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18АРХИТЕКТУРА
FACTORS AND CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING FORMATION OF PUBLIC SPACES IN THE CITY OF ALMATY Sergazy D.Yе.1, Samoilov K.I.2
1Sergazy Daniyar Yerlanyly - Bachelor of Arts, Undergraduate Student;
2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of Architecture, Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: in the structure of the city, public spaces should be a multifunctional system, which will serve to improve the comfort of the living environment of the city and enrich its external appearance. The system of spaces is organized depending on the complex of the prevailing urban planning and natural conditions. This article examines the main factors influencing the formation of public spaces and the features of their organization on the example of the city of Almaty.
Keywords: public spaces, environment, factors, principles.
When creating the concept of public spaces, one should take into account the factors affecting the psychological comfort of consumers, architectural and transport studies of the territory, historical and urban planning features, as well as the economic component of the project [1].
The principles of forming the system are indirectly influenced by the shape of the urban structure (linear, compact - radial, radial-circular, centric-circular, network) and all its elements: the architectural and planning structure of the city, the system of public centers of the city, the transport system, the system of public services, the system green spaces, relatively even distribution of all elements. It is also necessary not to forget about creating the originality of the place, the "spirit of the place". Thus, when creating a strategy, it is necessary to be guided by a number of factors [2].
Natural and climatic conditions are the necessary basis for the creation of the urban environment as a whole, as well as the dominant factor influencing the process of functioning of its elements.
The main factors are:
- insolation, illumination
- wind regime and its features in certain areas of the territory
- temperature and humidity conditions
- fog, inversion.
In addition, an ecological approach dominates in the architectural and planning formation of public spaces. He determined the methods of adaptation of society to the natural landscape environment and various forms of ecological, social and cultural adaptation. For centuries, people who have populated cities in hot areas have developed and applied protection against heat, wind and dust. These cities were extremely densely built up. In medieval cities, houses, pressed together and having small courtyards, served to some extent as protection from these natural factors, contributing to the creation of microclimatic comfort. The main places of communication between residents of the city were small courtyards, closed from street noise and dust [3]. In regions with harsh climates, climatic factors have a strong impact on every aspect of urban life. As a result of snowfall, many public spaces remain empty despite all the resources and efforts that have been devoted to design, construction and maintenance [4].
In modern cities, when planning public spaces, adaptation to natural and climatic conditions is also based on taking into account natural processes and the potential of the area.
The formation of a favorable microclimate is possible subject to four conditions:
- preservation of the landscape, relief and green cover in its original form;
- the use of appropriate architectural and planning methods of development (protection from wind, good ventilation and insolation);
- the use of small architectural forms for the organization of comfortable interiors, as well as for landscaping and the use of relief; application of constructive and technical means.
Nature can act as a factor contributing to successful development (warm, mild climate, fertile soils, rich resources, etc.), or as a factor that prevents and restricts (a zone of risky farming, weakened immunity among the population, etc) the possibility of progressive and progressive changes [5].
Even the first formation of settlements was due to their geographical location and climate, along with social and functional factors: the wide streets of ancient Babylon were oriented in the directions of the world and intersected at right angles, contributing to the ventilation of the territory in hot climates, and water canals and dense vegetation softened the sultry air of the desert [6]. The regular system widespread in the ancient cities of Greece was also applied in the planning of the historical center of Almaty, being the best option for creating a regional architectural space based on local natural and climatic features.
The city of Almaty is historically located in the valley of the Semirechye of the foothills of the Zaliy Alatau. Located against the backdrop of a majestic panorama of snowy peaks, the city has an elongated configuration with a general slope from south to north of 3 -4%, a weak wind regime, and a fairly good level of solar radiation.
The relief of the area from south to north creates a natural flow not only of rivers, but also of the entire irrigation system of the city, which, together with green spaces, create a natural and natural system of ventilation of the air basin - "the lungs of the city". The constantly increasing car park pollutes the air and soil - this leads to degradation of the vegetation cover and a sharp reduction in the city's green spaces, which creates a threatening environmental situation due to the gas pollution of the air basin. Therefore, the landscape organization of the city of Almaty requires a comprehensive analysis of the state of the water system and green spaces in the structure of existing and prospective buildings and bringing the current situation to the normative parameters. Comparison of the current situation with the norms of urban design will help to identify problems that hinder the healthy "breathing" of the urbanized environment [7].
The planning structure of the city was decided taking into account all these natural and climatic factors, which certainly contribute to the creation of unique architectural structures. Of course, measures to create a comfortable environment on the territory of Almaty are not limited to adaptation to the conditions of a sharply continental climate: due to the location of the city on a difficult terrain, the need to use changes in ground levels as a predominant factor in the search for regional identity increases [8]. The influence of socio-economic factors on the development of cities and the formation of settlement in our country is also important. Consider the social foundations of designing such a subsystem as public space. The concept of public space includes a complex of architectural and urban planning objects related to the personal consumption of the population. Solving the problems of the material-spatial organization of the main processes of the population's leisure, public space significantly affects the way of life of people. Therefore, the quality of public space, expressed in its functional, planning, hygienic, technical and aesthetic characteristics, can be assessed by the measure of social efficiency (usefulness) [9]. Various aspects of social organization influence the formation of spatial structures in different ways. For understanding and further planning the architectural environment, it is necessary to know how different social structures and social processes affect the spatial organization of society [9].
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Quality and engaging spaces are meeting places and generators of social interaction. It is
this kind of communicative component, involving people in an active social environment,
that helps to create more stable and healthy communities, forming a close relationship
between a certain territory and the social life of people.
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