later - the Partnership for Combating Housing Need). The main objective of the activity of this society was declared the creation of "hygienic, rationally arranged dwellings for the poor" with the organization of "institutions that improve the living conditions and living conditions ... what are the dining rooms, reading rooms, kindergartens, etc.".
On April 28 and June 12, 1904, the laying of three houses took place, located one after the other parallel to the Small Avenue. Some Later, two more houses were laid along Havana Street. Construction work was carried out with the participation of civil engineer V. A. Fedorov.
The residential complex includes apartments for more than 1000 residents. 198 small-sized apartments (in one, two, less often three rooms) without corridors were intended for family workers. The lonely were provided with one of 127 separate rooms with shared kitchens, toilets and bathrooms. In the end parts of the houses from the side of the avenue shops and nurseries were arranged. In the ground floor of the building in the depths of the plot there was a four-year school with a recreation hall. The elliptical protrusion of the middle building housed a community center: a tea-dining room, a library and a hall for public gatherings with pop music and cinema equipment. The project of the town included its own laundry room, first-aid post, dining room, shops, school, chapel, public gardens, playground, and even a club with a concert venue and cinema. All office workers, craftsmen, apprentices of the factories of the Partnership were provided with free apartments. Workers lived in their apartments and received "apartment" money for their payment. For the needs of factory workers there was a free bath.
In 1890 -1908 a complex of buildings is being built, including houses for workers, schools and kindergartens for children of workers, houses for production managers and craftsmen, a hospital, a maternity hospital, a laundry, a bakery and others, with the aim of improving the infrastructure of the manufactory. The volume of wages paid in 1905 amounted to 1.282.396 rubles. for 5,474 workers.
With the outbreak of the First World War, the situation in the housing sector has changed dramatically due to a significant outflow of capital (including intended for the housing sector) in the military industry.
To solve the housing problem in cities, the Soviet government took measures to nationalize the housing stock and abolish rents, which led to the final disappearance of the "owner" in residential buildings, who were interested in maintaining them and making good use of them.
By the beginning of the 50s. the contradiction between the needs of the country, its population in housing and the artisanal (in most cases) methods of its design and construction has become apparent. The victorious people in the Great Patriotic War, who had fully begun to realize their strength and capabilities, were now waiting for an improvement in material life. As society developed, social requirements for housing steadily increased, which was reflected in the volume of construction, as well as in the quality of residential buildings. General social requirements for housing expressed the need for housing to match the achieved level of socioeconomic development of the country, the way of life and life of Soviet people4. Housing of typical buildings of the twenties waned, communal resettlement still remained a social problem, the housing crisis began to be associated with mass communal resettlement.
A truly revolutionary event in the architectural life of the capital after the war was the construction of high-rise buildings, which marked a new stage in the development of Soviet architecture in general and the capital in particular.
The most important, unresolved as of the beginning of the fifties, was the question of the typification of large-panel houses. It was this work that made it possible in the mid-50s to make a quick breakthrough in solving the housing problem [3, p. 3].
The housing conditions of the Soviet people in the postwar period were very far from normal. Millions of city dwellers lived in multi-family communal apartments, barracks, basements and emergency buildings. The need for a radical change in the approach to solving the housing problem was felt extremely urgently. It was obvious: it would be impossible to cope with the challenges ahead with traditional construction methods; in this case, the revival of the country will drag on for decades. From here followed the main conclusion - a fundamental restructuring of design business, and methods of organizing construction, and the construction base itself.
The construction of housing by industrial methods, with all its difficulties and shortcomings, was the only way, mastering which it was possible to solve the problem of resettlement of Soviet people in separate apartments. Already in the early 1950s, it became clear that fundamental changes were needed in the approach to mass housing construction. Therefore, the All-Union Conference of Builders, held in December 1954, marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of Soviet architecture and, in particular, the architecture of mass housing, a turning point in the development of housing construction, which sharply changed its focus.
References
1. Rabochiy klass Rossii ot zarozhdeniya do nachala XX veka. Izd. 2-ye. M., 1989. S. 273.
2. GA RF, f. 102, op. 161; 1901. D. 56. L. 51.
3. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura Moskvy, 1964. № 4. S. Z.
